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Hayes'Principles and Methods of Toxicology has long been established as a reliable and informative reference for the concepts, methodologies, and assessments integral to toxicology. The new edition contains updated and new chapters with the addition of new authors while maintaining the same high standards that have made this book a benchmark resource in the field. Key Features: The comprehensive yet concise coverage of various aspects of fundamental and applied toxicology makes this book a valuable resource for educators, students, and professionals. Questions provided at the end of each chapter allow readers to test their knowledge and understanding of the material covered. All chapters have been updated and over 60 new authors have been added to reflect the dynamic nature of toxicological sciences New topics in this edition include Safety Assessment of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products, The Importance of the Dose/Rate Response, Novel Approaches and Alternative Models, Epigenetic Toxicology, and an Expanded Glossary. The volume is divided into 4 major sections, addressing fundamental principles of toxicology (Section I.'Principles of Toxicology'), major classes of established chemical hazards (Section II.'Agents'), current methods used for the assessment of various endpoints indicative of chemical toxicity (Section III.'Methods'), as well as toxicology of specific target systems and organs (Section IV.'Organ- and System-Specific Toxicology'). This volume will be a valuable tool for the audience that wishes to broaden their understanding of hazards and mechanisms of toxicity and to stay on top of the emerging methods and concepts of the rapidly advancing field of toxicology and risk assessment.

Ancient therapeutic systems have played a tremendous role in health preservation all around the globe for thousands of years; even the earliest humans on earth had used these approaches along with simple surgical procedures for the betterment of their health. Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity examines various aspects of health and diseases and the importance of basic but essential factors for the preservation of health and management of diseases. Concisely written, the author discusses ancient ways to enhance self-healing abilities and stimulate the immune system such as, fasting, meditation, acupuncture, cupping therapy, balneotherapy and aromatherapy. The importance of nutrition and diet is also examined as it plays a crucial role in the prevention and causation of diseases.Additional features include: Discusses how the integration of various CAM modalities helps in enhancing self-healing abilities and boosts the human immune system. Contains various topics from different systems of medicines that are taught widely as individual courses or discussed broadly in several institutes. Reviews Eastern pharmacotherapy and how using certain herbs, minerals, and animal-based products aids in maintaining health and alleviating diseases. Using evidence-based knowledge taken from ancient literature and recently published articles, this book will inform readers on the importance of holistic health approaches and some ancient treatment modalities that enhance the immune system to combat diseases.

First published in 1983: This handbook provides an overview of different biological agents and important toxins that may cause diseases on ingestion with food or water.

The exercise of solving engineering problems that require optimisation procedures can be seriously affected by uncertain variables, resulting in potential underperforming solutions. Although this is a well-known problem, important knowledge gaps are still to be addressed. For example, concepts of robustness largely differ from study to study, robust solutions are generally provided with limited information about their uncertainty, and robust optimisation is difficult to apply as it is a computationally demanding task.The proposed research aims to address the mentioned challenges and focuses on robust optimisation of multiple objectives and multiple sources of probabilistically described uncertainty. This is done by the development of the Robust Optimisation and Probabilistic Analysis of Robustness algorithm (ROPAR), which integrates widely accepted robustness metrics into a single flexible framework. In this thesis, ROPAR is not only tested in benchmark functions, but also in engineering problems related to the water sector, in particular the design of urban drainage and water distribution systems. ROPAR allows for employing practically any existing multi-objective optimisation algorithm as its internal optimisation engine, which enables its applicability to other problems as well. Additionally, ROPAR can be straightforwardly parallelized, allowing for fast availability of results.

Published in 1981: This book has been written to present the state of the art on endoscopic control of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with emphasis on combining the clinical approach to the patient while reviewing the experimental data which has resulted in the availability of various modalities of therapy.

First published in 1980, Murano and Bick provide well rounded accounts into the effects of Hemostasis and Thrombosis as well as a guide to the general physiology, associated disorders and therapeutic techniques used to address them. This book is ideal for students and practicioners of Hematology as well as those with a general interest in medicine.

First published in 1989: State-of-the-art information on the topic of clinical thrombosis, including an introductory portion dealing with the principles of hemostasis and the pathogenesis of thrombosis, is presented in this text. The use of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction is discussed. Other significant advances, such as the identification and understanding of the risk factors contributing to thrombosis such as Protein C and S deficiency, lupus anticoagulants, immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, new diagnostic techniques and newer modalities of therapy, are described. Clinical and pathophysiologic features of thrombosis disorders and special situations involving multiple organs are covered. This book also clarifies and updates the usefulness of the various diagnostic techniques.

First Published in 1984, this book offers a full, comprehensive guide into the applications of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in therapy. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for Students of Medicine, and other practitioners in their respective fields.

First published in 1986: This book is to help medical, pharmacy, and advanced students in science to understand the growing importance of continuously advancing biochemical concepts in human disease.

First Published in 1990, Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology reviews topics that are central to reproductive and perinatal epidemiology, as well as the methodological issues surrounding research in maternal and child health. Important topics covered include prenatal care, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), epidemiology of neonatal brain hemorrhage, early pregnancy, methodological issues in drug epidemiology, environmental exposures and reproduction, and occupational exposures and reproduction. This book is essential reading for clinicians, researchers, obstetricians, pediatricians, and graduate students in public health.

The Handbook is composed of two parts, the first volume covering supplements for human usewhile the second volume is devoted to agriculture supplements. This volume, relating to food supplements for human use, is organized on the basis of raw materials utilized in their production, as well as on the basis of target groups for which they are intended.

The book opens with a survey by Dr. Motron Cowan of biotin-responsive metabolic disorders of children. A group of Japanese researchers then present their latest data on the complex interactions between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone calcification. Dr. Maxine Briggs reviews the prolific published information relating vitramin C to infectious diseases and presents the results of an 8 year study into the prophylactic value of high-dose ascorbic acid (AA) and the common cold. Professor Kristoffersen and Dr. Rolschau review the effects of vitamin supplements during pregnancy and intrauterine growth. Possible protective effects of vitamin A and other retinoids against cancer are discussed by Dr. Jill Blunck, while Dr. Sue Tonkin describes her results on the interaction between oral contraceptives and riboflavin. Finally, the possible prevention of neural tube defects by vitamin supplements by Professor Laurence.It is hoped that this collection of papers on the frontiers of vitamin research will be of wide interest to medical and scientific workers interested in the exciting and controversial used and functions of vitamins.

Handbook of Mediators in Septic Shock presents a comprehensive, systematic evaluation of the various putative mediators of septic shock through the use of meta-analysis. Experts of individual mediators have objectively evaluated the collective literature using classical Koch-Dale Criteria for causal relationships. A decision tree approach has been used to analyze the existing evidence for each of the four Koch-Dale Criteria for each individual mediator of septic shock. The book provides an integrated perspective that describes how these many mediators interact. It also covers how advances in mathematical modeling of complex realities are applied to the field of septic shock pathogenesis. CRC Handbook of Mediators in Septic Shock will be a useful reference for emergency room and intensive care physicians, trauma specialists, pathophysiologists, physiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, and others interested in the topic. Features

These volumes of Copper Proteins and Copper Enzymes are intended to describe the contemporary spectroscopy and other biophysical chemistry now being applied to copper proteins in order to determine the structures of their active sites. Several chapters of the treatise describe the functional understanding which is emerging from the new work. The authors are all major contributors to research progress on copper proteins and the volumes will be found to be definitive and authoritative.

In the present volume, current knowledge of Hepatitis A is reviewed and the sequence of events, that led to each of the major advances in the field, traced.

This book is made possible by the enthusiastic contributions of the authors of the chapters. They have been invited from young and active scientists in the field of t-PA research. I am grateful for their contribution and for the fact that all accepted the specifications of their chapter in order to obtain a structured book. Inevitably, some overlap does exist; on the one hand to enable controversial or unsettled areas to be discussed by the different experts with a different approach and background.It is a particular pleasure and honor that Dr. T. Astrup, as an eye-witness and essential contributor to the history of t-PA discovery and research, gives a unique account of the history of t-PA research in the first chapter of the book.

The aim of this unique volume is to help medical researchers design clinical trials to improve survival, remission duration, or time to recurrence of disease. Written in a user-friendly step-by-step format, this work enables the researcher-with no background in statistics-to determine sample size and write statistical considerations for their protocols. It provides critical language which can help with FDA submissions and/or research grants. It also provides the mathematical justification of the material at a level consistent with one year of undergraduate mathematical statistics. It presents survival analysis methods at a more elementary level than any known text. Filled with tables, figures, plus an extensive appendix, this one-of-a-kind reference is an absolute must for all clinical researchers and biostatisticians.

Helicobacter pylori: Biology and Clinical Practice is the first book to fully describe H. pylori and the pathogenesis of H. pylori infections. It delineates the genome of H. pylori, discusses the molecular biology of the unique urease enzyme, and examines the clinical application of these discoveries. The book describes the epidemiology of H. pylori and its relevance to gastric cancer, and it offers clear guidance to clinicians for the diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia in adults and children. Vaccine principles and possibilities are presented for the first time. Edited by the leader of the microbiology team that achieved the first culture of H. pylori, and named the Helicobacter genus, this book is essential for bacteriologists, gastroenterologists, microbiologists, infectious disease specialists, and other researchers interested in H. pylori.

The purpose of this book is to provide comprehensive coverage and an update of the major roles of eicosanoids in reproduction. It presents considerable evidence of the importance of lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid metabolism in reproductive processes. This interesting volume embraces a multidisciplinary approach to research in reproduction (biochemistry, endocrinology, physiology, pharmacology, etc.) at all levels, from whole animal studies through organ, cellular, and molecular approaches. This one-of-a-kind work provides several clinically relevant chapters and places emphasis on the relevance to human reproduction, when applicable. This text is an excellent update for researchers and clinicians on the current state of knowledge of the role of eicosanoids in mechanisms critical for successful reproductive function. This informative, easy-to-read resource is also useful to all those with a more specific interest in obstetrics, gynecology, clinical endocrinology, and the study of fertility.

This text is a source of information on the toxicity of anaesthetic agents. The editors define toxicity in a broad sense to mean an adverse effect, whether that effect is the result of pharmacological, toxicological, physiological, or other mechanisms. They bring together reviews by experts in the disciplines concerned - including biochemistry, gen

Sodium is concerned with the physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical consequences of altered physiology involving the sodium ion.The first section focuses on the presence and handling of sodium in the normal state. In chapter one, Drs. Solomon and Galey deal with the fundamentals of transport and energy metabolism as they relate to sodium. This is followed by a chapter in which Drs. Gardenswartz and Schrier consider in detail the normal body economy of sodium, and especially the factors (particularly extracellular fluid volume) that regulate the renal handling of sodium and the responses of the various portions of the nephron to these influences.

The first section in Volume 1 describes the fundamentals of nutrition and aging which include research strategies for the study of nutrition and aging. The nutritional modulation of the aging process which has provided a major breakthrough in the field of nutrition and longevity is also discussed. These include biomedical influences, and social and psychological aspects. Section 3 includes dietary characteristics of the elderly population and methods for the assessment of nutritional status. The nutritional status of the elderly with respect to individual nutrients as determined by dietary survey and by biochemical methods is described in Section 4. Section 4 also includes discussion on nutrient metabolism, requirements, nutritional imbalances, and deficiencies of nutrients. Energy metabolism and obesity as a factor in pathogenesis of diseases are also discussed.

A study of foodborne disease, focusing on viruses, parasites, pathogens and HACCP. This second edition contains new chapters on the role of US poison centres in viral exposures, detection of human enteric viruses in foods, environmental consideration in preventing foodborne spread of hepatitis A, seafood parasites, HACCP principles and control programmes for foodservice operations, and more.

The factors affecting blood vitamin C levels are described in detail in this series. Many factors such as aging, smoking, infection, trauma, surgery, hemolysis, hormone administration, heavy metals, pregnancy, alcohol, ionizing radiation and several medicines have been found to cause a disturbance of ascorbic acid metabolism and to reduce blood vitamin C levels. Indeed, abnormalities of ascorbic acid metabolism, due to factors such as smoking, occur much more frequently than does dietary vitamin C deficiency today.It is now known that low blood vitamin C levels are associated with histaminemia (high blood histamine levels), and also that ascorbate-responsive histaminemia is common in apparently healthy people. High blood histamine levels are believed to cause small hemorrhages within the inner walls of the blood vessels and these may lead to the deposition of cholesterol, as an aberrant form of wound healing. Ascorbic acid not only reduces blood histamine levels, but also aids the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver. The clinical pathological and chemical changes observed in ascorbic acid deficiency are discussed in detail. Several diseases and disorders associated with low blood vitamin C levels are also described. Possible toxic effects resulting from the oxidation of ascorbic acid are noted, and reasons for the use of D-catechin or other chelating fiber to prevent or minimize the release of ascorbate-free radical are detailed. An excellent reference for physicians, nutritionists and other scientists

Originally, it was our intention to produce a single-volume book covering all aspects and approaches to the problem of specific inhibitors of respiratory viruses. However, as the work progressed it became obvious that certain chapters, because of the research interests of the authors, concentrated particularly on influenza viruses. It seemed logical therefore, to divide the book into two volumes, the first emphasizing influenza and the second concentrating on other viruses as well as discussing important general aspects of drug screening and clinical testing, although the second volume does have some chapters which deal mainly with influenza.

A vast literature exists dealing with trace metals and a number of outstanding monographs deal with the biological, biochemical, or clinical effects of a specific trace metal or trace metals in general. However, newer aspects of trace metal research, i.e. the developmental aspects and generic implications, have not been systematically discussed in any existing texts. The present two volumes will summarize the present status of research in these areas and serve as milestones for future development in these areas of trace metal research.

A vast literature exists dealing with trace metals and a number of outstanding monographs deal with the biological, biochemical, or clinical effects of a specific trace metal or trace metals in general. However, newer aspects of trace metal research, i.e. the developmental aspects and generic implications, have not been systematically discussed in any existing texts. The present two volumes will summarize the present status of research in these areas and serve as milestones for future development in these areas of trace metal research.

In every developed country, health care managers, clinicians, purchasers and providers are having to extract greater output from cash-limited resources. This book reviews a wide range of areas of current concern together with the practical experience of those responsible for improvement and change. The opportunities and pitfalls they identify should stimulate innovation and fresh ideas in those faced with similar situations.

Hayes'Principles and Methods of Toxicology has long been established as a reliable reference to the concepts, methodologies, and assessments integral to toxicology. The new sixth edition has been revised and updated while maintaining the same high standards that have made this volume a benchmark resource in the field. With new authors and new chap

Too often in biostatistical research and clinical trials, a knowledge gap exists between developed statistical methods and the applications of these methods. Filling this gap, Clinical Trial Data Analysis Using R provides a thorough presentation of biostatistical analyses of clinical trial data and shows step by step how to implement the statistical methods using R. The book's practical, detailed approach draws on the authors'30 years of real-world experience in biostatistical research and clinical development. Each chapter presents examples of clinical trials based on the authors'actual experiences in clinical drug development. Various biostatistical methods for analyzing the data are then identified. The authors develop analysis code step by step using appropriate R packages and functions. This approach enables readers to gain an understanding of the analysis methods and R implementation so that they can use R to analyze their own clinical trial data. With step-by-step illustrations of R implementations, this book shows how to easily use R to simulate and analyze data from a clinical trial. It describes numerous up-to-date statistical methods and offers sound guidance on the processes involved in clinical trials.

In response to the US FDA's Critical Path Initiative, innovative adaptive designs are being used more and more in clinical trials due to their flexibility and efficiency, especially during early phase development. Handbook of Adaptive Designs in Pharmaceutical and Clinical Development provides a comprehensive and unified presentation of the princip

This established and well-regarded Guide describes the management of patients with advanced disease. Its foundation is a clinical decision-making approach in which the patient's information guides the professional's approach to appropriate management. This Sixth Edition has been fully updated, reflecting the latest advances in knowledge and care of cancer and non-cancer patients with advanced disease, including children and people with severe communication difficulties. Sections on symptoms other than pain and emergencies are set out alphabetically, with the Emergencies section now located at the end of the book for ease of reference. The Drug Information section has been extensively updated, and colour and design refinements introduced throughout for greater clarity and emphasis. All references continue to be categorised to make their evidence base clearer. Maintaining the high standard set by previous editions over the past quarter-century, this continues to be the definitive guide to palliative care symptom relief for professionals in a wide variety of caring environments.

Get a better understanding of what is known and what is not known in this widespread practice Screening and brief intervention (SBI) has been around for over 40 years and is a widely recognized practice. Alcohol/Drug Screening and Brief Intervention: Advances in Evidence-Based Practice provides a valuable exploration of the present literature, the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening and brief intervention, and methodological challenges in studying these practices. Respected leaders in the field discuss ways to measure the use of screening and brief intervention in practice, the multiple risk factor context in which unhealthy alcohol use occurs, clinician training issues, effective strategies to screen adolescents, which patients are most likely to change from SBI, and what research is needed in the future. Screening and brief intervention are presently being used in numerous settings such as hospitals, primary care settings, trauma centers, and college health services. Alcohol/Drug Screening and Brief Intervention: Advances in Evidence-Based Practice examines in detail original research and cutting edge research issues in these settings to provide an important review of what is known and what is not known about the practice. Methodological issues are extensively discussed. This valuable book provides crucial information on the detection of small effects, standards of analysis, reporting, interpretation, the risks of bias, and the need to ensure that results have the potential to be applied in practice. Health professionals and addiction specialists get an important critical re-evaluation of the growing practice and are provided direction for future research. Other topics in Alcohol/Drug Screening and Brief Intervention: Advances in Evidence-Based Practice include: results of research on screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) exploration of data assessing the effectiveness of screening and brief alcohol intervention evaluation of clinical alcohol screening with the AUDIT-C cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of SBI in medical settings research into SBIRT for Emergency Departments data on primary care patients with multiple risk factors research on feasibility and efficacy of no-contact interventions and more! Alcohol/Drug Screening and Brief Intervention: Advances in Evidence-Based Practice is essential reading for alcohol and drug researchers, screening and brief intervention program practitioners, physicians, nurses, health promotion advocates, Public Health Practitioners, and the State Departments of Public Health.

Founded on the paradox that all things are poisons and the difference between poison and remedy is quantity, the determination of safe dosage forms the base and focus of modern toxicology. In order to make a sound determination there must be a working knowledge of the biologic mechanisms involved and of the methods employed to define these mechanis

The treatment of children with medicinal products is an important scientific area. It is recognized that many medicines that are used extensively in pediatric patients are either unlicensed or off-label. This textbook will help pediatric health professionals effectively treat children with the most appropriate medicine with minimal side effects.

The EPA has established regulations which classify four types of disinfection byproducts - TTHMs, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite - and requires public water systems limit these byproducts to specific levels. Most of the information required to comply with these standards is either scattered throughout the literature or derived from confere

Exploring the role of micronutrients in HIV, this book provides a comprehensive a review of recently published human studies and intervention trials and other important epidemiology based literature. It covers the history, biochemistry, biological functions, and food sources of individual micronutrients and reviews their roles in host defense and resistance to infections in general, and HIV in particular. The editorial panel presents a critical analysis of how existing micronutrient interventions can be promoted, expanded, and modified to reduce the impact of the HIV pandemic. They discuss how this information can be applied in countries where HIV is widespread and treatment unavailable.

A study of foodborne disease, focusing on viruses, parasites, pathogens and HACCP. This second edition contains new chapters on the role of US poison centres in viral exposures, detection of human enteric viruses in foods, environmental consideration in preventing foodborne spread of hepatitis A, seafood parasites, HACCP principles and control programmes for foodservice operations, and more.

This handbook of nutrition and diet provides information on food nutrients and their functions; food safety and distribution; food composition, consumption and utilization; adequacy of diet; and the nutritional management of diseases and disorders. It also discusses the effects of nutrition and diet on diseases of the bones, teeth, hair, kidneys, l

With the advent of Assisted Reproductive Technologies, our understanding of the reproductive system in both men and women has progressed in an exponential manner. Along with this increase in knowledge has emerged new and advanced laboratories performing unique techniques aimed at diagnosing and treating infertility problems. And as these lab

The use of drugs as remedies for various types of diseases has a long tradition; however, it has only been recently recognized that the value of any given compound must be evaluated in light of its benefit to risk ratio. When prescribing drugs, physicians must look at the big picture of the drug's benefits in relation to its side effects and possib

First published in 1986: This book is to help medical, pharmacy, and advanced students in science to understand the growing importance of continuously advancing biochemical concepts in human disease.

Describing the biochemical function and physiological effects of most of the clinically important vitamins, Vitamin Intake and Health contains provocative insights regarding nutritional requirements beyond the levels currently recommended by the National Academy of Science's RDA (recommended daily allowance). It considers the special nutritional needs of population subgroups such as cigarette smokers... dieters... medication users... alcohol users... diabetics... premature infants... adolescents... pregnant and lactating women... and the elderly. Complete with almost 900 references, Vitamin Intake and Health serves as a source of practical information for nutritionists and dieticians; primary care physicians. internists, geriatricians, paediatricians, obstetricians, and nutritional oncologists: pharmacists; epidemiologists, toxicologists, and physiologists; organic and analytic1I chemists and biochemists; and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Bioassays are among the ecotoxicologist's most effective weapons in the evaluation of water quality and the assessment of ecological impacts of effluents, chemicals, discharges, and emissions on the aquatic environment. Information on these assessment aids is needed throughout the international scientific and environmental management community. This comprehensive reference provides an excellent overview of the small-scale aquatic bioassay techniques and applications currently in use around the world.This special volume is the result of several years of collaboration between Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Internationally recognized research scientists at many institutions have contributed to this state-of-the-art examination of the exciting, environmentally important field of microscale testing in aquatic toxicology.Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology contains over forty chapters covering relevant principles, new techniques and recent advancements, and applications in scientific research, environmental management, academia, and the private sector.

Since the discovery of endothelin, major advances have been made in understanding the molecular structure and function of the endothelin receptors. At least two subtypes of receptors, designated ETA and ETB, have been identified through biochemical and pharmacological techniques. These subtypes are cloned and expressed and additional subtypes appear to exist. The biochemical events involved in the signal transduction processes that ultimately activate the cellular machinery involved in the end-organ responses are presented, as are the mechanisms by which the receptors recognize specific and different G-proteins. Functions mediated by the receptors at the cellular, tissue and, organ level are reviewed in detail, as well as the roles that they may play a part in the physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in animals and in humans. This book is unique in its breadth of scope. The most recent and important advances, from the intracellular level of the nucleus to the functional effect that endothelin receptors mediate in intact organs, are compiled and reviewed.

This useful book reviews and analyzes the rigorous scientific, regulatory, and clinical testing and evaluation applied to the widely used food additive aspartame. In one compact volume you gain access to extensive information illustrating the increased recognition by regulatory agencies of the usefulness of human studies in evaluating new food additives. The Clinical Evaluation of a Food Additive: Assessment of Aspartame begins by describing the nuts and bolts of food additive safety evaluation in humans, including an insightful historical perspective of the development of good clinical practice guidelines. It provides the regulatory requirements for human research, as well as key elements for the design and conduct of human studies. The scientific and regulatory considerations of food additive safety are explored, including interesting descriptions of aspartame's key animal safety studies. In addition, the book reviews the medical postmarketing surveillance system developed for identifying and evaluating reports of aspartame's alleged adverse health effects. Through meticulous research and systematic clarity, The Clinical Evaluation of a Food Additive: Assessment of Aspartame provides work-saving, state-of-the-art examples to guide future testing and evaluation of tomorrow's food additives.

An Introduction to Environmental Epidemiology covers the basics of environmental exposure, health, and disease. Written to be easily accessible to readers with no formal training in epidemiology or statistics, this practical introduction is an ideal text/reference for students and professionals in nursing, medicine, industrial hygiene, occupational and environmental health, and general environmental science. It provides a target-organ oriented presentation of environmental hazards, with detailed discussions of selected exposures such as asbestos, lead, radon, and indoor and outdoor air pollutants. Major topics covered include: