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Intraoperative cardiac arrest presents a significant challenge in surgical settings, particularly in patients with undiagnosed cardiac conditions. This report details the case of a 62-year-old male patient who experienced cardiac arrest during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, attributed to previously undiagnosed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The patient exhibited no prior cardiac symptoms and was assessed as low risk preoperatively. Following prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved after approximately 10 minutes. Post-resuscitation, echocardiography confirmed significant left ventricular hypertrophy, leading to a new diagnosis of HCM. This case emphasizes the necessity of thorough cardiovascular evaluation in high-risk surgical patients and outlines effective management strategies for intraoperative emergencies., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mehdi et al.)

Background Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, largely due to the high frequency of disease relapse and the lack of efficient endoscopic diagnostic methods. This study aimed to address this clinical gap by evaluating the potential of using adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter methylation as a biomarker detectable in urine DNA of individuals with BLCA. Methods Methylation-specific PCR was used to determine the methylation status of the APC promoter gene in 50 bladder carcinoma patients and 50 apparently healthy individuals. Electrophoresis on agarose gel was performed for the detection of PCR products. Statistical analysis was conducted using Excel, SPSS, and Python to assess correlations and significance. Results APC promoter methylation was detected in 34 (68%) of bladder cancer cases but in only eight (16%) of healthy controls, indicating a strong association between APC promoter methylation and bladder cancer (p < 0.001). High-grade tumors were found to have significantly higher levels of APC promoter methylation, suggesting a link between APC methylation and tumor aggressiveness (p = 0.048). Smoking was identified as a significant risk factor for BLCA (p < 0.001), but no correlation was observed with the tumor stage. Conclusion APC promoter gene methylation shows a diagnostic value for BLCA and may be useful as a non-invasive marker for early detection. This study highlights the clinical utility of using a simple urine test to detect bladder cancer, particularly in early stages, and suggests that combining APC methylation with other specific biomarkers could enhance diagnostic accuracy., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethics Committee for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Morocco issued approval Reference 3/2018 on 30.04.2018. This research project, titled "Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) Promoter Gene Methylation in Urine-Derived DNA: A Non-Invasive Biomarker for Early Bladder Cancer Detection and Tumor Aggressiveness", has been thoroughly reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Morocco. The study complies with all ethical guidelines and standards for conducting research involving human participants. Informed consent has been obtained from all participants where applicable, and necessary precautions have been taken to ensure the safety, confidentiality, and well-being of those involved. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Aqerrout et al.)

Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) is an uncommon subtype of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), constituting approximately 10-13% of T-ALL cases in childhood and 5-10% in adults. A 55-year-old female patient presented with no significant medical history and was hospitalized in the internal medicine department due to anemia and deterioration of her overall health. The clinical examination did not reveal any tumor syndrome. A complete blood count was performed showing normocytic normochromic anemia with leukocytosis. The myelogram revealed bone marrow invasion by blasts of 80%. Immunophenotyping revealed the presence of a blast population of T lymphoid nature estimated at 74% of the marrow elements with a particular immunophenotype. Thus, the diagnosis of ETP-ALL was retained. A karyotype was carried out showing the presence of a hypotetraploid clone with clonal anomalies in number and structure. The patient was put on hyper-CVAD protocol (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicine, vincristine, dexamethasone). A myelogram at the end of induction revealed the presence of 45% blasts. The categorization of ETP-ALL as a distinct entity in the WHO classification arises from its distinguishable phenotypic and genetic characteristics. However, the diagnosis and management of ETP-ALL always constitutes a challenge for the biologist and clinician. Therefore, it is essential to conduct more extensive studies for a better comprehension of the clinical and biological features of ETP-ALL, specifically focusing on its genetic nuances., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bensalah et al.)

In Morocco's public health sector, scientific research has produced only theoretical models of quality, with empirical studies sometimes producing practical recommendations. In contrast, benchmarks from the industrial sector demonstrate a much smoother and more effective implementation of a quality culture. This article considers practices inspired by the quality culture in the industrial sector, applying them in the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology (ACP) of the University Hospital Center of Tangier (CHUT). The ACP department has demonstrated a strong commitment to fostering a dynamic quality culture in its professional activities, focusing on the advancement and regulation of pathology techniques to enhance procedures and deliver accurate diagnoses to patients. This approach could facilitate the implementation of quality systems management that would earn certification and/or accreditation. Our methodology applied the "Plan-Do-Check-Act" and "Standardize-Do-Check-Act" models to analyze the initial quality and compare this with the Join Commission International standards chosen by CHUT. We then planned the implementation of corrective actions for each deviation and verified the efficiency of the action plan, and finally maintained a dynamic cycle. There was an implementation score of 60% in two years, mainly starting with the development and implementation of risk analysis for all activities of laboratory development and the implementation of specific Key Performance Indicators KPI and specific methods to manage all human resources items., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Essraidi et al.)

Background: This study aims to explore the tumor-stroma separation or the cleft characterizing basal cell carcinoma (BCC)., Methodology: In this retrospective cohort investigation, we enrolled 244 patients who received a confirmed diagnosis of BCC through histopathological examination in the period of 2019-2020 at the Pathology Laboratory of the "Sfântul Apostol Andrei" Emergency Clinical Hospital located in Galați, Romania. The identification of patients was accomplished by utilizing electronic health records, and relevant clinical, demographic, and histopathological data were retrieved from the physical database of the Pathology Laboratory. Key tumor characteristics were gathered, and an in-depth analysis of case slides was performed., Results: The average tumor-stroma cleft's width measurement was 48.136 µm, while its respective tumor island's width was on average 952.587 µm. The cleft's width and its respective tumor island's width are dependent on the BCC subtype, just like the ratio between the tumor island's measurement and its cleft's width are, being larger in basosquamous BCC, micronodular BCC, infiltrative BCC, and morpheaform BCC., Conclusion: The BCC tumor islands were found to have a minimal approximately equal measurement to the tumor-stroma separation cleft, but they were always larger than the latter. Large clefts and their respective tumor islands were found in specific tumor subtypes such as basosquamous BCC, micronodular BCC, infiltrative BCC, and morpheaform BCC, but in nodular BCC also., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. "Sfantul Apostol Andrei" Emergency Clinical Hospital Ethics Committee issued approval 23903/October 30, 2023. We communicate the ethical favorable decision for the current paper to be published, in concordance with the current legislation. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Niculet et al.)

Radial nerve injury is a common occurrence in the upper extremities, with various treatment options available such as neurolysis, nerve grafts, or tendon transfers. Recently, amniotic membrane and umbilical cord (AM/UC) particulates have emerged as promising treatments for this type of nerve pathology. Here, we report a new case involving a 24-year-old man who experienced total paralysis of the radial nerve following a humerus shaft fracture. He was treated with peri-nerve injections of AM/UC and underwent an intensive physical rehabilitation program. Three months after the initial injury, significant progress was observed in both motor and sensory functions of his radial nerve., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Gartit et al.)

When faced with clinical and radiological findings suggestive of villonodular synovitis, tuberculosis is not often considered a differential diagnosis, especially when the patient is not a known tuberculosis carrier. In this paper, we present an exceptional case of a patient who had a tumefaction (measuring 17 cm in length) in the anterointernal region of her left knee, with a clinical and radiological picture in favor of villonodular synovitis. However, after tumor resection, the anatomopathological study of the surgical specimen came back in favor of a tuberculous lesion. This exceptional case shows that tuberculosis should be retained as a diagnostic possibility in the presence of clinical and radiological findings in favor of villonodular synovitis, even if the patient is not known to have a tuberculous lesion elsewhere., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ismail et al.)

Agenesis of the left pulmonary artery represents a rare malformation, accounting for a small fraction of all cases of congenital heart disease. It is characterized by the absence of the left pulmonary artery, which can lead to respiratory and cardiac complications. This anomaly can appear on a standard chest X-ray, but it must be confirmed by a chest CT scanner, which makes it possible to visualize the absence of the left pulmonary artery and the associated parenchymal anomalies. The involvement of these patients depends on the evolution of their clinical condition, which may require symptomatic treatment and surgical intervention. We present a case of agenesis of the left pulmonary artery in conjunction with hypoplasia of the corresponding lung, diagnosed in a 45-year-old patient following a recurrent respiratory infection., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Musallam et al.)

Background Chronic hypertension (CHTN) has been associated with significant maternal and neonatal complications. The goal of this research study is to assess outcomes and management strategies among pregnant women living with CHTN. Methods From December 2019 to December 2020, 50 pregnant women diagnosed with CHTN before or at 20 weeks gestation at Cure International Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan, underwent retrospective analysis using data obtained from patient records, such as demographic details, clinical history notes, laboratory test findings, imaging results, management protocols, and maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results Of the 50 patients, 17 (34%) developed superimposed preeclampsia. Maternal complications included superimposed preeclampsia in 17 (34%), placental abruption in 14 (28%), gestational diabetes in 15 (30%), and acute kidney injury in one (2%). Neonatal complications included preterm birth (12; 24%), low birth weight (12; 24%), small for gestational age (10; 20%), and perinatal mortality (5; 10%). Management strategies revealed that 38 (75%) patients received labetalol, while 12 (25%) were treated with methyldopa. Conclusions CHTN during gestation can result in significant maternal and neonatal complications, and adherence to management guidelines is critical to improve outcomes. More studies are necessary to develop optimal treatment protocols and preventive measures., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ministry of Public Health of Afghanistan issued approval 2023/IRB/001. This study was approved by the Ministry of Public Health of Afghanistan under IRB code No. 2023/IRB/001, dated January 8, 2023. Data were collected from the Medical Records Department of Cure International Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, following approval from both the hospital director and the head of the Medical Records Department. Given that the data were de-identified, individual consent was waived by the IRB of the Afghanistan Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health of Afghanistan. The study was conducted under the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Yousofzai et al.)

Laryngeal spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) is a unique and very aggressive form of laryngeal cancer. This neoplasm, consisting of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal elements, presents major diagnostic challenges, and there is a lack of conventional therapeutic approaches due to its rarity. This report describes a case of a 53-year-old female who experienced persistent difficulty speaking and a dry cough after contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Histological and immunohistochemical studies confirmed the diagnosis of sarcomatoid cancer. Initially, the patient received cisplatin and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. However, the tumor's growth prompted a change in treatment to weekly paclitaxel. Despite initial signs of improvement, the patient experienced acute alveolar hemorrhage, and sudden and severe bleeding in the small air sacs of the lungs, which unfortunately led to her death while receiving treatment in the critical care unit. The diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal SpCC pose significant challenges due to its uncommon and aggressive nature, and there is still no consensus on the most effective therapeutic approach. Existing therapies often incorporate modifications from other sarcoma regimes. Recent studies have demonstrated a possible positive reaction to immunotherapy, although further research is necessary to validate this. This report highlights the significant challenges of treating laryngeal sarcomatoid carcinomas and the importance of continued research to improve diagnostic and treatment options, especially given the absence of established guidelines., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Derfoufi et al.)

Background Cancer is a serious public health problem worldwide, causing an impact not only on the patient's quality of life (QoL) but also on their caregiver. This study aims to assess the socio-demographic characteristics, physical and mental QoL, and associated factors among caregivers of cancer patients at the Hassan II University Hospital Center in Fez, Morocco. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 247 caregivers of cancer patients. Their QoL including physical and mental health aspects was assessed using a 12-item Short Form health survey (SF-12). Statistical analysis was conducted utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows v26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA). This included calculating frequency distributions and percentages. The general and socio-demographic data associated with QoL were analyzed using the student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Only variables with p-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The majority of the participants were 40 years old and over, and 54.3% of the total participants were women. The average physical QoL score was 47.32 (±7.08), while the average mental QoL score was 31.64 (±14.44). For caregivers, certain personal attributes and circumstances were found to influence their mental and physical QoL. Age, gender, and being unemployed were common factors impacting both the mental and physical well-being of caregivers. Moreover, being married (P=0.019) was an additional factor affecting their physical QoL. In contrast, specific aspects related to the caregiving role itself also played a significant role. Caregivers who were close family members of patients (P=0.0001) and those providing care for patients with genitourinary cancer (P=0.048) experienced a notable detrimental effect on their mental QoL. Conclusion This study highlights several factors associated with the poor QoL of caregivers, such as gender, age, professional activity, and the relationship with the patient. It is imperative to establish a specific support system for caregivers of cancer patients, including social and economic assistance, to enhance their physical and mental QoL., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Ethics Committee, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, issued approval 2/22. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bourissi et al.)

Anorectal mucosal melanoma (AMM) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy. It frequently presents with nonspecific symptoms, often resulting in delayed diagnosis and poor prognosis. This report describes the case of a 60-year-old male who presented with a painful para-anal papule that progressed to a fistula. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed AMM. Imaging revealed a locally advanced tumor without distant metastasis. Due to the locally advanced nature of the disease, a multidisciplinary team recommended neoadjuvant radiotherapy. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with AMM and emphasizes the importance of a tailored, multidisciplinary approach. Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment, with neoadjuvant therapy potentially improving surgical outcomes in advanced cases., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Rezzoug et al.)

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition associated with cognitive impairment and various comorbidities. This prospective study evaluated cognitive deficits in OSA patients and identified clinical factors affecting cognitive function. Seventy-two participants were assessed using polysomnography (PSG) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Findings revealed significantly lower MoCA scores in severe OSA patients compared to those with mild or moderate OSA. Severe OSA patients had a median MoCA score of 23.5 (20.0-25.0), indicating more significant cognitive impairment, while those with normal OSA severity had the highest median score of 28.5 (27.8-29.2). Mild and moderate OSA patients had median scores of 26.5 (21.0-28.0) and 25.0 (23.80-26.0), respectively (p < 0.008). Logistic regression showed that ex-smoking status negatively impacted MoCA scores more in the unadjusted model (p = 0.003) than in the adjusted one (p = 0.018). Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) positively correlated with MoCA scores, stronger in the unadjusted model (p < 0.001 vs. p < 0.03). Higher Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) correlated with higher MoCA scores while increasing Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) severity correlated with lower MoCA scores in both models. A significant negative correlation was found between age and MoCA score (r = -0.473, p < 0.001), and between MoCA score and AHI (r = -0.350, p < 0.003). This study highlights the need for sensitive cognitive screening tools like MoCA in evaluating OSA patients, linking cognitive impairment closely with OSA severity and other clinical factors., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethical Committee of the Sleep Laboratory of Pneumology Hospital “Dr. Lavinia Davidescu” in Oradea issued approval 353/20.09.2023. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Davidescu et al.)

Extravasation of urine due to a forniceal rupture at the pelviureteric junction is a seldom-seen complication. While the presence of pyonephrosis can lead to a retroperitoneal abscess, its fistulization into the peritoneal cavity is exceptionally rare. Here, we present the case of a 50-year-old man exhibiting clinical signs of peritonitis. An abdominal CT scan indicated retroperitoneal peritonitis due to the rupture of the fornix. This case underscores the uncommon manifestation of pyonephrosis with peritonitis and pyoperitoneum, attributed to bladder cancer., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Lifa et al.)

Adherence to prescribed medication regimens is crucial for treatment efficacy and patient safety, but it remains a challenge in the medical field, particularly in dermatology, where adherence to prescribed treatments is being intensively evaluated and improved. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of adherence behaviors in dermatological diseases, including fungal skin infections, psoriasis, acne, atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria, aiming to update scientific information on adherence patterns and management strategies in these highly prevalent conditions. Furthermore, the importance of a holistic approach that integrates patient-centered and physician-centered strategies to optimize treatment outcomes and enhance adherence in dermatological care is highlighted. The role of technological advancements in promoting adherence is also discussed, with an emphasis on the potential for digital solutions to facilitate medication management. Future perspectives underscore the need for targeted interventions to address the multifaceted barriers to adherence, including treatment complexity, healthcare accessibility, and patient-provider communication. By addressing these challenges, healthcare providers can enhance patient satisfaction, improve therapeutic outcomes, and mitigate the adverse consequences of non-adherence in dermatological practice., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Cîrstea et al.)

Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive bone disorder caused by mutations in the cathepsin K (CTSK) gene, characterized by increased bone density, short stature, and skeletal fragility. This study reports on two siblings from a consanguineous marriage, observed at the Mohammed VI University Hospital in Oujda, Morocco. Both patients presented with typical symptoms, including craniofacial dysmorphism and skeletal abnormalities. Radiographic findings confirmed increased bone density and acro-osteolysis. The cases highlight the importance of early and accurate diagnosis, comprehensive management to address the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, and genetic counseling to inform family planning and manage the risk of recurrence in familial pycnodysostosis., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Elouali et al.)

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is infrequent but can lead to significant pain and challenges in effective mouth opening or closing. In this report, we present a clinical case of a patient with TMJ involvement revealing PsA.  The patient is a 35-year-old male with a history of guttate psoriasis, who presented with several weeks of TMJ pain and decreased mouth opening, followed by inflammatory lumbar, buttock pain and oligoarthritis. The diagnosis of PsA with TMJ involvement was established based on clinical manifestations per the ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) criteria. Full remission was achieved with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors. Frequently overlooked or untreated, delayed diagnosis contributes to extensive deterioration of TMJ structures, resulting in persistent discomfort and a detrimental impact on the patient's quality of life. Therefore, prompt initiation of appropriate treatment is crucial to enhance patient well-being., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bensaghir et al.)

Anesthesiology is considered a complex medical specialty. Its history has been marked by radical advances and profound transformations, owing to technical and pharmacological developments and innovations in the field, enabling us over the years to improve patient outcomes and perform longer, more complex surgical procedures on more fragile patients. However, anesthesiology has never been safe and free of challenges. Despite the advances made, it still faces risks associated with the practice of anesthesia, for both patients and healthcare professionals, and with some of the specific challenges encountered in low and middle-income countries. In this context, certain actions and initiatives must be carried out collaboratively. In addition, recent technologies and innovations such as simulation, genomics, artificial intelligence, and robotics hold promise for further improving patient safety in anesthesiology and overcoming existing challenges, making it possible to offer safer, more effective, and personalized anesthesia. However, this requires rigorous monitoring of ethical aspects and the reliability of the studies to reap the full benefits of the new technology. This literature review presents the evolution of anesthesiology over time, its current challenges, and its promising future. It underlines the importance of the new technologies and the need to pursue efforts and strengthen research in anesthesiology to overcome the persistent challenges and benefit from the advantages of the latest technology to guarantee safe, high-quality anesthesia with universal access., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Harfaoui et al.)

Introduction CINtec PLUS is a relatively recent method introduced in Romania for detecting cervical precancerous lesions. This technique utilizes simultaneous double immunostaining with p16 and Ki67 to identify potentially transformative human papillomaviruses (HPVs). CINtec PLUS has demonstrated superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional Papanicolaou (PAP) cytology and PAP liquid-based cytology, allowing for more accurate identification of HPV infections that may progress to malignancy among women with abnormal screening results. The objectives of this study are to evaluate CINtec PLUS test results in comparison with PAP cytology and HPV genotype detection among Romanian women and to assess its potential as a complementary screening method within existing national cervical cancer screening programs. Materials and methods Cases were collected between December 22, 2022, and June 15, 2024. All 96 women enrolled in the study, regardless of the presence of pathological cervical lesions, underwent the CINtec PLUS test. The samples were stained using the Roche CINtec PLUS kit. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). To assess correlations and compare variables, we utilized crosstabulation tables, frequency tables, the chi-square test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results The age range of participants in our study was from 19 to 64 years, with a mean age of 35.77 years and a standard deviation of 9.608. Among the women who underwent the CINtec PLUS test, over two-thirds were aged between 20 and 39 years. In 7.3% of cases with no history of HPV infection or cervical cytologic lesions, the CINtec PLUS test yielded a positive result. The study also revealed that CINtec PLUS showed a positive result in 23.3% of cases diagnosed with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance on PAP cytology. Additionally, 36.5% of women who underwent CINtec PLUS testing as a screening method had a positive result, with more than one-fifth of these cases being positive. Conclusions The CINtec PLUS test is a valuable tool for identifying high-risk cervical lesions. Despite the limitations of our study, it provides a foundation for further research into the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of this test. Future studies could explore its potential for integration into national screening programs., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethics Committee of Resident Laboratory issued approval 2/25.07.2024. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Camarasan et al.)

This case report details the management of a 60-year-old male who sustained a complex proximal humerus fracture with an axillary artery injury following a fall. Initial assessment revealed a fractured humeral head and complete occlusion of the axillary artery, which was repaired using a saphenous vein graft. Subsequently, the patient underwent reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) after the limb stabilized. The staged approach, prioritizing urgent vascular repair followed by delayed orthopedic intervention, proved effective. The patient achieved satisfactory functional recovery with an improved range of motion and no pain. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment of vascular injuries in complex proximal humeral fractures and supports the use of saphenous vein grafting and RTSA as effective management strategies., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Lachkar et al.)

Shoulder dislocations are common, with luxatio erecta humeri (LEH) being a rare variant. This report discusses a case of isolated transitory radial nerve palsy following LEH, which occurred after a high-energy motorcycle accident. Neurological examination revealed radial nerve involvement. Following reduction of the dislocation and appropriate physiotherapy, the patient experienced full functional recovery. This case underscores the rarity of isolated radial nerve palsy in LEH and highlights the importance of thorough neurological assessment in such injuries., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Lachkar et al.)

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown origin, characterized by the formation of immune granulomas in various organs. The occurrence of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) remains very rare. We report the case of a 54-year-old patient treated for cervical lymph node tuberculosis in 2010. Three years later, she presented with SVCS of undetermined etiology. In 2023, mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis of type II was confirmed in her. The patient remained clinically stable under surveillance and did not receive any specific treatment for sarcoidosis. Superior vena cava syndrome is often associated with malignancy. Benign etiologies, particularly sarcoidosis, although rare, should be investigated., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Rhanim et al.)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) brain metastasis (BM) is a rare but aggressive manifestation of the disease, with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Although brain metastases are more commonly associated with primary tumors located in the lung, skin, and breast, their occurrence in colorectal cancer is uncommon. Genetic mutations are highly important in tumor progression, and mutations in KRAS and BRAF genes are key drivers in colorectal cancer. However, the concurrent presence of both mutations is exceedingly rare. This case report presents a unique instance of colorectal cancer brain metastasis harboring both KRAS and BRAF mutations, highlighting its clinical significance and therapeutic challenges. We present the case of a 62-year-old male patient diagnosed with brain metastasis (in the cerebellum and right parietal lobe) who presented to the hospital with neurological symptoms. He underwent a CT imaging investigation that revealed multiple tumors. Subsequent biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of brain metastasis, with histological characteristics consistent with colonic adenocarcinoma. Tests also revealed aberrant expression of both KRAS and BRAF mutations. This case highlights the importance of considering brain metastases in colorectal cancer patients due to their detrimental effects on prognosis and survival rates. Additionally, the simultaneous presence of BRAF and KRAS mutations, in this case, adds an extra layer of complexity and severity., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Comisia de Etica a Cercetarii - FMF Oradea issued approval N/A. The Comisia de Etica a Cercetarii, at FMF Oradea , has reviewed and approved the case report entitled "Colorectal Cancer Brain Metastasis with Concomitant KRAS and BRAF Mutations: A Case Report." The committee has determined that the study adheres to the ethical standards required for clinical research, including respect for patient confidentiality, informed consent, and the responsible use of clinical data . Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Vesa et al.)

Leiomyosarcoma is an aggressive soft tissue cancer frequently seen in the female gastrointestinal and genital tracts due to the preponderance of smooth muscle. We report the case of a patient with leiomyosarcoma next to the iliac crest, discussing this rare location with data from the literature., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Tebbaa El Hassali et al.)

Aortic injuries associated with unstable spinal fractures are a rare but serious condition, with high mortality. Rapid and multidisciplinary management is crucial to prevent fatal complications. We report the case of a female patient who, following a road traffic accident, presented with a displaced fracture of the fourth dorsal vertebrae (D4), with a detached anterior fragment adjacent to the posterior aspect of the aortic arch and the origin of the arteria lusoria. The multidisciplinary discussion concluded that surgery without an aortic prosthesis is associated with a major hemorrhagic risk due to aortic injury during spinal fixation manipulations, and surgery with a prosthesis is associated with immediate risks of ischemic cerebrovascular accident, gas embolism, and upper limb ischemia. We opted to prepare the patient for spinal stabilization surgery after placing the aortic prosthesis type: Zenith Alpha ZTA-PT-30-26-108 thoracic prosthesis (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Indiana, US). Our team's therapeutic approach is being discussed given the rarity of cases in the literature and the patient's anatomical characteristics. Surgical management in these situations must repair the unstable fracture while avoiding the aggravation of an existing or potential aortic injury. The aortic lesion can be treated first, before spinal fixation, either with open surgery, which carries a high risk of severe complications, or thoracic endovascular repair (TEVAR), which allows the prevention of the potential aortic injury or repair of the existing aortic injury while minimizing the side effects of open surgery. However, endovascular surgery may have limitations due to individual vascular anatomy, as in our patient's case, which can prevent optimal endograft positioning and lead to risks such as endoleak, ischemia, infection, or thrombosis, necessitating periodic radiological follow-up. Endovascular repair is a new paradigm that has improved clinical outcomes for these patients by securing the vascular injury first before spinal surgery. Teamwork and multidisciplinary discussion ensure optimal safety, minimizing the side effects of these lesions, which can be fatal at any time during management., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kantri et al.)

Recurrent erythema scarlatiniforme desquamativum recidivans (ESDR), also known as Féréol-Besnier disease, is a rare condition marked by a recurrent erythematous rash that is followed by extensive desquamation, primarily affecting the palms and soles. It is often preceded by prodromal symptoms such as malaise, headache, myalgias, digestive issues, and fever. The exact pathogenesis remains unknown, and diagnosis can be challenging due to its resemblance to various infectious, auto-inflammatory, or allergic conditions, leading to diagnostic variability. Given that most reported cases are over 50 years old, our objective is to highlight this rare and enigmatic pathology through a typical case of the generalized variant of ESDR in a 13-year-old girl. We aim to increase physician awareness of this condition and provide reassurance to both parents and their child regarding its benign nature., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Benbrahim Ansari et al.)

Tracheobronchial foreign body (TFB) aspiration in adults is uncommon but can be life-threatening, often due to differences in airway sizes and reflexes. Symptoms associated with TFB are typically choking episodes followed by cough and dyspnea, but sometimes it can lead to acute asphyxiation. Chest radiography and computed tomography can provide information about the foreign body, its characteristics, and its location, however, bronchoscopy remains the preferred method for diagnosis and removal. In this case report, we describe an instance of hijab pin aspiration where the patient expectorated the foreign body immediately following the administration of inhaled salbutamol., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Khannous et al.)

Background:  Morocco is a country that has been experiencing an epidemiological and health transition characterized by a change in lifestyle and an increase in mortality for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of this study is to evaluate the nutritional knowledge in relation to secondary prevention of doctors and nurses working in the hospital and primary healthcare centers in Morocco. Specific knowledge about nutrition for diabetes, for high blood pressure and high cholesterol, for functional colopathy, for iron deficiency anemia, for vitamin B12 deficiency, for overweight and for hyperuricemia or gout attack were evaluated., Materials and Methods:  Cross-sectional exploratory study carried out between June and December 2022, using a self-administered questionnaire developed on the basis of similar studies and the several standardized nutrition guides. A random cluster survey included 238 nurses and 131 doctors working in health centers and 234 nurses and 54 doctors working in hospitals. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 21.0 software, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann Whitney test, and Spearmen's correlation. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the most significant sociodemographic variables., Results:  Among the seven nutritional content areas assessed in this study, we found that among doctors, the nutrition axis for high blood pressure and high cholesterol had the median correct response score of (0.57 interquartile range (IQR) (0.28, 0.71)). The same for nurse, but with the lower scores ((0.28 IQR (0, 0.43)) , (0.28 IQR (0.07, 0.42)) respectively). Our results do not reveal any statistically significant association of the median of total score of answers of both health professionals (nurses or of doctors) with their gender (p=0.383). However, they were significantly associated with basic training (p<0.001), continuous training (p=0.002), receiving information on nutrition (p=0.018), and their age (p=0.016)., Conclusions and Implications: In conclusion, this study highlighted the major gaps in the nutritional knowledge of doctors and nurses regarding secondary prevention of NCDs. However, they should undergo continuing nutrition education programs to ensure safe and sound nutritional advice not only to patients but also to the public. Furthermore, policymakers should devote systematic efforts to nutrition education during basic training in medical and nursing schools, which will provide doctors and nurses with adequate training., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Hospital-University Ethics Committee of Tangier (CEHUT) issued approval AC27AV/2022. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ben Allal et al.)

Pulmonary embolism is defined as the abrupt obliteration of the trunk or a branch of the pulmonary artery by an embolus most often from a deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs. It is serious, underdiagnosed, and can be life-threatening. We report the case of a patient who presented with a massive acute pulmonary embolism while taking olanzapine. The interest of our case lies in its rarity, its seriousness but also the possibility of prevention and adequate management in the case of any suggestive clinical symptoms., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Moussaoui et al.)

Congenital aplasia cutis (CAC) is a rare neonatal condition characterized by the absence of skin at birth, often associated with diverse underlying conditions. We report the case of a newborn male admitted on the second day of life with a skin defect on the anterior abdominal wall and a lesion on the left thigh. The mother was treated with carbimazole for hyperthyroidism. Notably, there were no similar cases in the family history. The patient showed favorable progress and normal development following a successful dermo-epidermal allograft. Particular attention was given to managing the risk of infection and ensuring optimal healing through tailored wound care protocols. This case underscores the complexity of CAC, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis, multidisciplinary care, and ongoing research to understand better and effectively treat this rare condition., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Elmoqaddem et al.)

Tumor calcinosis is a rare condition. It is characterized by the presence of calcified masses in the juxta-articular regions without joint involvement. It particularly affects young adults and adolescents. Its exact pathogenesis remains poorly defined. The diagnosis is suspected clinically and radiologically but confirmed by histological examination. The treatment is mainly surgical, and the prognosis is often good. We report the original case of a chronic hemodialysis patient presenting with tumoral calcinosis by discussing our diagnostic and therapeutic approach according to data from the recent scientific literature., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Tebbaa El Hassali et al.)

Villonodular synovitis is a rare disease of the synovial tissue occurring most commonly in synovial joints such as the knee and ankle joints. We report the case of a patient presenting with villonodular synovitis of the hip revealed by a pathological fracture of the femoral neck, discussing our diagnostic and therapeutic approach with recent scientific data., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Tebbaa El Hassali et al.)

Congenital Factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with a prevalence of approximately 1:500,000. It plays a crucial role in initiating coagulation by activating Factors IX and X. Diagnosis typically involves prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and varies widely in clinical presentation. Management includes fresh frozen plasma (FFP), prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC), and recombinant activated FVII (rFVIIa), with rFVIIa often preferred due to its safety and efficacy. We present two pediatric cases: a five-year-old boy with a prolonged PT at 55% and FVII levels at 25.1%, and a two-year-old boy with a PT at 24% and FVII levels at 4.6%. Both cases highlight the importance of thorough hemostatic evaluation and tailored management strategies in FVII deficiency., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ouerradi et al.)

Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle rigidity, frequent falls, and spasms, affecting primarily women. Recent advances have linked SPS to specific antibodies, such as anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-65, but effective treatments remain elusive. We report the case of a 53-year-old female who developed chronic lower back pain, tingling paresthesias, and progressive rigidity in the lower limbs. Electromyographic examination revealed muscle spasms and co-contractions, along with severe rigidity and reactive spasms upon touch. Imaging studies showed a polymyomatous uterus and no hypermetabolic lesions. She was diagnosed with stiff person syndrome with positive anti-GAD65 autoantibodies. Patient was treated with methylprednisolone, oral corticosteroids, gabapentin, baclofen, alprazolam, immunoglobulins, and rituximab, leading to moderate improvement in her condition. This case report aims to highlight the association between SPS and anti-GAD65 autoantibodies, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive management., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Maarad et al.)

Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumor that frequently affects young adults. The clinical presentation is variable, and the course can lead to spontaneous regression or persistence, necessitating medical or surgical treatment. We report the case of a young patient with an exceptional localization of an osteoid osteoma at the lesser trochanter, exhibiting atypical clinical and radiological features. The tumor was resected via the Ludloff approach. Here, we discuss our diagnostic and therapeutic approach in light of the literature., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Tebbaa El Hassali et al.)

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is one of the rarest types of bladder cancer, with an aggressive course and a poor prognosis. We report a case of LCNEC of the bladder associated with a prostatic adenocarcinoma. A very rare association, to our knowledge, is described for the first time in the literature. The patient was a 76-year-old non-smoker male, who presented with intermittent hematuria and dysuria. Cystoscopy revealed a lesion on the right lateral bladder wall. Biopsy was in favor of a LCNEC with muscle invasion. The CT scan showed the presence of a second lesion in the prostate, confirmed by histological examination. The patient was treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy of the cisplatin-etoposide type for large-cell bladder neuroendocrine carcinoma, and hormone therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogs for prostatic adenocarcinoma, followed by radical surgery. Given the rarity of this tumor, LCNEC treatment lacks precision. Many cases are published with different therapeutic strategies. A literature review would be interesting to codify the therapeutic strategy for this rare tumor., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Nassira et al.)

Y chromosome analysis is used in a number of practical applications, including investigations of criminal cases, establishment of paternity, searching for missing persons, studies on human migration, evolutionary research, and historical and genealogical investigations. Questions about the origin of individual ethnic groups are addressed not only through archaeological, linguistic, and ethnographic methods but also through molecular genetics methods. The study of genetic diversity in Romania is particularly interesting from several perspectives because Romania, located in Southeast Europe, is distinguished by the fact that the Carpathians and the Danube served as natural barriers against the migrations of peoples for centuries, thus influencing the genetic mixture of the population. This is relevant for understanding the history and formation of ethnic groups in the region. In addition, many ethnic minorities live in Romania, which adds an additional dimension of genetic and cultural diversity. This article aims to provide an updated picture of the genetic diversity in Romania and to highlight the significant studies carried out among the Romanian population. By analyzing the articles published in the Web of Science, Scopus, or PubMed databases, which explore genetic diversity using the Y chromosome, the aim is to better understand the current genetic panorama in Romania., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Hodișan et al.)

Superficial angiomyxoma (SAM) is a rare, benign, and slow-growing soft tissue tumor with a tendency for frequent local recurrence. Most SAMs are solitary and sporadic. However, multiple SAMs, particularly on the external ear or eyelids, may be the initial or only sign of the Carney complex, an autosomal dominant syndrome that impacts various organs, including the heart, breasts, and skin, and is linked to endocrine hyperactivity. To ensure an accurate diagnosis, a comprehensive patient interview, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including endocrine-specific markers and imaging studies, are essential. Due to the high risk of recurrence, especially in large, encapsulated lesions, complete surgical excision is the preferred treatment approach. We present a case of a 24-year-old female with SAM on the shoulder, review the relevant literature, and discuss the pathogenesis and appropriate management of such cases., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Oprea et al.)

The metastasis of a primary lung tumor to the mouth cavity is a rare occurrence. In addition, the occurrence of neuroendocrine bronchial carcinoma with large cells is uncommon. When metastases are not possible to surgically remove, the conventional treatment for large-cell neuroendocrine tumors (LCNET) is still used. The etiology of these metastases remains inadequately comprehended, rendering their administration very intricate. The oncologist at this institution must possess a comprehensive comprehension of how to effectively oversee the patient's quality of life to guarantee the uninterrupted progression of therapy. This paper is a case study of a 51-year-old male patient who was hospitalized due to a severe dry cough and dysphonia that began two months prior to seeking medical consultation. Gingival hyperplasia was diagnosed during a clinical examination. The diagnosis of LCNET (carcinoma of the lung) was determined after a thorough etiological investigation utilizing gingival samples and pulmonary tissue. The objective of this study was to provide a description of our case, conduct an analysis of the response to therapy, and make a contribution to the current body of research. The purpose was to encourage more investigation into this type of metastasis, aiming to get a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms behind the metastatic spread and assess its predictive significance in future instances., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Derfoufi et al.)

Aceruloplasminemia (ACP) is a rare genetic disorder that manifests in adulthood due to mutations in the CP (ceruloplasmin) gene, causing iron accumulation and neurodegeneration. Clinically, ACP presents with a range of symptoms, including mild microcytic anemia, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, retinopathy, progressive neurological symptoms such as cerebellar ataxia, involuntary movements, parkinsonism, mood and behavior disorders, and cognitive impairment. We present the case of a 53-year-old female with a history of first-degree consanguinity and a sister with anemia. At six years old, she developed asthenia, leading to multiple hospitalizations for acute hemolytic anemia requiring transfusions and iron therapy. She exhibited later memory disturbances, slowed comprehension, social withdrawal, and school discontinuation. At the age of 51, she developed gait disturbances, unexplained falls, and cognitive decline. One year later, cranial CT revealed a chronic bilateral subdural hematoma. On admission at 53, she had anarthria, right hemiparesis, diffuse rigidity, mouth dystonia, oculomotor paralysis, and intellectual deterioration. MRI showed superficial cortical and leptomeningeal hemosiderin deposits and bilateral signal anomalies in various deep brain regions. EEG revealed paroxysmal anomalies and abdominal MRI indicated hepatic iron overload. Laboratory tests confirmed ACP. This case highlights the rare and severe neurological and systemic manifestations of ACP, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in such degenerative diseases to prevent irreversible neurological complications., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Maarad et al.)

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals experienced an increased workload, which may have affected infection prevention and control (IPC) programs and consequently healthcare-associated infection (HAI) rates. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HAI in Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center (IRUHC) and identify associated factors., Methods: A survey was conducted on November 30, 2021 at IRUHC, including all patients hospitalized for at least 48 hours. Data was collected using a questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS IBM software version 16. The significance level was set at 0.05., Results: Among 887 patients, the prevalence of HAI was 9.7% (7.7%; 11.6%). The highest prevalence was observed in intensive care units (ICUs) (44.2%). Nosocomial pneumonia was the most common site (26.8%). The main isolated microorganisms were Acinetobacter baumannii (18.0%) and Escherichia coli (16.0%). All Acinetobacter baumannii isolated strains were imipenem-resistant. The presence of HAI was significantly associated with the presence of an invasive medical device (p<0.001), a higher physical status score of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) (p<0.001), and a longer hospital stay (p<0.001). Conclusion : The emergence of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii  (IRAB) represents a serious therapeutic and epidemiological problem requiring the establishment of a system for monitoring the microbial environment and the application of strict hygiene measures., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Lyazidi et al.)

In the Romanian healthcare system, public hospitals' contract for the provision of healthcare services with the National Health Insurance Services (NHIS) is the main source of revenue in a hospital's income and expenditure budget. In Romania, for acute diseases, payment is made on a per-case basis for hospitals financed under the diagnostic-related groups (DRG) system, which is calculated according to the indicators achieved. The main objective of the study aimed at the quantitative and comparative analysis of hospital performance indicators used in the calculation of the contracted amount with NHIS, in order to quantify the results and evaluate the effectiveness of the measures taken in the surgical wards of the Emergency Clinical County Hospital of Oradea (ECCHO) compared to the annual average values at the national level, in the period 2012-2022. The indicators, such as the number of beds, number of cases, average length of hospitalization (LOH), and case complexity index (CCI), were analyzed at the level of the ECCHO, a tertiary care hospital in the surgical wards. Rehabilitation and modernization of wards, laboratories, operating theatres, and high-performance equipment have been made possible through efficient management and monthly monitoring of medical and financial activity. The average LOH actually carried out on the surgical wards has been decreasing over the 11 years analyzed, with a lower number of hospital days than at the national level. The CCI achieved by the hospital's surgical wards has had an increasing evolution throughout the period analyzed, higher than the national value. The maximum amount contracted and the amount contracted by the hospital is higher when the LOH and CCI indicators achieved by each section are included in the formula than the indicators established at the national level. A lower LOH and a higher CCI than the national values facilitated the contracting of a higher amount. Optimization of the indicators by hospital performance is correlated with improved funding by the NHIS. Increasing the contracted amount facilitates the contracting of an exponential annual number of cases, resulting in more efficient medical services in the surgical wards., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Vladu et al.)

Calcaneal apophysitis, known as Sever's disease, manifests as heel pain and is prevalent among children and adolescents, particularly during growth spurts and periods of heightened physical activity. Although Sever's disease is well-documented, its co-occurrence with other foot pathologies in pediatric patients is relatively uncommon. We present here a unique case of a 14-year-old female patient who presented with significant heel pain and discomfort associated with flat feet, impacting her daily activities and physical performance. Clinical examination revealed tenderness at the heel consistent with Sever's disease, along with symptoms suggestive of posterior tibial tendinopathy and radiographic evidence of Achilles tendon calcification. The primary diagnoses included Sever's disease, posterior tibial tendinopathy, and calcification of the Achilles tendon. Management involved a thorough assessment comprising physical examination and imaging studies to confirm the diagnoses. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions such as activity modification, stretching exercises, and orthotic devices were implemented to alleviate symptoms and improve foot mechanics. Over the course of treatment, the patient showed gradual improvement in pain levels and functional abilities, indicating a positive response to therapy. Long-term follow-up aimed at preventing recurrence and optimizing foot health was recommended to ensure sustained recovery and overall well-being. In this case study, we aim to elucidate the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management approach employed in addressing these concurrent foot conditions. By exploring this case, we hope to contribute valuable insights to the understanding and management of pediatric foot pathologies, particularly in cases involving multiple co-existing conditions., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Yachaoui et al.)

Certolizumab-induced liver injury is exceptionally rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We present the case of a 34-year-old man with axial ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who developed a drug-induced liver injury following treatment with certolizumab. Despite the initial ineffectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and an inadequate response to infliximab, the patient achieved remission of AS symptoms with certolizumab. However, he subsequently developed elevated liver enzymes indicative of hepatocellular injury. Investigations excluded viral hepatitis and autoimmune liver diseases, pointing to certolizumab as the likely cause. The updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method confirmed a probable causal relationship between certolizumab and hepatotoxicity. Discontinuation of certolizumab led to normalization of liver enzymes without recurrence of liver injury. This case highlights the need for vigilant monitoring for hepatotoxicity in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor inhibitors., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bensaghir et al.)

Renal leiomyoma is a benign finding in kidney pathology. It has been documented in various organs; renal location is less frequent and has been rarely documented in the literature. We present here the case of a renal leiomyoma revealed by an abdominal mass and flank pain. The diagnosis of certainty is histological, generally on surgical specimens. Due to the challenges associated with clinically diagnosing this tumor, a high level of suspicion is warranted when a patient presents with sizable and clearly defined renal lesions., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Nassira et al.)

Sanjad-Sakati syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by facial dysmorphia, growth retardation, and congenital hypoparathyroidism. Epidemiologically, this syndrome is primarily observed in children of Arabian descent. However, cases have also been reported in non-Arab countries. Although its exact prevalence is uncertain, the estimated incidence in Saudi Arabia ranges from one in 40,000 to one in 600,000 live births. We report a case of Sanjad-Sakati syndrome in a female infant, born to first-degree consanguineous parents, who presented with convulsive seizures since the age of four months. Laboratory findings indicated severe hypocalcemia and elevated phosphate levels, consistent with congenital hypoparathyroidism. The treatment involved calcium and vitamin D supplementation, which led to a marked improvement in the patient's condition. The objective of this clinical case is to highlight an uncommon cause of hypocalcemia and to describe certain clinical and endocrinological manifestations of Sanjad-Sakati syndrome, which is prevalent in the Arab population., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Benchaib et al.)

Teratomas are classified as germ-cell tumors. They occur more frequently in the gonads, but extragonadal localization can also occur. Retroperitoneal teratomas are rare and require multidisciplinary management. We report the case of a 20-year-old patient who presented with an immature retroperitoneal teratoma. The patient initially underwent a retroperitoneal mass resection, which resulted in positive resection margins and a residual mass observed in post-operative imaging, necessitating treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. The purpose of this publication is to highlight the characteristics of retroperitoneal teratoma, along with diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Chibani et al.)

Iatrogenic bladder rupture is a rare yet serious complication associated with orthopedic surgical procedures, particularly those involving the modified Stoppa (MS) approach for acetabular fractures. We present a case of a 65-year-old patient who experienced iatrogenic bladder rupture during surgery for acetabular fracture fixation using the MS approach. Despite the challenges posed by this complication, prompt diagnosis and repair during the same surgical intervention led to favorable outcomes. Our case underscores the importance of perioperative vigilance in detecting and managing such injuries to mitigate the risk of urinary tract complications and late infections. Understanding the anatomical nuances and employing meticulous surgical techniques are essential for minimizing the risks associated with the MS approach., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Lachkar et al.)

Portal cavernoma is a major cause of extrahepatic portal hypertension (EHPH) in children. It is a serious condition, due to the frequency and severity of digestive hemorrhages secondary to the rupture of esophageal varices (EV). Neonatal umbilical catheterization is a significant risk factor for the development of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and portal hypertension. We report a case of a five-year-old male who presented with upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding on ruptured esophageal varices resulting from a portal cavernoma, complicating neonatal umbilical vein catheterization. This case illustrates the risk of severe vascular complications, particularly portal hypertension that can result from neonatal umbilical vein catheterization., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bouhafs et al.)

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men. The diagnosis and treatment of PCa carry considerable medical, psychological, and economic implications. Among the risk factors contributing to cancer, viral infections, notably Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), play a significant role. It is recognized as an oncogenic virus associated with various lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and breast cancer cases but its role in PCa remains unclear. This study aims to contrast the prevalence of EBV in blood and tissue samples of PCa patients and assess its correlation with tumor clinicopathological criteria. In this prospective study, 50 fresh biopsies and 50 blood samples were collected from patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PCa. EBV DNA was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A statistical analysis was then conducted to examine the correlation between EBV prevalence and PCa clinicopathological characteristics. EBV DNA was detected in 38% of PCa blood samples and 64% of PCa tissue samples, with a higher prevalence in tissue samples (p = 0.009). The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between EBV infection and pathological Gleason score (p = 0.041) in PCa tissue, as well as pathological T-stage (p = 0.02) in PCa blood. The results show that patients with PCa have higher levels of EBV in their tissues than in their blood, suggesting that EBV may play an important role in the etiology of PCa. This paves the way for further research into the function of EBV as a potential biomarker in the development and progression of prostate carcinoma in order to combat oncogenic viruses., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethics Committee of Biomedical Research in Morocco issued approval n°3/2018/April 30/2018- Morocco. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mharrach et al.)