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Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi mogućnost zamjene soje, kao najčešćeg izvora bjelančevina u obrocima janjadi, pogačom sjemenki bundeve, nusproizvoda u proizvodnji ulja te utvrditi njihov utjecaj na proizvodno hematološke pokazatelje janjadi. Istraživanje je provedeno na 20 Merinolandschaf janjadi u dobi od 70 dana. Janjad je ravnomjerno podijeljena prema spolu u dvije skupine: kontrolna hranjena smjesom sa sojom kao izvorom bjelančevina u krmnoj smjesi i pokusna u kojoj je soja zamijenjena sa 7% pogače sjemenki bundeve. Sijeno i vodu janjad je imala na raspolaganju ad libitum. Tjelesne mase, tjelesne mjere i uzorci krvi janjadi uzeti su 0., 15., i 30. dana istraživanja. Nakon toga izračunati su prosječni dnevni prirasti, konverzija hrane i indeksi tjelesne razvijenosti janjadi. Analizom dobivenih rezultata na kraju istraživanja nisu utvrđene značajne (P>0,05) razlike u tjelesnoj masi (29,80 : 28,98 kg), tjelesnim mjerama i indeksima tjelesne razvijenosti janjadi ovisno o skupini. Također, nisu utvrđene statistički značajne (P>0,05) razlike u prosječnom dnevnom prirastu između kontrolne i pokusne skupine janjadi (232 : 230 g). Konverzija heane je u kontrolne skupine janjadi iznosila 3,54 kg/kg, a u pokusne 3,62 kg/kg. Korištenjem pogače sjemenki bundeve kao izvora bjelančevina u obrocima janjadi nije došlo do promjene proizvodno - hematoloških pokazatelja janjadi. Upotrebom pogače sjemenki bundeve u obrocima janjadi moguća je zamjena soje upitnog genetskog podrijetla i zdravstvene ispravnosti. Zbog ekološkog načina proizvodnje bundeve, još više se može naglasiti hranidbeno-dijetetska ispravnost janjetine, a ekološki proizvođači mogli bi imati na raspolaganju odgovarajući izvor bjelančevina., The aim of the research was to determine the possibility of replacing soybeans as the most common source of protein in the diets with pumpkin seed cake by-products in oil production and to determine the influence on lamb production and their haematological indicators. The study was conducted on 20 Merinolandschaf lambs at the age of 70 days. Lambs were evenly divided by gender and then allotted to two treatment groups: control with the soybean as a source of protein in a fodder mixture and experimental in which the soybean was replaced with 7% of pumpkin seed cake. Lambs had hay and water ad libitim. Body weight and lamb blood samples were taken on day 0, 15, and 30 of the study. In addition, the average daily gain, conversion, and lambs indexes of physical development were calculated. Analysis of the obtained results at the end of the study did not reveal significant (P>0.05) differences in body weight (29.80 : 28.98 kg), body measurements and indexes of physical development of lambs fed soybean and pumpkin seed cake. In addition, there was no significant (P>0.05) differences in average daily gain between the control and experi-mental group of lambs (232 : 230 g). Conversion in the control group of lambs was 3.54 kg/kg and in the experimental group of lambs 3.62 kg/kg. By consummation of pumpkin seed cake as a source of protein in rations of lambs there was no change in production - haematological parameters of lambs. By using pumpkin seed cake in rations of lambs it is possible to substitute soybean of suspected genetic origin and health safety. With regard to ecological pumpkin production, it is possible to emphasize the nutritional and dietary quality of lamb’s meat, and the organic producers might have the adequate protein source available.

Cilj je ovoga rada analizirati stanje ovčarstva i kozarstva u istočnoj Hrvatskoj te prikazati potencijale njihovoga mogućega razvitka. U Republici Hrvatskoj u Jedinstveni registar ovaca i koza na kraju 2015. godine upisano je 615.717 rasplodnih ovaca i 73.835 rasplodnih koza. Od toga je na području istočne Hrvatske kojemu teritorijalno pripada pet slavonskih županija (Osječko-baranjska, Vukovarsko-srijemska, Požeško-slavonska, Brodskoposavska i Virovitičko-podravska) evidentirano 109.547 rasplodnih ovaca i 6.791 rasplodnih koza, što je 17,79% ovaca i 9,20% ukupnog broja koza u Republici Hrvatskoj, od toga su 5.902 uzgojno valjane ovce i 151 uzgojno valjane koze. U navedenim županijama u posljednjih pet godina izražen je trend smanjenja broja ovaca. U Republici Hrvatskoj se uzgaja 16 pasmina ovaca, od kojih je 9 izvornih i 7 inozemnih pasmina. Na području istočne Hrvatske uzgaja se cjelokupna populacija uzgojno valjanih cigaja u Republici Hrvatskoj, a značajni su i uzgoji merinolandšafa (84,91%). U istočnoj Hrvatskoj u ovčarskoj proizvodnji glavni je uzgojni cilj proizvodnja mesa, prvenstveno janjetine, a u kozarskoj proizvodnji mlijeko. Proizvodnja ovčjeg i osobito kozjega mlijeka na području istočne Hrvatske sve je više zastupljena. Proizvodnja ovčjega mlijeka potaknuta je uvozima istočnofrizijske ovce, koje danas ima oko 150 uzgojno valjanih grla te dolaskom stada travničke pramenke iz Bosne i Hercegovine na područja Virovitičko-podravske županije gdje ih se trenutačno uzgaja oko 2.500 grla. Ovčje mlijeko se najčešće prerađuje u sir, a sve je veća potražnja mljekarskih industrija za njim. U Republici Hrvatskoj ne postoji sustavno organiziran otkup vune te je problem njenog zbrinjavanja sve izraženiji. Kozarstvo je u istočnoj Hrvatskoj zadnjih godina sve interesantnija grana stočarstva, osobito proizvodnja mlijeka. Uzgoji koza organizirani su u mini farmama (30-60 grla), čiji je osnovni proizvod mlijeko, koje najčešće na obiteljskim gospodarstvima prerađuju u sir. U Republici Hrvatskoj pa tako i u istočnoj Hrvatskoj značajni su uzgoji inozemnih pasmina koza koje su se dobro prilagodile našim uvjetima uzgoja i sustavno se nadziru uzgojnoselekcijskim radom. Brojne su populacije alpine, a zadnjih godina se povećava i broj burskih koza (48,84% od ukupnog broja u Republici Hrvatskoj) koje se uzgajaju na području istočne Hrvatske. Alpina je primarno namijenjena proizvodnji mlijeka, dok se bursku kozu, u čistoj krvi ili u obliku različitih križanaca koristi gotovo isključivo za proizvodnju mesa - jaretine. Prilagodbom zakonima EU i uvođenjem novih znanstvenih, stručnih i tehnoloških dostignuća u području ovčarske i kozarske proizvodnje došlo je do izrade novih uzgojnih programa iz područja ovčarstva i kozarstva čime je postignut određeni napredak u ovim proizvodnjama. Kvalitetnije korištenje neiskorištenih pašnjačkih površina i nusproizvoda prehrambenih industrija kojima obiluje ovo područje ukazuje na značajne potencijale razvitak ovčarstva i kozarstva u istočnoj Hrvatskoj. Potrebno je još dosta rada, uz obvezu povećanja populacije ovaca i koza, te značajnija ulaganja u osuvremenjivanje i širu primjenu novijih tehnoloških postupaka s ciljem podizanja proizvodnosti, poboljšanja dobrobiti i kvalitetnijeg praćenja zdravlja stada i pojedinih grla ovaca i koza te povećanja gospodarske učinkovitosti u ovčarskoj i kozarskoj proizvodnji., The aim of the present paper is to analyze the status of sheep and goats in Eastern Croatia, and to present the potential of their possible development. In the Unified Register of sheep and goats in the end of year 2015, 615 717 breeding sheep and 73 835 breeding goats were registered in Croatia. In Eastern Croatian, the territory to which belongs five Slavonian counties (Osijek-Baranja, Vukovar- Syrmia, Požega-Slavonia, Brod-Posavina and Virovitica-Podravina), 109 547 breeding sheep and 6 791 breeding goats were recorded, which is 17.79% of sheep and 9.20% of the total number of goats in the Republic of Croatia. From that number 5 902 valid breeding sheep and 151 valid breeding goats were registered. In mentioned counties, a significant trend of reducing the number of sheep was observed in the last five years. In the Republic of Croatia 16 breeds of sheep are reared, of which 9 are original and 7 foreign breeds. In the Eastern Croatia entire population of breeding Tsigai in Croatia is reared, and breeding of Merinolandschaf (84.91%) is also significant. In Eastern Croatia the main breeding goal of sheep is production of meat, especially lamb, and in goat breeding milk production. Production of sheep and especially goat milk in the territory of Eastern Croatia is more frequent. Production of sheep milk is encouraged by import of East Friesian sheep that is counted about 150 breeding sheep and by import of Travnik Pramenka from Bosnia and Herzegovina on the territory of Virovitica-Podravina county where 2 500 sheep are reared. The sheep milk is commonly processed into cheese, and there is increasing demand of dairy industry for it. In Croatia, there is no systematic organized purchase of wool and there is a problem of its disposal that is more pronounced. In recent years goat breeding in Eastern Croatia is more interesting field of animal husbandry, particularly milk production. Goat farming is organized into mini farms (30-60 goats), whose main product is milk, that is usually processed into cheese in family farms. In the Republic of Croatia as well as in Eastern Croatia breeding of foreign goats is significant and these goats are well adapted to our conditions of rearing and systematically are monitored by breeding selection work. There are many Alpine population of goats, and in recent years an increasing number of Boer goats (48,84% of the total number in the Republic of Croatia), which are reared in the Eastern Croatia. Alpine goats are primarily intended for the production of milk, while the Boer goat, in the pure blood, or in the form of different hybrids is used almost exclusively for meat production – young goat meat. Adjusting to EU laws and by introducing new scientific, technical and technological achievements in the field of sheep and goat production came to creating new breeding programs in the field of sheep and goats, which is certain progress in these productions. Better use of underutilized pastures and the food industry by-products which are abundant in this area, indicates significant development potential of sheep and goats in Eastern Croatia. It requires a lot of work, with a commitment to increase the population of sheep and goats, as well as significant investments in modernization and wider use of new technological procedure in order to raise productivity, improve welfare and quality of better monitoring the health of individual animals and herds of sheep and goats, and increase economic efficiency in sheep and goat production.

Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi mogućnost korištenja graška kao alternativnog izvora bjelančevina u obrocima ovaca i janjadi u ekološkoj proizvodnji. Grašak (Pisum sativum L.) se u obrocima ovaca i janjadi najčešće koristi kao zrno, a rjeđe kao slama. Osobito je njegova primjena raširena u zemljama mediteranskog područja s obzirom na povoljne klimatske uvjete, sve veću cijenu koštanja soje, kontaminiranost soje, zabranu korištenja genetski modificirane soje u obrocima životinja u ekološkim uzgojima, kao i zabranu korištenja mesnog brašna kao izvora bjelančevina u obrocima za životinje. Brojna istraživanja ukazuju na opravdanost korištenja graška u hranidbi ovaca i janjadi s obzirom na njegovu visoku hranidbenu vrijednost zbog obilja bjelančevina (22-34%), dobre izbalansiranosti esencijalnih aminokiselina i nezasićenih masnih kiselina te visokog sadržaja škroba (preko 40% suhe tvari). Sadržaj antinutritivnih tvari u suvremenih kultivara graška je zanemariv u odnosu na prijašnje kultivare te je moguće njegovo korištenje u obrocima ovaca i janjadi i bez primjene toplinskih tretmana. Pri balansiranju obroka čiji se izvor bjelančevina temelji na grašku najčešće se kao žitarica koristi ječam s obzirom na različitu brzinu razgradnje navedenih krmiva. Analizirajući proizvodna svojstva i kvalitetu dobivenih proizvoda ovaca i janjadi (dnevni prirasti, količina i kvaliteta mlijeka, klaonička kvaliteta janjećih trupova i kvaliteta mesa) u brojnim je istraživanjima potvrđena opravdana uporaba graška kao izvora bjelančevina u njihovim obrocima kao potpuna ili djelomična zamjena za soju. Navedene spoznaje bi trebalo proširiti dodatnim istraživanjima vezanim za utvrđivanje odgovarajućeg udjela graška u obrocima ovaca i janjadi u ekološkoj proizvodnji s obzirom na njihova proizvodna svojstva i kvalitetu dobivenih proizvoda., The aim of the present study was to research the possibility of using peas as an alternative source of proteins in diets of sheep and lambs in organic farming. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in diets for sheep and lambs is mostly used as seed and less as straw. Its application is spread in Mediterranean countries, considering favorable climatic conditions, increasing cost of soybeans, soybean contamination, prohibition of the use of genetically modified soybeans in animal diets in organic farming, as well as prohibition of the use of meat meal as a source of protein in animal diets. Numerous researches indicate the use of peas in the diets of sheep and lambs considering high nutritive value due to high crude proteins content (22-34%), well balanced essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids as well as high starch content (>40% of dry matter). Antinutritional matters in todays varieties of peas are negligible compared to former varieties and it is possible to use peas in the diets for sheep and lambs without the application of heat treatment. When balancing diets with peas as a source of protein, barley is commonly used as grain due to its different speed of degradation. Analyzing the production traits and quality of sheep and lamb products (daily gain, yield and milk quality, slaughtering quality of lamb carcasses and meat) in the research the use of peas as protein source in the diets as partial or complete replacement for soybean has been confirmed. Further research is needed to determine adequate peas content in diets for sheep and lambs in organic farming, considering their production traits and quality of obtained products.

Istraživanje je provedeno na 48 crnih slavonskih svinja. Od ukupno istraživanih 48 crnih slavonskih svinja, 16 su tovljene do oko 100 kg završne tjelesne mase (skupina A), 16 do oko 120 kg završne tjelesne mase (skupina B) i 16 do oko 130 kg završne tjelesne mase (skupina C). Za vrijeme tova svinje su hranjene krmnim smjesama, dobivenim miješanjem žitarica (kukuruz i ječam) sa superkoncentratom „35“. Svinje iz svih skupina (A, B, C) hranjene su tijekom prvog razdoblja tova krmnom smjesom s 14% sirovih proteina, a tijekom drugog razdoblja tova krmnom smjesom s 12% sirovih proteina. Nakon klanja svinjske polovice ohlađene su na +4 °C, te je odvojeno meso buta, leđnog dijela i plećke (but i leđni dio 76,96%: plećka 19,24), za preradu u kulen. Meso je začinjeno (3,80%) i punjeno u slijepo crijevo (Caecum). Kulen je nanizan na prećke za sušenje u sušionici (pušnici), gdje se sušio i zrio tijekom sljedećih 9 mjeseci. Nakon zrenja kulena provedeno je komisijsko ocjenjivanje senzornih svojstava kulena, mjerena je boja kulena, pH vrijednost, te je provedena kemijska analiza kulenja. Na temelju istraživanja utjecaja završne tjelesne mase crnih slavonskih svinja na kakvoću kulena (fizikalno-kemijska i senzorna svojstva) zaključeno je da završna tjelesna masa svinja nije značajno (p>0,05) utjecala na pH (5,92:5,96:5,97) vrijednost kulena, na parametre boje L* (35,38:36,66:36,72), a* (17,08:17,10:17,36) i b* (9,27: 10,00: 10,11) kulena, na sadržaj vode (31,45%:31,39%:32,10%) i sadržaj pepela (6,37%: 6,21%:6,07%), ali je utvrđeno da s porastom završne tjelesne mase, vrlo značajno (p0,05) za vanjski izgled (4,42:4,50:4,52), strukturu (2,67:2,75:2,76), izgled prereza (8,30:8,50:8,42) i miris kulena (4,65:4,60:4,75), dok su utvrđene vrlo značajne razlike (p, The research was conducted on 48 Black Slavonian pigs. Of the total 48 Black Slavonian pigs, 16 pigs were fattened up to approximately 100 kg body weight at finishing (group A), 16 were fattened up to about 120 kg bodyweight at finishing (group B), whereas 16 pigs were fattened up to approximately 130 kg body weight at finishing (group C). During the fattening the pigs were fed forage mixtures produced by combining cereal grains (corn, barley) with the concentrated feed “35”. The pigs from all groups (A, B, C) were fed forage mixture containing 14% crude protein in the first fattening period, and forage mixture containing 12% crude protein in the second fattening period. After slaughtering the pigs, half-carcasses were cooled down to +4 °C and the meat from ham, back part and shoulder (ham and back part 76.96% : shoulder 19.24%) was separated to be processed into kulen. The meat was spiced (3.80%) and the mixture was inserted into a blind gut pouch (Caecum). Kulens were then hung on crossbars in a drying room to dry and mature for the following 9 months. After kulens reached maturity, their sensory properties were evaluated, colour and pH values were measured and chemical analysis was conducted. Based on the results obtained in the process of exploring the influence of final body weight of Black Slavonian pigs on the quality of kulens (physico-chemical and sensory properties), it was determined that final body weight of pigs had no significant influence (p>0.05) in terms of pH value (5.92:5.96:5.97) of kulen, colour values L* (35.38:36.66:36.72), a* (17.08:17.10:17.36) and b* (9.27:10.00:10.11), water content (31.45%:31.39%:32.10%) and ash content (6.37%: 6.21%:6.07%). However, it was also determined that, with the increase in final body weight, a very significant (p0.05) in terms of appearance (4.42:4.50:4.52), structure (2.67:2.75:2.76), appearance of cross-cutting (8.30:8.50:8.42) and smell (4.65:4.60:4.75), whereas very significant differences (p

Cilj rada je bio istražiti učinak djelomične zamjene sačme soje sačmom suncokreta u obrocima janjadi u ekološkom uzgoju na njihove proizvodne i eksterijerne odlike. Istraživanje je provedeno na ekološkom obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu u Osječko-baranjskoj županiji s 20 janjadi pasmine Merinolandrace u dobi od 90 dana. Janjad je hranjena krmnim smjesama gdje je u pokusnoj skupini djelomično smanjen udio sačme soje te je uključena sačma suncokreta (13%). Janjad je sijeno i vodu konzumirala po volji. Pokus je trajao 30 dana. Držanje i hranidba janjadi bili su prema Pravilniku o ekološkoj proizvodnji životinjskih proizvoda. Vaganje i uzimanje tjelesnih mjera te indeksa tjelesne kondicije janjadi provedeno je na početku i na kraju istraživanja. Analizom proizvodnih i eksterijernih odlika janjadi nisu utvrđene značajne razlike u tjelesnim masama i dnevnim prirastima te tjelesnim mjerama i indeksima tjelesne razvijenosti pri hranidbi gdje je sačma soje djelomično zamijenjena sačmom suncokreta. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da je opravdana djelomična zamjena sojine sačme suncokretovom sačmom u hranidbi janjadi nakon odbića u ekološkom uzgoju. Daljnja istraživanja potrebno je proširiti i na utvrđivanje metaboličkog profila krvi te kvalitete janjećeg mesa., The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with sunflower meal in rations of lambs in organic breeding on their production and exterior characteristics. The research was conducted on the ecological family farm in Osijek-Baranya County on 20 Merinolandschaf breed lambs age a 90 days. The lambs were fed on a feed mixture in which, in the experimental group, soybean meal was partially reduced and sunflower meal (13%) was included instead. Lambs consumed hay and water ad libitum. The experiment continued for 30 days. Keeping and feeding of lambs was in accordance with the Regulation on organic production of animal products. Lambs were weighed, their body measurements and index of body condition were taken at the beginning and at the end of the research. By the analysis of production and exterior characteristics of lambs no significant differences were found in body mass and daily gain, as well as in body measurements and indices of body development in nutrition when soybean meal was partially replaced with sunflower meal. Based on the results it can be concluded that partial replacement of soybean meal with sunflower meal in feeding lambs after weaning in organic breeding is justified. It is necessary to expand research on the determination of blood metabolic profile and lamb meat quality.

Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi mogućnost primjene pogače sjemenki bundeve u hranidbi janjadi u ekološkom uzgoju. Istraživanje je provedeno na ekološkom obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu u Osječko-baranjskoj županiji s 36 janjadi pasmine Merinolandschaf u dobi od 70 dana. Janjad je hranjena krmnim smjesama gdje je u pokusnim skupinama djelomično smanjen udio sojine sačme i dodana pogača sjemenki bundeve u pokusnoj skupini I 10%, a u pokusnoj skupini II 15%. Janjad je sijeno i vodu konzumirala po volji. Pokus je trajao 30 dana. Držanje i hranidba janjadi bili su prema Pravilniku o ekološkoj proizvodnji životinjskih proizvoda. Vaganje i uzimanje tjelesnih mjera te indeksa tjelesne kondicije janjadi provedeno je na početku i na kraju istraživanja. Uzimanje tjelesnih mjera (visina grebena, dužina trupa, opseg prsa, opseg cjevanice, dužina trupa, širina prsa, dubina prsa, dužina i opseg buta) provedeno je lydtinovim štapom i stočnom vrpcom. Nakon toga, izračunati su prosječni dnevni prirasti janjadi te indeksi tjelesne razvijenosti (anamorfoznosti, tjelesnih proporcija, tjelesne kompaktnosti, mišićavosti i tjelesne kondicije). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da je opravdana primjena pogače sjemenki bundeve u hranidbi janjadi u ekološkom uzgoju s obzirom na utvrđene odlike rasta i tjelesne razvijenosti u janjadi koja je konzumirala smjesu s dodatkom pogače sjemenki bundeve. Daljnja istraživanja potrebno je proširiti i na utvrđivanje metaboličkih promjena u organizmu i masnokiselinskog sastava mesa janjadi., The aim of the present research was to investigate the use of pumpkin seed cake when feeding lambs in organic farming. The research was conducted on an organic family farm in the Osijek-Baranja County with 36 lambs of Merinolandschaf breed aged 70 days. The lambs were fed feed mixture in which soybean seeds were partially replaced with pumpkin seed cake in the amount of 10% in the experimental group I and 15% in experimental group II. Hay and water were offered ad libitum. Duration of the experiment was 30 days. Keeping and feeding of lambs were under the Regulations on organic livestock production. Weighing and taking of body measurements and indices of body condition of lambs was conducted in the beginning and in the end of study. Body measurements (height of withers, body length, chest circumference, cannon bone circumference, body length, chest width, chest depth, length and circumference of leg) were taken with Lidtin´s stick or livestock tape. Then, the daily weight gain of lambs and indices of physical development (indices of anamorphosis, body proportions, body compactness, muscularity and body condition) were calculated. Based on the results we can conclude that the use of pumpkin seeds cake in feeding lambs in organic farming is justified since the production properties in lambs (body weight and daily weight gain) that consumed mixture with added pumpkin seeds cake accomplished better results. Further research should be extended to the determination of metabolic changes in the organism and fatty acid composition of lamb meat

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka različitih izvora i koncentracija cinka u hrani na proizvodna svojstva janjadi. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 30 janjadi Merinolandschaf pasmine koja je podijeljena u tri skupine ovisno o izvoru i koncentraciji cinka u hrani. Janjad je hranjena livadnim sijenom i krmnom smjesom istoga sastava po volji. U kontrolnoj skupini u krmnu smjesu je dodan anorganski cink (ZnSO4) u količini od 0,30 mg/kg, u pokusnoj skupini I ista količina organskog cinka (cink-metionin), a pokusnoj skupini II manja količina organskog cinka (0,20 mg/kg). Janjad je praćena u sisajućem razdoblju od poroda do dobi od 28 dana. Ovce su također konzumirale istu krmnu smjesu, ali u količini od 400 g te livadno sijeno po volji. Od proizvodnih svojstava janjadi praćene su tjelesne mase i tjelesne mjere te su izračunati prosječni dnevni prirasti i indeksi tjelesne razvijenosti. Nije utvrđen statistički značajan utjecaj dodatka različitih izvora i koncentracija cinka u hrani na proizvodna svojstva janjadi, osim indeksa tjelesne kondicije, koji su bili značajno bolji u janjadi pokusne skupine I. Međutim, uočen je pozitivan trend poboljšanja proizvodnih svojstava janjadi hranjene krmnom smjesom s dodatkom organskog cinka (pokusna skupina I). Razlog izostanka značajnog poboljšanja proizvodnih svojstava janjadi može biti posljedica njihove odgovarajuće opskrbe bjelančevinama., The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of different sources and concentrations of zinc in the diet on production traits of lambs. The study included 30 lambs of Merinolandschaf breed divided into three groups depending on the source and concentration of zinc in the diet. Lambs were fed with meadow hay and feed mixture of the same composition ad libitum. In the control group, feed mixture was supplemented with inorganic zinc (ZnSO4) in the amount of 0.30 mg/kg, experimental group I was supplemented with the same quantity of organic zinc (zinc-methionine), and experimental group II with a smaller amount of organic zinc (0.20 mg/kg). Lambs were monitored in the suckling period from birth to the age of 28 days. Sheep also consumed the same feed mixture, in amount of 400 g and meadow hay ad libitum. Of the production traits of lambs, body weight and body measurements were determined and daily gains and indices of physical development were calculated. There was no significant influence of different sources and concentrations of zinc in diet on the production traits of lambs, except in indices of body condition, which were significantly better in the lambs of the experimental group I. However, there was a positive trend in the improvement of production traits of lambs fed mixture supplemented with organic zinc in diets (experimental group I). The reason for the lack of significant improvement of productive traits of lambs may be due to their corresponding protein supply.

Cilj je ovoga rada bio utvrditi proizvodni potencijal i veličinu populacije ugroženih pasmina ovaca u Republici Hrvatskoj i Crnoj Gori. U Republici Hrvatskoj se uzgaja 9 izvornih pasmina ovaca od kojih je samo jedna visoko ugrožena (dubrovačka ruda: 702 grla), a 5 su potencijalno ugrožene (cigaja, rapska ovca, creska ovca, istarska ovca i krčka ovca). Najveću tjelesnu masu i veličinu legla ima cigaja (74,64 kg i 1,21), a najmanju krčka ovca (35,44 kg i 1,06). Najviše mlijeka u laktaciji proizvedu istarska ovca i cigaja, a najmanje creska ovca i rapska ovca. Završni dnevni prirast i prosječni dnevni prirast muške janjadi u field uvjetima bili su najveći u cigaje (307 g i 35,77 kg), a najmanji u janjadi krčke ovce. U Crnoj Gori se uzgaja 6 izvornih pasmina ovaca. Zetska žuja je najmalobrojnija pasmina ovaca u Crnoj Gori i ima status kritično ugrožene pasmine (oko 150 grla), dok su pivska pramenka, sora i ljaba potencijalno ugrožene pasmine. Najbolje proizvodne rezultate (mliječnost) imaju pivska i bardoka (106,8 i 110 kg), a najlošije zetska žuja (49,6 kg). Proizvodni potencijal ugroženih pasmina ovaca u obje zemlje ukazuje na opravdanost značaj¬nijih ulaganja u širenje njihovih uzgoja, što će pridonijeti i podizanju profitabilnosti uzgoja kao i povećanju interesa za navedene pasmine ovaca., The aim of the present study was to determine the production potential and the size of the population of endangered sheep breeds in Croatia and Montenegro. In the Republic of Croatia 9 native breeds of sheep are reared, of which only 1 is highly endangered (Dubrovnik ruda: 702 animals), and 5 are potentially endangered (Tsigai, Rab sheep, Cres sheep, Istrian sheep and Krk sheep). Tsigai has the highest body weight and litter size (74.64 kg and 1.21) and the lowest Krk sheep (35.44 kg and 1.06). Istrian sheep and Tsigai have the highest amount of milk and Cres sheep and Rab sheep the lowest. The final daily gain and average daily gain of male lambs in field conditions were the best in Tsigai (307 g 35.77 kg) and the poorest in lambs of Krk sheep. In Montenegro, 6 native breeds of sheep are reared. Zetska zuja is the smallest breed of sheep in Montenegro and has the status of a critically endangered breed (about 150 animals), while Pivska pramenka, Sora and Ljaba are potentially endangered breeds. Pivska pramenka and Bardoka have the highest productive performance (milk production; 106.8 and 110 kg), and Zetska zuja the lowest (49.6 kg). Production potential of endangered breeds of sheep in both countries indicates the justification of significant investment in the expansion of their breeding, which will contribute to increasing the profitability of farming as well as increasing interest in the breed of sheep.

Cilj je ovoga rada bio usporediti koncentracije minerala u krvi ovaca dubrovačke rude i zetske žuje te njihova možebitna odstupanja u odnosu na referentne vrijednosti. Ovce su bile gravidne, prosječne dobi 3 godine i zadovoljavajuće tjelesne kondicije. Utvrđena je značajno viša koncentracija natrija, željeza i magnezija u krvi dubrovačke rude, a u krvi zetske žuje značajno viša koncentracija fosfora. Koncentracije kalcija i kalija u krvi se nisu značajno razlikovale ovisno o pasmini ovaca. Također su utvrđene niže koncentracije kalcija u krvi obje pasmine ovaca i niže koncentracije fosfora u krvi dubrovačke rude i željeza u krvi zetske žuje u usporedbi s referentnim vrijednostima. Navedene promjene koncentracija minerala u krvi su razlog različitog stadija graviditeta i kvalitete hranidbe. Koncentracije minerala u krvi dubrovačke rude i zetske žuje ukazuju na važnost njihova praćenja u cilju zadovoljavanja njihovih potreba, osobito u visoko zahtjevnim fiziološkim fazama kakva je i gravidnost., The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of blood minerals in Dubrovnik ruda and Zetska zuja sheep as well as their potential variations from reference values . The sheep were pregnant, average age of three years and in satisfactory physical condition. There was a significantly higher concentration of sodium, iron and magnesium in the blood of Dubrovnik ruda, and significan higher concentrations of phosphorus in the blood of Zetska zuja. The concentrations of calcium and potassium in the blood did not differ significantly depending on the breed of sheep. Lower concentration of calcium was also determined in the blood of both breeds and a lower concentration of phosphorus in the blood of Dubrovnik ruda and iron in the blood of Zetska zuja compared to the reference values. These changes in the concentration of blood minerals are the result of different stages of pregnancy and the quality of nutrition. Concentration of blood minerals in Dubrovnik ruda and Zetska zuja point out the importance of their monitoring in order to meet their needs, particularly in highly demanding physiological stages, like pregnancy.

Cilj je ovoga rada analizirati stanje ovčarstva i kozarstva u Republici Hrvatskoj u zadnja dva desetljeća te prikazati perspektive njihovoga daljnjeg razvoja. Ovčarska i kozarska proizvodnja su gospodarske grane koje se sve više razvijaju u Republici Hrvatskoj. Prema podatcima Državnog zavoda za statistiku u Republici Hrvatskoj se tijekom 2011. godine uzgajalo 639.000 ovaca i 70.000 koza. U posljednja su dva desetljeća ovčarska i kozarska proizvodnja doživjele značajne strukturne promjene. Na te su promjene utjecali, osim ratnih stradanja, prvenstveno gospodarski i socijalni te niz drugih čimbenika. Navedene promjene nisu odraz samo kretanja u našem ovčarstvu i kozarstvu nego su vrlo slične promjenama koje se događaju i u zemljama u okruženju. Genetskom determinacijom i standardizacijom već postojećih genotipova naših ovaca i koza te njihovom registracijom kao hrvatske izvorne pasmine, kao i uvođenjem novih genotipova temeljenih na željenom proizvodnom cilju (mesnih i mliječnih odlika) utjecalo se na kvalitetu i podizanje dohodovnosti. Prilagodbom zakonima EU i uvođenjem novih znanstvenih, stručnih i tehnoloških dostignuća u području ovčarske i kozarske proizvodnje došlo je do izrade novih uzgojnih programa iz područja ovčarstva i kozarstva. Samim tim je i perspektiva ovih proizvodnji značajno porasla. Važno je istaknuti da je, uz kvalitativno poboljšanje navedenih proizvodnji u zadnja dva desetljeća u Republici Hrvatskoj, potrebno još dosta rada te značajna ulaganja u osuvremenjivanje i širu primjenu novijih tehnoloških postupaka s ciljem podizanja proizvodnosti, poboljšanja dobrobiti i kvalitetnijeg praćenja zdravstvenog stanja ovaca i koza te povećanja ekonomske dobiti farmera., The aim of this paper is to analyze the situation in sheep and goat breeding in the Republic of Croatia in the last two decades, and show perspectives for their further development. Sheep and goat productions are more and more developing in the Republic of Croatia. According to Croatian bureau statistics in the Republic of Croatia during 2011 639 000 sheep and 70 000 goats were reared. In the last two decades, sheep and goat production has passed through major structural changes. These changes were influenced by, except for war suffering, primarily economic, social and other factors. The above mentioned changes are not just a reflection of the trends in Croatian sheep and goat breeding but they are very similar to the changes that are happening in the neighboring countries. Genetic determination and standardization of existing genotypes of sheep and goats and their registration as Croatian native breeds, as well as introducing new genotypes based on the desired production goal (meat and milk quality) have influenced the quality of production and income increase. Adaptations to the EU law and the introduction of new scientific, technical and technological achievements in production of sheep and goat have resulted in new breeding programs. Therefore, the perspective of these productions has increased significantly. It is important to say that, with the production improvement in the last two decades in the Republic of Croatia, there is still a lot of work and significant investments to be done in the modernization and wider use of new technological processes with the aim of raising the productivity of sheep and goats, with the aim of improving welfare, better health monitoring and increasing economic benefits for farmers.

Cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi acidobaznu ravnotežu i vrijednosti hematoloških pokazatelja u krvi visoko gravidnih koza iz ekološkog uzgoja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 10 koza pasmine alpina na ekološkom obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu. Koze su bile u visokom stadiju graviditeta (zadnja 4 tjedna), u dobi od 4 godine i u trećem graviditetu. Hranidba koza bila je smjesom žitarica (50% kukuruz i 50% ječam) i livadnim sijenom po volji. Analizom krvi određeni su sljedeći parametri:pH krvi, plinovi (pCO2, pO2, tCO2) i elektroliti (Na+, K+, Cl- i HCO3-). Od hematoloških pokazatelja krvi utvrđeni su broj leukocita i eritrocita te sadržaj hemoglobina, hematokrita, srednji volumen eritrocita (MCV), prosječan sadržaj hemoglobina u eritrocitima (MCH) i srednja koncentracija hemoglobina u eritrocitima (MCHC). Krvni razmazi su pripremljeni i obojeni po Pappenheimu te je utvrđena diferencijalna krvna slika. Izračunati su anionski procjep (AG), razlika jakih iona (SID) i z vrijednost. Uspoređujući dobivene pokazatelje acidobazne ravnoteže u krvi visokogravidnih koza s referentnim vrijednostima utvrđene su slične vrijednosti većine pokazatelja. Analizom dobivenih hematoloških pokazatelja u gravidnih koza vidljiva su manja odstupanja od referentnih vrijednosti i to viši broj leukocita, MCV i segmentiranih neutrofila, a manji sadržaj hemoglobina te broj eozinofila i monocita. Navedeno ukazuje na manje promjene analiziranih pokazatelja krvi koza u kasnom graviditetu., The aim of this paper is to determine the blood acid-base balance and hematological parameters of high by pregnant goats from organic farming. The research was conducted on 10 Alpine breed goats on are organic family farm. Goats were in a late stage of pregnancy (the last 4 weeks), aged 4 years and in the third pregnancy. Feed a goats were fed with a mixture of cereals (50% corn and 50% barley) and meadow hay ad ibitum. By analyzing the blood pH, gas (pCO2, pO2, tCO2) and electrolytes concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl-and HCO3-) were determined. The number of leukocytes and erythrocytes as well as hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes (MCH) and the mean hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes (MCHC) were determined. Blood smears were prepared and colored according to Pappenheim and the differential blood count was determined. In addition, the anion gap (AG), strong ion difference (SID) and Z value were calculated. Comparing the obtained parameters of acidbase balance in blood of pregnant goats with reference values similar values of most indicators were determined. Analyzing obtained hematological indicators in pregnant goats minor deviation from the reference value, a higher number of WBC, MCV, and segmented neutrophils were apparent, as well as lower hemoglobin content and number of eosinophils and monocytes. This suggests minor changes in goat blood analysed parameters caused by late pregnancy.

Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ukazati na proizvodna svojstva i biokemijske pokazatelje u krvi sisajuće janjadi hranjene smjesom s dodatkom mananoligosaharida. U istraživanje je uključeno 30 janjadi, pasmine dubrovačka ruda, u dobi od 50 dana. Janjad je zajedno s ovcama bila na ispaši i po povratku u staju hranjena livadnim sijenom i krmnom smjesom istog sastava, u kontrolnoj skupini bez, a u pokusnoj skupini s dodatakom 0,4% manan-oligosaharida (Bio-Moss®). Janjad je vagana na početku i na kraju pokusa (40. dan), kada su uzete tjelesne mjere janjadi. Uzorci krvi janjadi (10 ml) uzeti su ujutro nakon hranjenja na kraju pokusa. Utjecaj dodatka manan-oligosaharida (Bio-Mos®) nije doveo do statistički značajnog (P>0,05) porasta tjelesne mase i dnevnog prirasta, kao niti do promjena tjelesnih mjera janjadi, iako je janjad pokusne skupine ostvarila bolje tjelesne mase i dnevne priraste za 5,12 i 7,96%. U krvi janjadi hranjene s dodatkom manan-oligosaharida utvrđene su značajno niže koncentracije triglicerida i ukupnog kolesterola, kao i značajno viša aktivnost ALP u odnosu na janjad kontrolne skupine. Buduća istraživanja s dodatkom manan-oligosaharida u hrani trebaju biti usmjerena na uključivanje sisajuće janjadi u još ranijoj dobi., The aim of this study was to indicate the production traits and a biochemical indicator in blood of suckling lambs fed a mixture supplemented with mannan-oligosaccharides. The investigation included 30 lambs a Dubrovnik sheep breed aged 50 days. Lambs together with sheep grazed, and after returning to the shed were fed meadow hay and forage mixture of the same composition, in the control group without addition and in the experimental group with the addition of mannanoligoscharides 0.4% (Bio-Moss®). Lambs were weighed 1st and 40th day of the experiment, when the body measurements of lambs were taken. Blood samples of lambs (10 ml) were taken in the morning after the feeding at the end of experiment (40 days). Supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharides had no significant effect (P>0.05) on increase of body weight, daily gain and body measurements of lambs. However, lambs in the experimental group achieved higher body mass and daily gain by 5.12 and 7.96% in comparison with the control lambs. In the blood of lambs fed with the addition of mannan-oligosaccharides significantly lower concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol were identified as well as higher ALP activity compared to the control group of lambs. Further research with the supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide in feed should be directed to the inclusion of suckling lamb at the earlier age.

Cilj je ovoga rada ukazati na hranidbeni status janjadi cigaja pasmine u porastu (n = 20) iz ekološkog uzgoja. Janjad je sisala i imala smjesu žitarica i sijeno lucerne po volji, dok je tijekom tova hranjena navedenom smjesom i sijenom lucerne po volji. Janjad je vagana po porodu i u prosječnoj dobi od 40 dana te u razdoblju tova (70. dana), kada su uzete i druge eksterijerne odlike i krv. Proizvodna svojstva i eksterijerne odlike janjadi u sisajućem razdoblju i tovu su zadovoljavajući, iako su s obzirom na genetski potencijal proizvodni rezultati mogli biti i bolji, osobito u razdoblju sisanja. Koncentracije Fe u krvi janjadi bile su na donjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti, što ukazuje na manjak ovoga elementa u hrani. Na bogatstvo obroka energijom ukazuju koncentracije glukoze u krvi koje su bile na gornjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti te koncentracije hormona štitaste žlijezde i triglicerida u krvi janjadi. Koncentracije ureje i albumina u krvi janjadi ukazuju na nedostatnu opskrbu bjelančevinama. Aktivnost enzima i sadržaj hematoloških pokazatelja u krvi janjadi nisu pokazali bitne promjene u usporedbi s referentnim vrijednostima za odbijenu janjad. Sve ovo ukazuje na probleme u hranidbi ovaca iz ekološkog uzgoja s obzirom da je porast sisajuće janjadi uvelike ovisan o hranidbi majki-ovaca. Zbog toga se utvrđivanje metaboličkog profila krvi i indeksa tjelesne kondicije, uz utvrđivanje proizvodnih pokazatelja, može uzeti kao pouzdan kriterij u praćenju hranidbenog statusa janjadi u ekološkom uzgoju., The aim of this study was to indicate the nutritional status of growing Tsigay breed lambs (n = 20) in organic breeding. Lambs suckled and had a mixture of grains and alfalfa hay ad libitum, while during fattening were fed mixture and alfalfa hay ad libitum. Lambs were weighed at birth as well as at the average age of 40 days and in the fattening period (70 days), when and other exterior characteristics and blood were taken. Production traits and exterior characteristics of lambs in suckling and fattening period were satisfactory, although according to genetic potential production results of lambs could have been better, especially in the suckling period. Concentration of Fe in the blood of lambs was at the lower limit of reference values, indicating a lack of this element in feed. Rich meal energy is indicates by the concentration of glucose in the blood that was at the upper limit reference values and concentrations of thyroid hormones and triglycerides in the blood of lambs. Concentration of urea and albumin in the blood of fattening lambs indicated on inadequate supply of protein. Enzyme activity and haematological parameters in blood of lambs did not show significant changes compared with the reference values of weaned lambs. All this points to the problems in feeding sheep in organic breeding because the growth of suckled lambs largely dependents on nutrition sheep-mothers. Therefore, determining the blood metabolic profile and body condition scores, with the establishment of production traits, can be taken as reliable indicators in monitoring the nutritional status of lambs in organic breeding.

Cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi acidobaznu ravnotežu 20 janjadi cigaja pasmine u sisajućem razdoblju. Janjad je bila prosječne dobi 65. dana i prosječne tjelesne mase 22,88 kg. Osim sisanja majki, janjad je konzumirala sijeno lucerne i krmnu smjesu te stočnu sol (po volji). U krvi janjadi utvrđeni su pH vrijednost, plinovi (pCO2, pO2, tCO2), elektroliti (Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-), bikarbonati (HCO3-) i saturacija kisikom (O2 sat) te izračunati anion gap i SID (razlika jakih iona). Acidobazna ravnoteža u krvi sisajuće janjadi ukazuje na zadovoljavajuću hranidbenu opskrbu janjadi s hranjivim tvarima. Iako se može reći da su utvrđene vrijednosti pH krvi bile na donjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti, što je povezano s višim koncentracijama Cl u krvi janjadi. Razlog ovome može biti ponuđena stočna sol janjadi po volji, a samim time i mogućnost više razine Cl u obroku. Većina pokazatelja acidobazne ravnoteže krvi janjadi pokazuje manja odstupanja u odnosu na referentne vrijednosti, što može biti utjecaj dobi. Praćenje pokazatelja acidobazne ravnoteže krvi janjadi u sisajućem razdoblju daje jasniju sliku hranidbene opskrbe janjadi i ukazuje na kvalitetu obroka., The aim of this study was to determine the acid-base balance of 20 lambs Tsigai breed in suckling period. Lambs were an average age of 65 days and average weight 22.88 kg. Apart from suckling their mothers, lambs consumed the alfalfa hay, animal feed mixture and animal salt (ad libitum). In the blood of lambs were determined pH value, gases (pCO2, pO2, tCO2), electrolytes (Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and oxygen saturation (O2 sat) as well as calculated anion gap and SID (strong ion difference). Acid-base balance in the blood of suckling lambs indicates satisfactory nutritional supply of lambs with nutrients. Although one can say that the determined values of pH levels were at the lower limit of reference values, which are associated with higher concentrations of Cl in the blood of lambs. The reason for this may be offered animal salt to lambs at libitum, and thus the possibility of higher levels of Cl in the diet. Most of the indicators acid-base balance of blood lambs showed small deviations from the reference value, which may be the influence of age. Monitoring indicators of blood acid-base balance in lambs suckling period, provides a clearer picture of nutrient supply and lambs indicates the quality of meals.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi odlike vanjštine i razvijenosti tjelesnog okvira ovaca i ovnova dalmatinske pramenke. U tu svrhu su na području Zadarske i Šibensko-kninske županije provedene komisijske prosudbe vanjštine i pojedinačna mjerenja ovaca različite dobi, spola i tjelesne razvijenosti. Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno ukupno 626 grla, od toga 93 šilježice prosječne dobi 12 mjeseci, 103 mlade ovce u dobi između 2 i 3,5 godine, 420 odraslih ovaca u dobi iznad 3,5 godina te 10 ovnova. Ocjenjivanje se sastojalo od subjektivne komisijske prosudbe vanjštine, procjene dobi ovaca po zubima, uzimanja pojedinačnih tjelesnih mjera Lydtinovim štapom i mjernom vrpcom te vaganja. Mjerenja su obuhvaćala utvrđivanje visine do grebena, dužine trupa, širine, dubine i opsega prsa, opsega cjevanice te tjelesne mase grla. Dobiveni rezultati statistički su obrađeni primjenom procedure MEANS statističkog paketa SAS (2001). Prosječna visina grebena odraslih, tjelesno potpuno razvijenih ovaca dalmatinske pramenke bila je 57,77 cm, dužina trupa 64,88 cm, širina prsa 17,82 cm, dubina prsa 28,44 cm, opseg prsa 81,8 cm, opseg cjevanice 7,51 cm i tjelesna masa 38,56 kg. Prema utvrđenim podatcima dalmatinska pramenka se svrstava u sitnije ili mediteranske pasmine ovaca. Šilježice su imale u prosjeku 94,85% visine grebena i 95,29% dužine trupa odraslih ovaca te 81,56% završne tjelesne mase. Utvrđen je značajan utjecaj spola na razvijenost tjelesnog okvira dalmatinske pramenke pa su ovnovi bili znatno razvijeniji od ovaca., The aim of this research was to determine exterior characteristics of Dalmatian Pramenka ewes and rams, using a commission evaluation and body measurements. The research was conducted in Zadarska and Šibensko-kninska Counties and evaluation and measuring of exterior of sheep of different categories, gender and body development were performed. Thus, totally 626 Dalmatian Pramenka sheep were and divided into age groups according to the teeth: 93 ewe hoggets about 12 months old; 103 young sheep between 2 and 3.5 years old; 420 adult ewes older than 3.5 years; and 10 adult rams. The evaluation was combined of subjective commission assessment of exterior, determining the age according to the teeth, measuring each animal with Lydtin stick and measuring tape and weighing. The measuring included height of withers, length of the trunk, width of the chest, depth of the chest, circumference of the chest, circumference of the leg and body weight determination. Data were analyzed using procedure MEANS of SAS statistical package. The average height of withers of adult Dalmatian Pramenka ewes was 57.77 cm, the length of the trunk 64.88 cm, the width of the chest 17.82 cm, the depth of the chest 28.44 cm, the circumference of the chest 81.8 cm, the circumference of the leg 7.51 cm and body weight 38.56 kg. According to this data, Dalmatian Pramenka is assorted to small, Mediterranean sheep breeds. Ewe hoggets had 94.85% of adult sheep's height of withers, 95.29% of adult sheep's length of the trunk and 81.56% of their final body weight. A significant influence of the sex on body development was determined, so the rams of Dalmatian Pramenka were more developed than the ewes.

Poznati su i kemijski sastav i hranidbena svojstva kobiljeg mlijeka u ljudskoj prehrani te mogućnosti njegove prerade u kozmetičkoj i farmaceutskoj industriji. Najznačajnijim svojstvom kobiljeg mlijeka smatra se nizak udio mliječne masti, te izuzetno visok udio višestruko nezasićenih masnih kiselina (čak 28%) od kojih se sintetiziraju omega-6 i omega-3 masne kiseline čija je vrijednost nezamjenjiva za ljudski organizam. Mlijeko kobila ima pozitivan učinak u ljudskoj prehrani jer zbog visoke razine sirutkinih proteina povećava opskrbu organizma esencijalnim aminokiselinama. Blagotvorno djelovanje kobiljeg mlijeka najučinkovitije je kada je mlijeko u svježem, prirodnom stanju bez prethodne obrade. Udio kazeina je puno manji od udjela albumina i globulina, što ga čini lako probavljivim i lako se resorbira u krv. Cisterna vimena kobile volumena je samo 60 ml. Ipak, kobila je sposobna dati u prosjeku od 15 do 20 l mlijeka dnevno u 358 dana laktacije, a rekorderke su dale i po 28 l mlijeka dnevno. Dnevna količina proizvedenog mlijeka izražena prema tjelesnoj masi kobile iznosi od 2 do 3,5 kg/100 kg žive vage. Sušeno mlijeko u prahu se miješa s toplom vodom i može se odmah konzumirati. Kumis se proizvodi od svježeg mlijeka specifičnom metodom vrenja što se temelji na kombinaciji alkoholne i mliječne kiseline. Mogućnosti primjene kobiljeg mlijeka su mnogobrojne, ali se u Hrvatskoj za sada gotovo i ne koriste. Razlog je nedovoljna informiranost i educiranost o kobiljem mlijeku, ograničenja uzrokovana standardom društva, te što kobilje mlijeko nije dovoljno poznato, iako se može primijetiti blagi porast zanimanja za njega., Chemical composition and nutritive value of mare's milk are well known in human diet as well as its possibilities for use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The most important quality of mare's milk is the low lactic fat content of and extremely high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (even 28%) from which omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are synthesized, whose value is irreplaceable for humans. Mare's milk has a positive effect on human diet because the high level of whey proteins provide the body with essential amino acids. Mare’s milk is best effective when used fresh without previous processing. It contains less casein than albumin and globulin which makes it easily digestible and can be reabsorbed into the blood. The capacity of mare’s udder is only 60 ml. Yet, a mare produces on average from 15 to 20 l of milk daily during 358 days of lactation, and champion mares produced 28 l of milk daily. The daily milk yield according to the mare’s body weight amounts to 2-3.5 kg per 100 kg of live weight. Milk powder is mixed with hot water and can be immediately consumed. Koumiss is produced from fresh milk by fermentation which is based on the combination of alcohol and lactic acid. The possibilities for using mare’s milk are numerous, but they are hardly used in Croatia now. The reasons are that people are not informed and educated about mare’s milk, lower standards of living and mare’s milk is not widely known, although a certain increase in interest can be noticed.

Provedeno je istraživanje na brojlerima Ross 308 kako bi se istražio utjecaj različitih razina sirovih bjelančevina i metaboličke energije na proizvodne rezultate pilića u tovu. Pokus je obuhvatio 600 jednodnevnih tovnih pilića, podijeljenih u tri osnovne skupine s dva ponavljanja. Skupina K hranjena je na razini energije i bjelančevina 100%, P1 na razini 93,5%, a P2 na razini 87%. Odnos energije i bjelančevina u starter smjesama (1-3 tjedna) bio je 1:570, a u finišeru (4-6 tjedana) 1:650. Veći prirasti i tjelesne mase ostvareni su kod skupina pilića hranjenih s višim udjelom sirovih bjelančevina i metaboličke energije u krmnim smjesama. Cijena koštanja 1 kg prirasta neznatno je rasla sa smanjivanjem razine sirovih bjelančevina i metaboličke energije u krmnim smjesama. Biokemijski pokazatelji u serumu pilića pokazali su manju opterećenost organizma kod skupina hranjenih krmnim smjesama s manjom razinom sirovih bjelančevina i metaboličke energije., The research was conducted on broilers Ross 308, in order to investigate the influence of different levels of raw proteins and metabolic energy on production results of fattened chicken. The experiment was conducted on 600 one-day broilers, divided into three main groups, with two repetitions. Group K was fed on energy and protein level 100 %, P1 on level 93.5%, and P2 on level 87%. Proportion between energy and proteins in starter- mixtures (1-3 weeks) was 1:570, and in finisher (4-6 weeks) 1:650. Greater weight gain and body mass were realized in groups of chicken that were fed higher ratio of raw proteins and metabolic energy in fodder mixtures. The price value of 1kg of weight gain insignificantly rose with lowering the level of raw proteins and metabolic energy in fodder mixtures. Biochemical indicators in chicken serum showed lower organism encumbrance in groups fed with fodder mixtures with lower level of raw protein and metabolic energy.

Istraživanje metaboličkog profila krvi provedeno je na 15 negravidnih ovaca, cigaja pasmine, u ekološkoj proizvodnji. Koncentracije većine minerala (Ca, P-anorganski, K, Na i Cl) u krvi ukazuju na dobru opskrbljenost ovaca mineralima. Jedino su koncentracije Fe u krvi ovaca (19,10 μmol/L) bile ispod referentnih vrijednosti za ovce, a razlog je vjerojatno manjak ovoga elementa u hrani. Sadržaj glukoze (3,86 mmol/l), kolesterola (1,59 mmol/L) i triglicerida (0,17 mmol/L) u krvnom serumu ovaca ukazuju na zadovoljavajuću opskrbu energijom, a sadržaj ureje (9,80 mmol/l), ukupnih bjelančevina (74,97 g/L) i kreatinina (88,40 μmol/L) na dobru opskrbu bjelančevinama. Aktivnost većine praćenih enzima i koncentracije hematoloških pokazatelja kretala se u granicama referentnih vrijednosti za ovce. Rezultati ovih istraživanja pokazuju da bi obroke ovaca u ekološkoj proizvodnji trebalo obvezno analizirati i uravnotežiti te da se utvrđivanjem metaboličkog profila krvi mogu pravovremeno izbjeći veći proizvodni gubitci uzrokovani neodgovarajućom hranidbom tijekom dužeg vremenskog razdoblja., The investigation on blood metabolic profile was made on 15 nongravid Tsigai sheep in organic production. Concentrations of most mineral (Ca, P-inorganic, K, Na and Cl) in the sheep blood showed adequate mineral supply. Only Fe concentration in the blood of sheep (19.10μmol/L) was below the reference value for the sheep, and the reason was probably lack of this element in food. The average concentrations of blood glucose (3.86 mmol/L), cholesterol (1.59 mmol/L) and triglyceride (0.17 mmol/L) in the sheep confirmed sufficient energy supply. Concentration of urea (9.80 mmol/L), total proteins (74.97 g/L) and creatinine (88.40 μmol/L) in the blood of sheep showed adequate protein supply. Blood enzymes activities and concentrations of hematological indicators ranged within physiological limits for sheep. Research results indicate that meals of sheep in organic production should be analyzed and balanced. The establishment blood metabolic profile higher production losses caused by inadequate nutrition during a prolonged period of time could be avoided.

Cilj ovoga istraživanja je utvrditi da li se aktivnost enzima i hormona štitnjače u krvi ovaca i janjadi može uzeti kao pouzdan kriterij u procjeni njihove opskrbljenosti selenom. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 negravidnih ovaca i 30 janjadi dubrovačke rude, tijekom ljetne sezone hranidbe. Kontrolna skupina ovaca konzumirala je pašu, sijeno i krmnu smjesu (200 g/dan), dok je kontrolna skupina janjadi jela smjesu ad libitum. Pokusnim skupinama ovaca i janjadi je u krmnu smjesu dodan anorganski (natrij selenit) ili organski izvor (Sel-Plex) selena u količini od 0.03% suhe tvari. Nije utvrđeno značajnije odstupanje aktivnosti većine enzima u krvi ovaca i janjadi ovisno o skupini, ali je vidljiv trend povećanja aktivnosti enzima u kontrolnoj skupini u odnosu na pokusne skupine. Statistički značajno (P, The aim of this investigation is to determine whether the activity of enzymes and thyroid hormones in the blood of sheep and lamb can be used as a reliable criterion in assessing their supply with selenium. The research was conducted on 30 nongravid sheep and 30 lambs Dubrovnik sheep, during the summer season of nutrition. The control group of sheep consumed pasture, hay and forage mixture (200 g/day), while the control group of lambs consumed the mixture ad libitum. In the experimental group of sheep and lambs in a mixture of fodder inorganic (sodium selenite) or organic source (Sel-Plex) of selenium was added in the amount of 0.03% dry matter. It is not found significant deviation in the activities of most enzymes in the blood of sheep and lamb, depending on the group, but it is visible trend of increasing activity of enzymes in the control group compared to the experimental group. Statistically significant ((P

Crna slavonska svinja je niskoproizvodna i, s obzirom na brojnost (46 nerasta i 604 krmača, HSC, 2006.), ugrožena pasmina svinja. U cilju opstanka ove pasmine potrebno je utvrditi njenu gospodarsku vrijednost s obzirom na sustav držanja i križanje s drugim pasminama. U ovom radu ukazuje se na klaoničku vrijednost crne slavonske svinje i njenih križanaca sa švedskim landrasom pri zatvorenom i otvorenom sustavu držanja. Mesnatost polovica svinja crne slavonske pasmine i njezinih križanaca sa švedskim landrasom iz otvorenog sustava držanja bila je veća (41,00% i 44,59%) u odnosu na mesnatost polovica (38,50% i 42,95%) svinja navedenih genotipova iz zatvorenog sustava držanja. Konformacija svinjskih polovica iz otvorenog sustava bila je bolja kod oba genotipa, a sadržaj intramuskularne masti veći. Križanje crne slavonske svinje sa švedskim landrasom povoljno je djelovalo na mesnatost svinjskih polovica u križanaca i na kvalitetu mesa. Meso križanaca nije se značajno razlikovalo (p>0,05) od mesa crne slavonske svinje u pogledu pH vrijednosti i sposobnosti vezanja vode, ali je statistički značajno (p, Black Slavonian pig is a low-productivity and, considering the population (46 boars and 604 sows, HSC (Croatian Livestock Center), 2006.), an endangered pig breed. In order to provide survival of this breed it is necessary to determine its economic value in terms of indoor/outdoor production system and crossbreeding with other breeds. This paper points to the slaughterhouse value of the Black Slavonian pig and its crossbreds with Swedish Landrace in indoor and outdoor production system. Meatiness in the carcass of the Black Slavonian pig and its crossbreds with Swedish Landrace from the outdoor production system was higher (41,00 % and 44,59 %) than meatiness in the carcass of these genotypes from the indoor production system (38,50% i 42,95%). Conformation of pig carcasses from the outdoor production system was better at both genotypes, and contents of intramuscular fat was higher. Crossbreeding between the Black Slavonian pig and the Swedish Landrace had positive effects on meatiness of pig carcasses of crossbreds and on meat quality. There were no significant differences between meat of crossbreds and meat of the Black Slavonian pig in terms of pH value and water binding ability (p>0,05), but crossbreads had statistically significant (p

Istraživanje je provedeno s 30 jaradi, pasmine francuska alpina, po odbiću, u dobi od 70 do 110 dana, podijeljeno u dvije skupine. Osnovica obroka jaradi bilo je sijeno lucerne i smjesa koncentriranih krmiva (kukuruz - 50%, pšenica - 25%, sojina sačma - 15%, pšenične posije 8%) uz dodatak stočne krede od 2%. Hranidba je bila po volji. Jarad kontrolne i pokusne skupine hranjena je istim obrokom, uz dodatak 0,1% probiotika Bioplus 2B (Bacillus licheniformis i Bacillus subtilis). Analizirajući tjelesne mase jaradi vidljivo je da je na kraju pokusa jarad pokusne skupine imala značajno (P, The investigation included 30 weaned French Alpina goat kids, aged from 70 to 110 days, divided into two groups. Feeding was ad libitum. Basic feed ingredients were alfalfa hay and feed mixture (corn 50%, wheat 25%, soybean cake 15%, wheat bran 8%, limestone 2%). The experimental group of animals was fed feed mixture with addition of 0.1% Bioplus 2B® (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis). Goat kids from the experimental group had statistically (P

Selen je esencijalni mikroelement u životinja, a njegov unos hranom često nije dostatan. Zbog toga se u obroke životinja dodaju pripravci selena, najčešće anorganskog podrijetla (natrijselenit). U istraživanje je uključeno 30 janjadi u tovu, podijeljenih ravnomjerno prema spolu u dvije skupine. Tov je trajao 50 dana. Janjad je bila u dobi od 60 dana, hranjena livadnim sijenom i krmnim smjesama istog sastava, uz dodatak selena u pokusnoj skupini (0.03% natrijselenit). Hranidba je bila ad libitum. Koncentracija selena u krvi utvrđena je grafitnom tehnikom, a koncentracija hormona štitnjače (T3 i T4) metodom radioimunizacije. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u pogledu tjelesnih masa i dnevnih prirasta janjadi između kontrolne i pokusne skupine (36,17:36,03 kg, odnosno 343,6:347,2g), kao niti između vrijednosti indeksa anamorfizma (150,76:153,65), tjelesne proporcije (66,29:68,36) te tjelesne kondicije (3,57:3,63). Utvrđena je statistički značajno (P, Selenium is an essential element for animals and its dietary intake is not sufficient. Therefore some selenium from different sources is supplied in animals' diet (sodium selenite is common in use). The investigation was conducted on 30 lambs, aged 60 to 110 days, divided into two groups. Lambs were fed meadow hay (ad libitum) and a feed mixture. Preparation of the sodium selenite was added to the feed mixture in the experimental group of lambs in the concentration of 0.03%. The selenium concentration in the lambs' blood was determined by graphite method and the concentration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by radioimmunoassay. Body mass and daily gain in the control and experimental group of lambs were not statistically different (36.17:36.03 kg and 343.6:347.2 g). There were no differences between the control and experimental group of lambs in anamorphosis index (150.76:153.65), body proportion index (66.29:68.36) and body condition score (3.57:3.63). Significantly higher (P0.05). Selenium concentration, GSH-Px activity as well as T3 and T4 level in the blood could be used as a reliable criteria for animals' selenium supply evaluation.

Selen je esencijalni mikroelement u ljudi i životinja i njegov unos hranom često nije dostatan u mnogim zemljama svijeta. Zbog toga se u obroke životinja dodaju pripravci selena različitog podrijetla. Najčešće korišteni pripravci su anorganskog (natrij selenit), a u posljednje vrijeme i organskog podrijetla (Sel-PlexTM). Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 janjadi u dobi od 60 dana tijekom 50 dana tova, podijeljenih u dvije skupine. Janjad je hranjena livadnim sijenom i krmnim smjesama istog sastava, u kontrolnoj skupini uz dodatak 0.03% natrij selenita, a u pokusnoj skupini uz dodatak iste količine organskog selena (Sel-PlexTM, Alltech, Inc.). Koncentracija selena u krvi utvrđena je grafitnom tehnikom. Tjelesne mase janjadi kontrolne i pokusne skupine bile su ujednačene, kako 25. dana (27,83 kg: 27,96 kg), tako i 50. dana (36,20 kg: 36,03 kg), kao i prosječni dnevni prirasti (344g : 347g). Utvrđena je statistički značajno (P, Selenium is an essential element for animals and humans and its dietary intake is not sufficient in many countries. Therefore some amounts of selenium from different sources are supplied in animal diet. Usually sodium selenite and organic selenium, SelplexTM are used. The investigation was conducted on 30 lambs from the age of 60 days during 50 growing days, divided into two groups. Lambs were fed meadow hay (ad libitum) and a feed mixture. A preparation of sodium selenite was added to the feed mixture in the control group of lambs in the concentration of 0.03% and organic selenium (Sel-PlexTM, Alltech, Inc.) was added to the feed mixture in the experimental group in the same concentration. The selenium concentration in the lambs' blood was determined by graphite method. Body mass in the control and experimental group of lambs was similar on 25th day of growing (27.83 kg: 27.96 kg), and 50th day of growing (36.20 kg:36.03 kg), as well as the average daily intake (344 g : 347 g). Significantly higher (P

Analiza metaboličkog profila mliječnih koza provedena je na jednom ekološkom gospodarstvu od 30 koza, francuske alpina pasmine, u ranoj laktaciji. Sadržaj glukoze (3,17 mmol/l) u krvnoj plazmi koza ukazuje na zadovoljavajuću opskrbu životinja energijom, a sadržaj ureje (2,76 mmol/l) na nešto slabiju opskrbu bjelančevinama. Koncentracije mineralnih tvari (Na, K, Cl, Mg i Ca) i anion gap u krvnoj plazmi koza ukazuju na dobru opskrbljenost koza mineralima. Vrijednosti acidobaznog statusa krvi (pH, parcijalni tlak kisika- pO2, parcijalni tlak ugljičnog dioksida- pCO2 i sadržaj bikarbonata-HCO3 -) kreću se u granicama referentnih vrijednosti za koze. Koncentracije nekih hematoloških parametara (hemoglobin i hema-tokrit) u krvnoj plazmi koza kretale su se u granicama referentnih vrijednosti za koze. Rezultati ovih istraživanja pokazuju da bi obroke mliječnih koza u ranoj laktaciji u ekološkoj proizvodnji trebalo poja-čati bjelančevinama te da se metabolički profil može uzeti kao vrlo dobar pokazatelj hranidbenog statusa i zdravstvenog stanja koza., Analyses of metabolic profile of dairy goats were made on 30 French Alpine goats on the organic production in the early lactation period. The average blood glucose level (3.17 mmol/l) in the goats confirmed sufficient energy supply, but the plasma urea level (2.76 mmol/l) showed a lower protein delivery. Mineral concentrations (Na, K, Cl, Mg and Ca) and anion gap in the goats blood showed adequate mineral supply. Acid-base status values (pH, the partial pressure of oxygen- pO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide- pCO2, actual bicarbonate- HCO3 -) ranged within physiological limits for dairy goats. Hematological concentrations (hemoglobin and hematocrit) in the goats blood ranged within physiological limits for dairy goats. Results indicate a low protein ration composition in the early lactation period in organic goats production. Blood metabolic profile can be a useful parameter for evaluation of nutritive and health status of dairy goats.

Istraživanje je provedeno s jajima od dvije skupine kokoši hibrida Lohmann Brown. U svakoj skupini bilo je 70 kokoši iste dobi tj. u istom razdoblju nesenja. Kontrolna skupina kokoši držana je na konvencionalan način tj. u kavezima. Jaja kokoši iz slobodnog (free range) sustava držanja, u odnosu na jaja iz kaveznog (konvencionalnog) sustava imala su veću masu (63,50 : 60,50 g), veći indeks oblika (1,32 : 1,30), deblju ljusku (0,36 : 0,34 mm) i intenzivniju boju žumanjka (12,40 : 10,80 Roche), dok s obzirom na ostale istraživane parametre kvalitete (indeks žumanjka i bjelanjka, Haugh jedinice, pH žumanjka i bjelanjka), nisu utvrđene značajne razlike (P>0.05). S obzirom na zahtjeve potrošača, ali i proizvođača jaja, u pogledu kvalitete jaja povoljniji je bio slobodni u odnosu na kavezni (konvencionalni) sustav držanja kokoši., Investigation was conducted on eggs from two groups of laying hens of Lohmann Brown hybrids. Each group consisted of 70 laying hens of even age and laying period. The control group of layers were held on conventional range in cages. The layers' eggs from free range system, had higher egg weight (63.50:60.50g), higher shape index (1.32:1.30), higher egg shell thickness (0.36.0.34) and more intensive yolk colour (12.40:10.80 Roche) in comparison to control (conventional) range.Other investigated parameters (egg yolk index, egg white index, Haugh units, pH of yolk and white, total cholesterol) did not significantly differ (P

The research was conducted on 28 lambs divided into two groups (C-control and E-experiment). The investigation started on day 15 of age and lasted until day 77 of age. The probiotic BioPlus 2B was added into the feed of the lamb in group B. The lambs in group E had a higher body weight (by 1.90%), greater daily gain (by 2.50%), increased average daily intake and a better feed conversion, compared to C group but differences between the groups were not statistically significant. The lambs in group E had, in the blood serum, statistically lower concentration of urea (5.51:7.97 mmol/l) and triglycerids (0.22:0.35 mmol/l) compared to group C. No significant differences between lambs in the groups C and E were observed in the blood levels of glucose (2.67:2.45 mmol/l), cholesterol (1.25:1.08 mmol/l), total proteins (66.08:63.70g/l), creatinine (52.01:48.0 μmol/l) and albumin (27.68:28.35 g/l). The results testify to the moderate increase of metabolic activity in the E group of lambs., Istraživanje je provedeno na 28 janjadi podijeljene u dvije skupine (C -kontrolna i E - pokusna). Istraživanje je započelo 15. dan starosti janjadi i trajalo do 77. dana starosti. Janjadi u skupini E dodan je u hranu probiotic BioPlus 2B. Janjad u skupini E imala je veću tjelesnu masu (za 1.90%), veći dnevni prirast (za 2.50/%), povećani dnevni unos i bolju konverziju hrane u usporedbi sa skupinom C ali razlike između skupina nisu bile statistički znaćajne. Janjad skupine E imala je u serumu krvi statistički manju koncentraciju ureje (5.51 : 7.97 mmol/1) i triglicerida (O.22 : 0.35 mmol/l) u usporedbi sa skupinom C. Nisu primijećene značajne razlike između janjadi skupina E i C u razini glukoze u krvi (2.67 : 2.45 mmol/l), kolesterola (1.25 : 1.08 mmol/1), ukupnih bjelančevina (66.08 : 63.70 g/l), kreatinina 52.01 : 48.0 umol/l) i albumina (27.68 : 28.35 g/l) Rezultati pokazuju umjeren porast metaboličke aktivnosti kod janjadi u skupini E.