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There has been controversy regarding the air pollutants emitted from sources closely related to the activities of daily life in China, such as cooking, setting off fireworks, sacrificial incense and joss paper burning, and barbecue (which have been named the five missing sources – FMSs), and the extent to which they impact the outdoor air quality. To date, due to the lack of both an activity dataset and emission factors, there have been no estimations of the emission of air pollutants from FMSs. In this work, we have attempted to combine questionnaire data, various statistical data, and data on points of interest to obtain a relatively complete set of activity data. The emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous aerosols were tested in our lab. Emission inventories of carbonaceous aerosols with a high spatial–temporal resolution for FMSs were then established, and the spatial variation trend and driving forces were discussed. From 2000 to 2018, organic carbon (OC) emissions were in the range of 4268–4919 t. OC emissions from FMSs were between 1.5 ‰ and 2.2 ‰ of the total emissions in China. Black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and brown carbon (BrC) absorption cross-section (ACS BrC) emissions from FMSs were in the ranges of 22.6–43.9 t, 213–324 t, and 14.7–35.6 Gm 2 , respectively. Their emissions tended to be concentrated in certain periods and areas. The OC emission intensities in central urban areas were 3.85–50.5 times those in rural areas (due to the high density of human activity), while the ACS BrC emissions in rural regions accounted for 63.0–79.5 % of the total emissions (resulting from uncontrolled fireworks). A mass of fireworks led to much higher ACS BrC and EC emissions on Chinese New Year's Eve, with respective values that were 1444 and 262 times their corresponding yearly averages. Significant (p<0.01) correlations between the population's income and pollutant emissions were also found: these correlations were positive (r=0.94) and negative (r=-0.94) for urban and rural regions, respectively, indicating the necessity to regulate residents' lifestyles and increase residents' income in respective urban and rural regions. This study provides firsthand data to identify emissions, variation trends, and impacting factors from the FMSs. This is helpful for modeling works on air quality, the climate effect, and human health risks during specific periods or in specific regions as well as for modifying emission control policies. The data compiled in this work can found at 10.6084/m9.figshare.19999991.v2 (Cheng et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been controversy about the air pollutants emitted from sources closely related to people's daily life (such as cooking, fireworks burning, sacrificial incenses and joss paper burning, and barbecue, named as five missing sources, FMS) impacting the outdoor air quality to what extent. Till now, there is no emission estimation of air pollutants from FMS, as the missing of both activity dataset and emission factors. We attempted to combine the questionnaire data, various statistical data, and data of points of interest to obtain a relatively complete set of activity data. The emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous aerosols were tested in our lab. Then, the emission inventories of carbonaceous aerosol with the high spatial-temporal resolution for FMS were established firstly, and the spatial-variation trend and driving forces were discussed. From 2000 to 2018, organic carbon (OC) increased from 4268 t to 4919 t. The OC emission from FMS was 1.48-2.18 - of its total emission in China. The emissions of black carbon, element carbon (EC), and brown carbon absorption cross-section (ACSBrC) emissions from FMS were in the ranges of 22.6-43.9 t, 213-324 t, and 14.7-35.6 Gm2, respectively. Their emissions tended to concentrate in special periods and areas. The OC emission intensities in central urban areas were 3.85-50.5 times that of rural areas due to the high density of human activities. While the ACSBrC emissions in rural regions accounted for 63.0-79.5% of the total emission result from uncontrolled fireworks burning. A mass of fireworks burning led to extremely higher ACSBrC and EC emissions on Chinese New Year's eve, as 1444 and 262 times their corresponding yearly average values. Interestingly, significant (p<0.01) correlations between human incomes and pollutant emissions were found, but they were positive (r = 0.94) and negative (r = -0.94) for urban and rural regions, indicating the necessity of regulating human lifestyle and increasing income for urban and rural peoples, respectively. This study provided the first-hand data for identifying the emissions, variation trends and impacting factors of FMS, which is helpful for modeling works on air quality, climate effect, and human health risks at specific periods or regions and for modifying their emission control policies. The data in this work could be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19999991.v1 (Cheng et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of studies investigating the effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms and communities increases every year. Results are not easily comparable since the carbonate chemistry and ancillary data are not always reported in similar units and scales and are not calculated using similar sets of constants. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted by the PANGAEA Data Publisher was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (10.1594/PANGAEA.962556; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC), 2023). By November 2023, a total of 1501 datasets (over 25 million data points) from 1554 papers had been archived. To easily filter and access relevant biological response data from this compilation, a user-friendly portal (https://oa-icc.ipsl.fr , last access: 9 November 2023) was launched in 2018. Here, we present an update of this data compilation since its second description by Yang et al. (2016) and provide an overview of the OA-ICC portal for ocean acidification biological response data, launched in 2018. Most of the study sites from which data have been archived are in the North Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea, while polar oceans are still relatively poorly represented. Mollusca and Cnidaria are still the best-represented taxonomic groups. The biological processes most reported in the datasets are growth and morphology. Other variables that can potentially be affected by ocean acidification and are often reported include calcification/dissolution, primary production/photosynthesis, and biomass/abundance. The majority of the compiled datasets have considered ocean acidification as a single stressor, but their relative contribution has decreased from 68 % before 2015 to 57 % today, showing a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve participatory paper maps by separate groups of men and women were facilitated by the High Atlas Foundation in six communities in Morocco between 2010–2020 as part of their process of participatory development. In this research, these sketch maps are analyzed for the first time. The twelve participatory paper maps underwent a gender-focused content frequency analysis. Seven communities were located using OpenStreetMap and Google Maps by a High Atlas Foundation expert. It was found that men contributed more overall geographic elements and written Arabic commentary than women, which could indicate a higher level of familiarity with their community and comfortability in communicating their opinions in writing. It was also found that there are many barriers to adding data from the sketch maps to OpenStreetMap due to language, loss of institutional memory, inconsistencies between the sketch maps of the same location, and inconsistencies between the sketch maps and satellite imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 3D building models, a large number of texture maps with different sizes increase the number of model data loading and drawing batches, which greatly reduces the drawing efficiency of the model. Therefore, this paper proposes a texture set mapping method based on vertex importance. Firstly, based on the 2D space boxing algorithm, the texture maps are merged and a series of Mipmap texture maps are generated, and then the vertex curvature, texture variability and location information of each vertex are calculated, normalized, and weighted to get the importance of each vertex, and then finally, different Mipmap-level textures are remapped according to the importance of the vertices. The experiment proves that the algorithm in this paper can reduce the amount of texture data on the one hand, and avoid the rendering pressure brought by the still large amount of data after merging on the other hand, so as to improve the rendering efficiency of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to prepare a cellulose paper that was impregnated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the purpose of water purification (disinfection and filtration). AgNP papers were prepared by chemical reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) with various concentrations (0.005 M , 0.015 M , 0.03 M , and 0.05 M) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. Two ratios for NaBH4/AgNO3 of 2:1 and 10:1 were used to show the effect of reduction on the formation and removal efficiencies of AgNPs. AgNP papers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. An acid digestion using HCl acid followed by analyzing the samples in an atomic absorption spectrometer (ASS) was conducted to measure the silver concentration in AgNP papers. TEM images showed that the silver nanoparticle size in the papers varied from 1.3 to 75 nm. Water samples, after filtration through AgNP papers, were analyzed using ASS to measure the silver concentration in the effluent water. AgNP paper antibacterial efficiency ranged from 99 % to 100 % for both reduction ratios. The average silver content in the effluent water for the three replicates ranged from 0 to 0.082 mgL-1 , which meets the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) guideline for drinking water of less than 0.1 mgL-1. Turbidity tests showed that these papers can be usefully used as point-of-use filters as the turbidity reduced to less than 1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct measurement of the acidity (pH) of ambient aerosol particles/droplets has long been a challenge for atmospheric scientists. A novel and facile method was introduced recently by Craig et al. (2018), where the pH of size-resolved aerosol droplets was directly measured by two types of pH-indicator papers (pH ranges: 0–2.5 and 2.5–4.5) combined with RGB-based colorimetric analyses using a model of G-B (G minus B) vs. pH2. Given the wide pH range of ambient aerosols, we optimize the RGB-based colorimetric analysis on pH papers with a wider detection range (pH ∼ 0 to 6). Here, we propose a new model to establish the linear relationship between RGB values and pH: pHpredict = a⋅Rnormal+b⋅Gnormal+c⋅Bnormal. This model shows a wider applicability and higher accuracy than those in previous studies and is thus recommended in future RGB-based colorimetric analyses on pH papers. Moreover, we identify one type of pH paper (Hydrion® Brilliant pH dip stiks, lot no. 3110, Sigma-Aldrich) that is more applicable for ambient aerosols in terms of its wide pH detection range (0 to 6) and strong anti-interference capacity. Custom-made impactors are used to collect lab-generated aerosols on this type of pH paper. Preliminary tests show that, with a collected particle size range of ∼ 0.4–2.2 µm , the pH paper method can be used to predict aerosol pH with an overall uncertainty ≤ 0.5 units. Based on laboratory tests, a relatively short sampling time (∼ 1 to 4 h) is speculated for pH prediction of ambient aerosols. More importantly, our design of the impactors minimizes potential influences of changed environmental conditions during pH paper photographing processes on the predicted aerosol pH. We further show that the routinely adopted way of using pH color charts to predict aerosol pH may be biased by the mismatch between the standard colors on the color charts and the real colors of investigated samples. Thus, instead of using the producer-provided color charts, we suggest an in situ calibration of pH papers with standard pH buffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to prepare a cellulose paper was impregnated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the purpose of water purification (Disinfection (removal of Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococcus Faecalis, Enterobacter Aerogenes, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis) and filtration). AgNPs papers were prepared by chemical reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) with various concentrations (0.005 M, 0.015 M, 0.03 M, and 0.05 M) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. Two ratios of NaBH4 / AgNO3 of 2 : 1 and 10 : 1 were used to show the effect of reduction on the formation and removal efficiencies of AgNPs. AgNPs papers were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). An acid digestion using HCL acid followed by analyzing the samples in Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (ASS) was conducted to measure the silver concentration in AgNPs papers. TEM images showed that the silver nanoparticles size in the papers varies from 1.3 to 75 nm. Water samples, after filtration through AgNPs papers, were analyzed using (ASS) to measure the silver concentration in the effluent water. AgNPs paper antibacterial efficiency ranged (99 % to 100 %) for both reduction ratios. The average silver content in the effluent water for the three replicates ranged from 0 to 0.082 mg/L which meets the United States- Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) guideline for drinking water of less than 0.1 mg/L Turbidity tests showed that these papers can be usefully used as a point of use filters as the turbidity reduced to less than 1 NTU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological methods for digital documentation and the experimental best practice standards used to document and describe the many artistic objects determine the challenges and the numerous uses of today's cultural heritage.Because of this, it's crucial to preserve heritage by documenting it consciously and using conservation techniques that don't diminish or affect its worth. The study examines the issues we faced in disseminating all of the technical content we have, rather than focusing on the general importance of digital data for the technical staff. To share our heritage, we must make the digital legacy we have built over the last twenty years accessible. Starting from practical examples of dissemination projects in the context of conservation items, the analysis discusses an investigation into the findings and disciplinary culture that have resulted from research conducted by academics in the field of digital heritage on papers, conferences and EU projects produced and conducted between 2018 and 2022. The paper reviews the digital cultural heritage framework outlined by research up to this point.Our findings demonstrate that, despite the fact that the DCH area is constantly changing, we still primarily consider the technical side of digital without considering it as a genuine possibility for openness and sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report key elements and figures related to the proceedings of the 2021 edition of the XXIVth ISPRS Congress. Similarly to 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused global travel challenges and restrictions for the first half of 2021. Consequently, the physical Congress re-scheduled from June 2020 to July 2021 was again postponed to June 2022, still in Nice (France). Papers were already submitted and the ISPRS Council decided to carry out the review process and the publication of the proceedings of the papers submitted under the label "2021 Edition". The authors of published papers had the opportunity to present their work during a Digital Event, this year scheduled the same week as the planned Congress (5–9 July 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report key elements and figures related to the proceedings of the 2020 edition of the XXIVth ISPRS Congress. The COVID-19 pandemic causes global travel challenges and restrictions for the full year 2020. Consequently, the Congress planned in June 2020 in Nice (France) was postponed to July 2021. Papers were already submitted and the review process was almost complete. Thus, it has been decided to achieve the publication of the proceedings of these papers under the label "2020 Edition". The authors of published papers have the opportunity to present their work during a Virtual Event (31 August – 2 September 2020), while the papers of the 2021 edition will be presented during the (physical) Congress in July 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct measurement of the acidity (pH) of ambient aerosol particles/droplets has long been a challenge for atmospheric scientists. A novel and facile method was introduced recently by Craig et al. (2018), where the pH of size-resolved aerosol droplets was directly measured by two types of pH-indicator papers (pH ranges: 0–2.5 and 2.5–4.5) combined with RGB-based colorimetric analyses using a model of G − B (G minus B) versus pH². Given the wide pH range of ambient aerosols, we optimize the RGB-based colorimetric analysis on pH papers with a wider detection range (pH ~ 0 to 6). Here, we propose a new model to establish the linear relationship between RGB values and pH: pHpredict = a × Rnormal + b × Gnormal + c × Bnormal. This model shows a wider applicability and higher accuracy than those in previous studies, and is thus recommended in future RGB-based colorimetric analyses on pH papers. Moreover, we identify one type of pH paper (Hydrion® Brilliant pH dip stiks, Lot Nr. 3110, Sigma-Aldrich) that is more applicable for ambient aerosols in terms of its wide pH detection range (0 to 6) and strong anti-interference capacity. The determined minimum sample mass (~ 180 μg) highlights its potential to predict aerosol pH with a high time resolution (e.g., ≤ 1 hour). We further show that the routinely adopted way of using pH color charts to predict aerosol pH may be biased by the mismatch between the standard colors on the color charts and the real colors of investigated samples. Thus, instead of using the producer-provided color chart, we suggest an in-situ calibration of pH papers with standard pH buffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims on an exploration of recent applications of drones in the Malaysian context. More specifically, to investigate the drone's application status and application areas. To search the academic literature and identify the included documents, we have followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We conducted an overview study of the total number of 54 documents (out of 202) published since 2018, which were extracted from the Scopus database. The results of the bibliometric analysis of the included documents showed that drones in Malaysia are applied in different disciplines, including agriculture, mapping, forestry, river monitoring, transportation, construction, coastal management, flood management, and other applications. Among these, agriculture and mapping are the main application areas. MDPI published the most journal articles, and IGRSM conferences published the highest number of conference papers. Furthermore, scholars from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia have the highest contribution among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ISPRS Student Consortium (ISPRS SC) has played a significant role in bringing students and young researchers closer to the field of remote sensing and photogrammetry in the evolving landscape of geospatial sciences. Innovative strategies and events have been employed by the ISPRS SC to address contemporary challenges and harness emerging opportunities in the field of photogrammetry and remote sensing. Through an analysis of the global contributions of ISPRS SC, ranging from research initiatives to the online webinar series, this paper underscores the consortium's commitment to fostering collaboration, innovation, and knowledge exchange among young scholars and professionals worldwide. The paper highlights key thematic areas addressed by ISPRS SC such as advancements in remote sensing technologies, geospatial data analysis, and applications in diverse domains including environmental monitoring, agriculture, urban planning, and disaster management. Moreover, in this paper, we emphasize the role of the consortium in nurturing future leaders in geospatial sciences through ISPRS SC mentorship programs, networking opportunities, and capacity-building initiatives. By highlighting the initiatives led by the ISPRS Student Consortium, this paper underscores the key role of youth-driven innovation for positive change and shaping the future of geospatial sciences on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the first initiatives taken by the International Programme Committee of the XXIIIrd ISPRS Congress in Prague (Czech Republic) in 2016, modifications of the reviewing process of ISPRS events were further considered during the years 2017 and 2018. This evolution first targets to better fit such a process to the currents requirements and expectations of the ISPRS community. Secondly, it aims to provide unified guidelines for the different steps of the process. Under the aegis of the 2020 Congress Director and ISAC (International Science Advisory Committee) chair, several discussions were held in-between September 2017 and June 2018 with ISAC members, Technical Commission Presidents (TCP), council members, 2016 and 2020 Congress Programme Chairs. This document serves as a unique transparent basis that applies for all kinds of ISPRS events (from Congress and Geospatial Week to smaller workshops), and all categories of people that are bound to be involved in the evaluation process of scientific contributions (authors, reviewers, TCPs, …). It also specifies the evaluation criteria for the works submitted to ISPRS events, both for full papers and abstracts. Subsequently, it helps authors to improve the content and shape of their contributions. Eventually, this paper is targeted to help new chairs to smoothly prepare their future event. The following guidelines were first adopted for the 2018 Technical Commission Symposia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores digital education for pupils in a humanities teaching-learning lab. So far, digital humanities educational approaches have been primarily aimed at students. Teaching-learning labs, in which students design, implement and evaluate teaching offers for pupils, have so far almost exclusively existed in STEM subjects.Based on a classification in European frameworks and a literature analysis on teaching-learning labs of digital history education, the current state of the art on the topic is elucidated. Using concrete practical examples, the first results of involving students in digital history projects will be presented and suitable digital tools for teaching humanities content will be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a semi-quantitative assessment of the physical vulnerability of buildings to landslides in the Loures municipality, as well as an analysis of the landslide risk computed as the product of the vulnerability by the economic value of the buildings and by the landslide hazard. The physical vulnerability assessment, which was based on a questionnaire sent to a pool of Portuguese and European researchers, and the assessment of the subjectivity of their answers are innovative contributions of this work. The generalization of the vulnerability to the smallest statistical subsection was validated by changing the map unit and applying the vulnerability to all the buildings of a test site (approximately 800 buildings), which were inventoried during fieldwork. The economic value of the buildings of the Loures municipality was calculated using an adaptation of the Portuguese Tax Services formula. The hazard was assessed by combining the susceptibility of the slopes, the spatio-temporal probability and the frequency-magnitude relationship of the landslide. Finally, the risk was mapped for different landslide magni15 tudes and different spatio-temporal probabilities. The highest landslide risk was found for the landslide with a depth of 3m in the landslide body, and a height of 1m in the landslide foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is experiencing an unprecedented rate of urbanisation, with 70% of its population expected to live in urban cities by 2050 (United Nations, 2018). This is driving demand for smart city development projects, that address city related issues such as traffic congestion, inadequate housing, excessive crime rates, strains on utilities like energy and water, amongst others. The volume and analysis of data associated with these activities, call for a mechanism for managing data in smart cities.This paper is aimed at developing a data governance framework for managing data generated by smart cities, and improving the way they operate as well as the quality of life of their citizens. The paper will highlight the characteristics of smart cities, the importance for cities to become smart, how the smartness of cities can be measured, and which cities around the world are considered smart. It will also discuss why data is important for the success of smart cities, the types and sources of data typically present in smart city settings and the data management challenges that plague smart cities globally.A sequential mixed methods research approach incorporating qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods was employed, following a multi-step approach starting with analysis of existing frameworks and interviews with subject matter experts. This was followed by a survey of industry professionals, for insights on key framework components, and the use of case studies and questionnaires for framework evaluation.Throughout the research process, the focus of smart cities on people rather than technology was prominent. As such, the most important theme of the framework was identified as "People", particularly in their roles as data stewards and data owners. The remaining five themes of the recommended data governance framework are, Process, Technology, Data, Protection and Valuable Insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding carbon sources and sinks across the Earth's surface is fundamental in climate science and policy; thus, these topics have been extensively studied but have yet to be fully resolved and are associated with massive debate regarding the sign and magnitude of the carbon budget from global to regional scales. Developing new models and estimates based on state-of-the-art algorithms and data constraints can provide valuable knowledge and contribute to a final ensemble model in which various optimal carbon budget estimates are integrated, such as the annual global carbon budget paper. Here, we develop a new atmospheric inversion system based on the 4D local ensemble transform Kalman filter (4D-LETKF) coupled with the GEOS-Chem global transport model to infer surface-to-atmosphere net carbon fluxes from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) V10r XCO 2 retrievals. The 4D-LETKF algorithm is adapted to an OCO-2-based global carbon inversion system for the first time in this work. On average, the mean annual terrestrial and oceanic fluxes between 2015 and 2020 are estimated as - 2.02 and - 2.34 GtC yr -1 , respectively, compensating for 21 % and 24 %, respectively, of global fossil carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions (9.80 GtC yr -1). Our inversion results agree with the CO 2 atmospheric growth rates reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and reduce the modeled CO 2 concentration biases relative to the prior fluxes against surface and aircraft measurements. Our inversion-based carbon fluxes are broadly consistent with those provided by other global atmospheric inversion models, although discrepancies still occur in the land–ocean flux partitioning schemes and seasonal flux amplitudes over boreal and tropical regions, possibly due to the sparse observational constraints of the OCO-2 satellite and the divergent prior fluxes used in different inversion models. Four sensitivity experiments are performed herein to vary the prior fluxes and uncertainties in our inversion system, suggesting that regions that lack OCO-2 coverage are sensitive to the priors, especially over the tropics and high latitudes. In the further development of our inversion system, we will optimize the data-assimilation configuration to fully utilize current observations and increase the spatial and seasonal representativeness of the prior fluxes over regions that lack observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which published papers have transformed our understanding of the chemical processes in the troposphere and shaped the field of atmospheric chemistry? By way of expert solicitation and interactive peer review, this paper explores the influence of the ideas in peer-reviewed articles based on input from our community of atmospheric scientists. We explore how these papers have shaped the development of the field of atmospheric chemistry and identify the major landmarks in the field of atmospheric chemistry through the lens of those papers' impact on science, legislation and environmental events. We also explore the ways in which one can identify the papers that have most impacted the field and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches. Our work highlights the difficulty of creating a simple list, and we explore the reasons for this difficulty. The paper also provides a history of the development of our understanding of tropospheric chemistry and points some ways for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reduces uncertainty in the quantification of offshore wind speed and turbulence intensity. A range of industry standard relationships, including those from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO), are compared with an extensive set of met mast data collected offshore northwestern Europe over recent decades. Analysis initially focused on over 1000 independent storm peak events identified within the 10 min mean wind speed data. Time series and coherent vertical profiles were subjected to detailed scrutiny and analysis, considering wind speeds at various averaging periods, turbulence intensity and gust factors. Most peak events were associated with neutral atmospheric conditions, so they were well represented by the ISO Frøya profile, with a shear close to the IEC power law exponent of α= 0.11. A new pragmatic approximation of atmospheric stability in terms of relative shear is outlined, bringing together key elements of the IEC and ISO standards. New empirical relationships to quantify offshore wind ambient turbulence intensity are described. A simple generalised form of gust factor relationship is adopted, with a coefficient that varies with averaging period. Distinct recommendations are made for estimating peak 10 min mean winds from peaks in 1 or 3 h mean winds. Finally, a simplified workflow for the estimation of extreme offshore winds is used to show how IEC and ISO relationships can be effectively combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods kill numerous people every year in both developed and developing countries. The transfer of research findings from the academic community to practitioners, policy-makers and citizens may reduce the impact of floods on mortality. This systematic review analyzes 44 scientific articles extracted from WOS and SCOPUS databases written in English, published between 2010 and 2020, and focuses on flood fatalities. The first main finding of this review is the classification of drivers of flood mortality into two groups: the first group relates to the environment, and the second group relates to the fatalities. The second main finding is the identification of strategies to practically cope with the identified drivers of flood fatalities. The main shortcomings of the review concern (a) the unavailability of papers based on flood fatality occurrence in developing countries and (b) the absence of data focusing on people who have survived floods. This review amplifies useful findings, best practices and lessons learned that can be useful for administrators, risk managers, and teachers of primary and secondary schools to mitigate the impact of future floods on human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River ice is a common occurrence in cold climate hydrological systems. The annual cycle of river ice formation, growth, decay and clearance can include low flows and ice jams, as well as mid-winter and spring break-up events. Reports and associated data on river ice occurrence are often limited to site and season-specific studies. Within Canada, the National Hydrometric Program (NHP) operates a network of gauging stations with water level as the primary measured variable to derive discharge. In the late 1990s, the Water Science and Technology Directorate of Environment and Climate Change Canada initiated a long-term effort to compile, archive and extract river ice related information from NHP hydrometric records. This data article describes the original research data set produced by this near 20-year effort: the Canadian River Ice Database (CRID). The CRID holds almost 73,000 variables from a network of 196 NHP stations throughout Canada that were in operation within the period 1894 to 2015. Over 100,000 paper and digital files were reviewed representing 10,378 station-years of active operation. The task of compiling this database involved manual extraction and input of more than 460,000 data entries on water level, discharge, date, time and data quality rating. Guidelines on the data extraction, rating procedure and challenges are provided. At each location, a time series of up to 15 variables specific to the occurrence of freeze-up and winter-low events, mid-winter break-up, ice thickness, spring break-up and maximum open-water level were compiled. This database follows up on several earlier efforts to compile information on river ice, which are summarized herein, and expands the scope and detail for use in Canadian river ice research and applications. Following the Government of Canada Open Data initiative, this original river ice data set is available at: https://doi.org/10.18164/c21e1852-ba8e-44af-bc13-48eeedfcf2f4 (de Rham et al., 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High resolution solar absorption spectra, taken within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) in the mid-infrared spectral region are used to infer partial or total column abundances of many gases. In this paper we present the retrieval of a column averaged mole fraction of carbon dioxide from NDACC-IRWG spectra taken with a Fourier-Transform-Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer at the site in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. The retrieved time series is compared to co-located standard TCCON measurements of total column CO2. Comparing the NDACC and TCCON retrievals we find that the sensitivity of the NDACC retrieval is lower in the troposphere (by a factor of two) and higher in the stratosphere, compared to TCCON. Thus, the NDACC retrieval is less sensitive to tropospheric changes (e.g. the seasonal cycle) in the column average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth observation (EO) applications offer significant potential for addressing challenges and driving sustainable development in the Philippines. Despite the positive effect EO services can bring, its utilization encounter barriers that includes the lack of awareness of its benefits. The Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) initiated the Space Information Infrastructure Capacity Building and Training Program (SIICaP) that aims to promote awareness of EO applications through free and inclusive online webinar platforms. This paper highlights the various webinars conducted by SIICaP showing their relevance in raising awareness of EO data, services, and programs. The analysis of evaluation results from the webinar participants further illustrates the program's reach and success. By showcasing SIICaP, this paper contributes to efforts in developing capacity building programs that aim to have the same objectives of SIICaP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing night lights images allows identifying and monitoring affected areas during conflicts, as an overall decrease in brightness indicates abandoned or destroyed buildings, curfews, or power shortages. While detecting decrease in lights intensity is an established technique to identify critical areas during conflicts, the causes of appearing bright lights have not been extensively studied. An increase in brightness may be related to extreme events, such as fires resulting from bombing. This paper shows several examples supporting this new use of these images, validated using high-resolution optical earth observation data and ancillary information sources in the frame of the conflict in Ukraine which has been ongoing since February 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has a very ambitious energy transition agenda and massive challenges ahead to accomplish it. To integrate the high solar energy potential in the north an the high wind power potential of the south of the country, considerable investments in the electrical grid and new balancing mechanism and storage capacities are necessary. This study addresses the potential of individual industries, particularly the paper industry, to provide flexibility to the electrical system on-site. To achieve this, an optimization model that minimizes energy provision costs is proposed. The model considers the demand of a company including its demand side management potential, combined heat and power generation capacities, as well as on-site renewable energy generation location potential from photovoltaics and wind power. The model is computed under multiple parametrization scenarios to estimate under which conditions it would be advantageous for the company to use renewable electricity. This allows to evaluate how much of the renewable electricity produced in high peaks can be used by the company, and in how far, demand side management and combined heat and power can compensate low generation periods of renewable electricity. The model is feeded with typical hourly electricity and heat demand profiles of a prototypic paper producing company, which were statistically derived from one and a half years of measurements. Moreover, electricity generation time series from photovoltaics and wind power are derived from physical models that rely on ERA5 reanalysis data. The latter data set allows to compute the model in locations all around Chilean territory in a 30 km x 30 km spatial grid. Results are presented in the form of maps of the shares of renewables that would be enabled at avery location by industries of the same characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBiosludge is a solid waste of the pulp and paper industry, which is usually incinerated for energy recovery or landfilled. This study evaluates the energy balance and carbon footprint of using pulp and paper mill sludge in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems with alternative uses for the biogas, in different regions of the world, using Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA). The digested residues from the AD are assumed to be used for biochar production, and subsequent incorporation into forest soils. Three scenarios based on alternative uses of biogas were investigated: (i) biogas for vehicle fuel in the transportation sector, (ii) biogas for heat and electricity in the power sector, and (iii) biogas for cooking in households. The E-LCA results demonstrate that both energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions abatement of biosludge treatment in the AD systems significantly improve relative to the baseline scenario of incineration. The displacement of fossil fuel with biogas, and carbon stabilized in biochar contribute largely to the truncation of the energy and carbon footprints. Therefore, a combination of AD and pyrolysis technologies as a novel energy-biochar production system could offer an opportunity for sustainable management of pulp and paper mill sludge. Regarding biogas, the local or national infrastructure determines possible uses, and this aspect was shown to affect E-LCA results. Keywords: Biochar, biogas, digested sludge, carbon footprint, energy balance, waste treatment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mark the 20th anniversary of Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS), an interdisciplinary and international journal dedicated to the public discussion and open-access publication of high-quality studies and original research on natural hazards and their consequences, we highlight 11 key publications covering major subject areas of NHESS that stood out within the past 20 years. The papers cover all the topics contemplated in the European Geosciences Union (EGU) Division on Natural Hazards including dissemination, education, outreach and teaching. The selected articles thus represent excellent scientific contributions in the major areas of natural hazards and risks and helped NHESS to become an exceptionally strong journal representing interdisciplinary areas of natural hazards and risks. At its 20th anniversary, we are proud that NHESS is not only used by scientists to disseminate research results and novel ideas but also by practitioners and decision-makers to present effective solutions and strategies for sustainable disaster risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2020 the ICA joined the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) as an associate member. As a community composed of businesses, government agencies, universities, and research organizations that work with geospatial data, the OCG is a resource to which software developers who work with geospatial data turn for guidance and advice. As such, it provides the ICA with an opportunity to reach a group of people who might not have had prior experience or background in cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis technologies could be a novel energy-biochar production system to maximize energy and nutrient recovery from pulp and paper mill sludge. Herein, the life-cycle energy production and emissions reduction of sludge treatment from a typical pulp and paper mill were investigated, in which alternative uses of biogas for industrial or household application, in different regions of the world, were assessed. The three scenarios considered for different end-uses of biogas are: (A) biogas for vehicle fuel in the transportation sector in Sweden, (B) biogas for heat and electricity in the power sector in Brazil, and (C) biogas for cooking in households in China. The results of Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment (E-LCA) show that for all these three scenarios, the use of biogas and pyrolysis gas contributes most to emissions mitigation, while the dewatering and drying processes carried out on the sludge, contribute the most to the environmental emissions. Addition of biochar to the soil, contributes significantly to a reduction in global warming by sequestering carbon in the soil. Compared to scenarios B and C, Scenario A, in which biogas substitutes gasoline in transportation, and heat from combusted pyrolysis gases is used for district heating in Sweden, demonstrates the highest environmental performance for all the evaluated impact categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Origami that can form various shapes by setting simple creases on the paper and folding along these creases has a lot of applications from the fields of art to engineering. The inverse problem of origami that determines the distribution of creases based on the desired shape is very complicated. In this paper, we use theoretical kinematics to systematically analyse an inverse folding problem of a toy about how to fold a piece of paper into a disc through a smaller hole without breaking it. The results show that some four-crease and six-crease patterns can achieve the expected function, and they can be easily folded with 1 degree of freedom (DOF). It not only opens up a new way to solve the inverse folding problem but also helps students to understand mechanisms and machine theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a companion paper (Jing et al., 2015), a high temporal-spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory (HTSVE) for 2013 in Beijing has been established based on near real time (NRT) traffic data and bottom up methodology. In this study, based on the sensitivity analysis method of switching on/off pollutant emissions in the Chinese air quality forecasting model CUACE, a modeling study was carried out to evaluate the contributions of vehicle emission to the air pollution in Beijing main urban areas in the periods of summer (July) and winter (December) 2013. Generally, CUACE model had good performance of pollutants concentration simulation. The model simulation has been improved by using HTSVE. The vehicle emission contribution (VEC) to ambient pollutant concentrations not only changes with seasons but also changes over moment. The mean VEC, affected by regional pollutant transports significantly, is 55.4 and 48.5 % for NO2, while 5.4 and 10.5 % for PM2.5 in July and December 2013, respectively. Regardless of regional transports, relative vehicle emission contribution (RVEC) to NO2 is 59.2 and 57.8% in July and December 2013, while 8.7 and 13.9% for PM2.5. The RVEC to PM2.5 is lower than PM2.5 contribution rate for vehicle emission in total emission, which may be caused by easily dry deposition of PM2.5 from vehicle emission in near-surface layer compared to elevated source emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observing System Experiments (OSEs) are carried out over a one-year period to quantify the impact of Argo observations on the Mercator-Ocean 1=4° global ocean analysis and forecasting system. The reference simulation assimilates sea surface temperature (SST), SSALTO/DUACS altimeter data and Argo and other in situ observations from the Coriolis data center. Two other simulations are carried out where all Argo and half of Argo data sets are withheld. Assimilating Argo observations has a significant impact on analyzed and forecast temperature and salinity fields at different depths. Without Argo data assimilation, large errors occur in analyzed fields as estimated from the differences when compared with in situ observations. For example, in the 0-300m layer RMS differences between analyzed fields and observations reach 0.25 psu and 1.25 °C in the western boundary currents and 0.1 psu and 0.75 °C in the open ocean. The impact of the Argo data in reducing observation-model forecast error is also significant from the surface down to a depth of 2000 m. Differences between independent observations and forecast fields are thus reduced by 20% in the upper layers and by up to 40% at a depth of 2000m when Argo data are assimilated. At depth, the most impacted regions in the global ocean are the Mediterranean outflow and the Labrador Sea. A significant degradation can be observed when only half of the data are assimilated. All Argo observations thus matter, even with a 1=4° model resolution. The main conclusion is that the performance of global data assimilation systems is heavily dependent on the availability of Argo data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatland restoration and rehabilitation action has become more widely acknowledged as a necessary response to mitigating climate change risks and improving global carbon storage. Peatland ecosystems require restoration time spans of the order of decades and, thus, cannot be dependent upon the shorter-term monitoring often carried out in research projects. Hydrological assessments using geospatial tools provide the basis for planning restoration works as well as analysing associated environmental influences. "Restoration" encompasses applications to pre-restoration and post-restoration scenarios for both bogs and fens, across a range of environmental impact fields. The aim of this scoping review is to identify, describe, and categorize current process-based modelling uses in peatlands in order to investigate the applicability and appropriateness of ecohydrological and/or hydrological models for northern peatland restoration. Two literature searches were conducted using the entire Web of Science database in September 2022 and August 2023. Of the final 211 papers included in the review, models and their applications were categorized according to this review's research interests in seven distinct categories aggregating the papers' research themes and model outputs. Restoration site context was added by identifying 229 unique study site locations from the full database, which were catalogued and analysed against raster data for the Köppen–Geiger climate classification scheme. A majority of northern peatland sites were in temperate oceanic zones or humid continental zones that experienced snow. Over one in five models from the full database of papers were unnamed and likely intended for single use. Key themes emerging from topics covered by papers in the database included the following: modelling restoration development from a bog growth perspective, the prioritization of modelling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions dynamics as a part of policymaking, the importance of spatial connectivity within or alongside process-based models to represent heterogeneous systems, and the increased prevalence of remote sensing and machine learning techniques to predict restoration progress with little physical site intervention. Models are presented according to their application to peatlands or broader ecosystem and organized from most to least complex. This review provides valuable context for the application of ecohydrological models in determining strategies for peatland restoration and evaluating post-intervention development over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies have been creating geospatial products for customers for many decades and, in some cases, for over two centuries. During that time the nature of the products largely remained the same, consisting of cartographic representations of the world, usually generalized and projected in a two-dimensional form. Even when mapping agencies began to convert their mapping from paper to digital form, the products created were largely based on their paper map counterparts. In recent times, the general public has become far more aware of geospatial data due to global initiatives from Google, Bing, Apple, OpenStreetMap and others. While some users of geospatial data still require the same products as before, many other users need different kinds of geospatial data and products, ones which will provide new challenges to National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies. In this paper we discuss some of these new geospatial data users and illustrate some the challenges using an example from Ordnance Survey's recent experience of a project in the connected autonomous vehicle domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential mean to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at three selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The OCS simulations are driven by different land biospheric fluxes to reproduce the seasonality of the measurements. Increasing the plant uptake of Kettle et al. (2002a) by a factor of three resulted in the best comparison with FTIR measurements. However, there are still discrepancies in the latitudinal distribution when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study and compared to measurements. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential mean to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at three selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The OCS simulations are driven by different land biospheric fluxes to reproduce the seasonality of the measurements. Increasing the plant uptake of Kettle et al. (2002a) by a factor of three resulted in the best comparison with FTIR measurements. However, there are still discrepancies in the latitudinal distribution when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study and compared to measurements. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison of retrieved total column ozone amounts TCO between the Pandora #34 spectrometer system and the Dobson #061 spectrophotometer from direct-sun observations was performed on the roof of the Boulder, Colorado NOAA building. This paper, part of an ongoing study, covers a one-year period starting on 17 December 2013. Both the standard Dobson and Pandora total column ozone TCO retrievals required a correction TCOcorr=TCO (1+C(T )) using the effective climatology derived ozone temperature T to remove a seasonal difference caused by using a fixed temperature in each retrieval algorithm. The respective corrections C(T ) are CPandora = 0.00333(T-225) and CDobson = -0.0013(T-226.7) per K. After the applied corrections removed the seasonal retrieval dependence on ozone temperature, TCO agreement between the instruments was within 1% for clear-sky conditions. For clear-sky observations, both co-located instruments tracked the day-to-day variation in total column ozone amounts with a correlation of r² = 0.97 and an average offset of 1.1±5.8 DU. In addition, the Pandora data showed 0.3% annual average agreement with satellite overpass data from AURA/OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and 1% annual average offset with Suomi-NPP/OMPS (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, the nadir viewing portion of the Ozone Mapper Profiler Suite). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Array Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (ArrayInSAR) point cloud is a point cloud obtained by three-dimensional imaging of two-dimensional Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images using array interferometric synthetic aperture radar technology, which can eliminate the phenomenon of layover in two-dimensional images and provide new data support for intelligent mapping. However, due to the influence of system thermal noise, baseline error and environment interference, there are noise points in the ArrayInSAR point cloud with uneven distribution and large elevation error, which bring a lot of gross errors to the 3D terrain results. To solve the problem that discrete points in ArrayInSAR point cloud data seriously affect the quality of three-dimensional data, this paper proposes an ArrayInSAR point cloud outlier noise removal method based on hybrid filtering. According to the distribution pattern of noise points, the outlier noise is divided into discrete outlier noise points and clusters of outlier noise. Firstly, the adaptive segmentation of point cloud dispersion coefficient within the k-neighborhood is used to remove discrete outlier noise points, and then the adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm based on the number of in-class points after K-means clustering is used to remove the cluster outlier noise of ArrayInSAR point cloud data. In order to verify the effectiveness, the proposed method is compared with other classical outlier noise removal methods. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively remove outlier noise in ArrayInSAR point cloud data and improve the quality of ArrayInSAR point clouds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodynamic modeling often involves challenging computations involving solution of Stokes and continuity equations under condition of highly variable viscosity. Based on new analytical approach we developed generalized analytical solutions for 2-D and 3- D incompressible Stokes flows with both linearly and exponentially variable viscosity. We demonstrated how these generalized solutions can be converted into 2-D and 3-D test problems suitable for benchmarking numerical codes aimed at modeling various mantle convection and lithospheric dynamics problems. Main advantage of this new generalized approach is that large variety of benchmark solutions can be generated including relatively complex cases with open model boundaries, non-vertical gravity and variable gradients of viscosity and density fields, which are not parallel to Cartesian axes. Examples of respective 2-D and 3-D MatLab codes are provided with this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) algorithms have demonstrated outstanding performance in a wide range of remote sensing applications, including image classification, image detection, and image segmentation. Urban development, as defined by urban expansion, mapping impervious surfaces, and built-up areas, is one of these fascinating issues. The goal of this research is to explore at and summarize the deep learning approaches used in urbanization. In addition, several of these methods are highlighted in order to provide a comprehensive overview and comprehension of them, as well as their pros and downsides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays color in scientific visualizations is standard and extensively used to group, highlight or delineate different parts of data in visualizations. The rainbow color map (also known as jet color map) is famous for its appealing use of the full visual spectrum with impressive changes in chroma and luminance. Besides attracting attention, science has for decades criticized the rainbow color map for its non-linear and erratic change of hue and luminance along the data variation. The missed uniformity causes a misrepresentation of data values and flaws in science communication. The rainbow color map is scientifically incorrect and hardly decodable for a considerable number of people due to color vision deficiency (CVD) or other vision impairments. Here we aim to raise awareness of how widely used the rainbow color map still is in hydrology. To this end, we perform a paper survey scanning for color issues in around 1000 scientific publications in three different journals including papers published between 2005 and 2020. In this survey, depending on the journal, 16 %–24 % of the publications have a rainbow color map and around the same ratio of papers (18 %–29 %) uses red–green elements often in a way that color is the only possibility to decode the visualized groups of data. Given these shares, there is a 99.6 % chance to pick at least one visual problematic publication in 10 randomly chosen papers from our survey. To overcome the use of the rainbow color maps in science, we propose some tools and techniques focusing on improvement of typical visualization types in hydrological science. We give guidance on how to avoid, improve and trust color in a proper and scientific way. Finally, we outline an approach how the rainbow color map flaws should be communicated across different status groups in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking four influential Chinese surveying and mapping journals as the data source, 5863 papers published during the period of 2003-2013 were obtained. Using the method of bibliometrics and visual analysis, summarizing the surveying and mapping papers in the past ten years (2003-2013), research themes, authors, and geographical distribution were analyzed. In the study, the papers of geodesy, cartography and GIS are 59.9%, more than half of all the papers. We also determine that the core author group has 131 authors, mainly of whom are from big cities. 90% of top ten cities on the number of publishing papers are capital cities or municipalities directly under the central government. In conclusion, we found that the research focus was different every year, and the research content was richness, the content of geodesy, cartography and GIS were widely researched, and the development of surveying and mapping is imbalanced in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between physical and chemical mechanisms involved in pollutant transport in rivers occur with varying degrees, depending on flow discharge and physical conditions. One of the issues that greatly affect the transport, especially in small mountain streams, is transient storage zones. The main effects include temporary retention of pollutants and reduce its concentration at the downstream and indirect impact on sorption process in the streambed. This paper proposes a one-dimensional model to simulate the pollutant transport in rivers with irregular cross-sections under unsteady flow with transient storage zones. The proposed model verified with analytical solution and comparison with 2-D model. The model application shown by two hypothetical examples and four set of real data that covers different processes governing on transport, cross-section types and flow regimes. Comparing results of the model with two common contaminant transport models show good accuracy and numerical stability of the model than other ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) of the European Union (EU) presents a rich resource for detailed understanding of land cover and use, making it invaluable for Earth observation (EO) applications. This paper discusses the recent enhancements and improvements in the LUCAS Copernicus module, particularly the data collection process of 2022, its protocol simplifications, and geometry definitions compared to the 2018 survey and data. With approximately 150 000 polygons collected in 2022, an increase from 60 000 in 2018, the LUCAS Copernicus 2022 data provide a unique and comprehensive in situ dataset for EO applications. The protocol simplification also facilitates a faster and more efficient data collection process. In 2022, there were 137 966 polygons generated out of the original 149 408 LUCAS Copernicus points, which means that 92.3 % of the points were actually surveyed. The data have 82 land cover classes for the Copernicus module that map to 88 classes up to the LUCAS level-3 legend. For land use the data have 40 classes, along with 18 classes of land use types. The dataset is available for download (product IDentification – PID: http://data.europa.eu/89h/e3fe3cd0-44db-470e-8769-172a8b9e8874 ;). The paper elaborates further on the implications of these enhancements and the need for continuous harmonization to ensure semantic consistency and temporal usability of data across different periods. Moreover, it calls for additional studies exploring the potential of the collected data, especially in the context of remote sensing and computer vision. It ends with a discussion of future data usage and dissemination strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the multifaceted experiences and insights garnered from organizing a short-term training programme aimed at professionals, students, academics, and climate enthusiasts. The programme, named CLImbing for CLImate GEOspatial School (CLIGEOS-2024), was a collaborative effort by the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) and ISPRS Student Consortium (ISPRS-SC) alongside Center for space science and geomatics studies (CSSGS) Pashchimanchal campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, Universita' Degli Studi Di Udine, Italy and LJ University, India aimed at addressing environmental challenges, particularly in hill and mountain regions. Despite facing logistical and communication hurdles due to the geographical dispersion of organizing institutions, the event successfully brought together participants with backgrounds in GIS, remote sensing, agriculture, and forestry. The programme was structured to promote participatory learning and project-based learning methodologies, incorporating classroom teaching, hands-on activities, fieldwork, data collection, short projects, quizzes, and evaluation mechanisms. Through a meticulously planned sequence, participants engaged in theoretical lectures, practical sessions on drone technology, industry expert presentations, and a mountain trek to observe climate change phenomena first-hand. Despite challenges related to infrastructure, including limited internet connectivity and access to data, the programme served as a catalyst for raising awareness about climate change and promoting sustainable practices. Key takeaways highlighted the importance of spatial data analysis, interdisciplinary collaboration, and hands-on learning in advancing solutions for sustainable development. The paper concludes with lessons learned from the programme, providing insights for future initiatives aimed at capacity building and knowledge dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates multidisciplinary education and specialization at the master's level, analyzes assessment methods, and proposes a technique for evaluating geospatial technology education. It emphasises is on pedagogical approaches, and highlights the importance of capacity building to meet the growing demand for skilled professionals in spatial information management. The research provides guidelines for improving course content, structure, and teaching methodologies, aiming to enhance the quality and relevance of geospatial education for both students and stakeholders. This paper is based on online data gathered from 115 universities across the globe, who are imparting geospatial education, campus-based and e-learning, also a survey was conducted of two thousand students. It supported in analysis and suggestion to develop a specific robust technique for assessment of the geospatial technology education and provides the corrective measures to the users of the technique. It proposed a framework aimed at enhancing the course content, organization, and teaching methods substantially. Further an attempt was made to adopt AHP model for investigating the statistical approach. It was aimed to know the actual values and significance of each parameter used for analysis of the study. In order to prepare a common guideline for improving the course structure, course content and teaching methodology, ANFIS architecture (Artificial Neural Fuzzy-Inference System) was adopted. Spatial information represented in the form of thematic maps in relation with the respective attribute data in Geographical Information System (GIS) environment is now used by all spectrum of the society, be it government organizations, industry, and academia. The result of the study has designed the criteria and common guidelines, which may be implemented, would able to help and curtail the challenges of the geospatial education as global vision for Local Action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]