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In Brazil, the forest legislation has opened up new options for forest restoration by smallholders, allowing in particular the use of agroforestry in conservation areas. This has triggered a vigorous national debate, involving social movements, scientists and policy makers: while these legislative changes may encourage farmers to engage in restoration, the provision of environmental services greatly varies according to the type of agroforestry system (AFS). However, few studies go beyond the technical aspects of restoration and studies assessing the social drivers are urgently needed. To contribute to this debate, we analyzed restoration experiences of farmers in the Eastern Amazon, where there is a great diversity of AFS. Our objective was to understand why farmers had engaged in forest restoration and how these motivations influenced their management practices. Based on 136 questionnaires with farmers and in-depth analyses of their AFS, we elaborated a typology of different restoration systems based on the practices involved, in particular the number of species (see figure 1). 78% of farmers restore through AFS. Most of those who have pragmatical motivations (water, soil, products) have less diverse AFS. Those with broader environmental motivations (preoccupation with overall degradation and biodiversity loss) have more diverse systems. This points to the importance of building more awareness about the potential role of biodiversity in restoring environmental services.

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are recognized as being a land use system that can improve the sustainability of agroecosystems (Wilson et al, 2016). However, low market opportunities for its products is one of the challenges for its adoption, especially the more diversified AFS (Coq-Huelva, 2016). With this perspective, the Brazillian National School Meal Program (Pro-grama Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, PNAE) and Food Procurement Program (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos, PAA) have emerged in the last decade as public policies aimed at stimulating purchasing of local products (Grisa & Porto, 2015). This research aims at assessing how the programs have encouraged biodiversification and in particular in AFS. We compare two municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon, Paragominas and Irituia. By realizing interviews with local stakeholders and review of documents, we identify the variety of products that have been acquired through programs representing different cropping systems (Table 1). The AFSs are the most significant cropping system purchased by the programs in Irituia, differently from Paragominas. This can be explained by the set of background initiatives improving AFSs car-ried out in Irituia. Programs, in this case, have emerged as one of the drivers of this expansion process. We conclude that the programs have a great potential to act on the expansion of diversified systems such as the AFSs, as long as they are associated to other actions present at the local level.

Natural regeneration represents more than half of all tropical forests. Within the Brazilian Amazon, the area of regenerating forest increased by 70% between 2004 and 2014, currently occupying more than 17 million hectares. These ecosystems have an important social roles, such as increasing food security and alleviating poverty among thousands of family farmers in the Amazon, while also being important repositories of biodiversity and carbon. Brazil has made bold commitments to the restoration of 12 million ha of forest by 2030 through the Bonn Challenge, Initiative 20 × 20, and its Forest Code law. The management of natural regeneration can be a viable alternative for accomplishing these commitments with less socioeconomic costs and higher environmental benefits. Here, we present a collation of different studies from the authors addressing natural regeneration on family farmers' land in the Eastern Amazon, aiming to address three overarching questions: i) How diverse are tree communities on these lands following natural regeneration? ii) What proportion of trees in regenerating forests have potential use recorded in the literature? iii) What are the real uses and motivations for farmers to maintain and manage these areas. We performed field surveys in 10m x 250m transects placed in regenerating forest fragments, followed by a literature review on potential uses for the dominant trees (> 80% of basal area). We separated the different uses in categories encompassing timber and non-timber forest products-NTPF (e.g. medicine, ornamental, food, handcraft, firewood). We applied semi-structured interviews and use the likert-scale to understand the uses and motivations for managing natural regeneration. The high tree diversity in the studied regenerating forests (up to 120 species ha-1) is reflected by a high variety of potential uses reported in the literature. Using an old regenerating forest plot (~50 years) as a case study in Northeast Pará, we found the vast majority of species reported in the literature as having potential for timber (76%), followed by firewood/charcoal (34%), medicine (29%) and food (20%). Natural regeneration has been used by family farmers in the Northeast of Pará for multiple uses, but mainly for extracting timber (50%) and hunting (18%). In fact, NTPF- extraction and beekeeping management are important motivations for family farmers to conserve naturally regenerating areas. Despite the high potential for Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration, the reality is that these areas continue to be prioritized for slash-and-burn agriculture. Therefore, public policies are needed to encourage family farmers to protect areas under natural regeneration to capitalize on the potential this form of restoration offers in the Amazon.

In the Eastern Amazon, many small-scale farmers have been spontaneously initiating expe-riences in forest restoration, mainly through agroforestry systems. To guide more inclusiverestoration policies, it is important to assess the socio-economic viability and ecological benefits of the different systems. Following a companion modelling approach, simulation and gaming tools were developed to enable exploring how and why smallholders would engage in farming systems oriented toward agroforestry systems. A stylized model of 4 similar 25-hafamily farms was first designed by researchers. This virtual landscape represents a game board. During gaming sessions, participants are requested to select the activities they would like to perform, to locate them in the game board and to indicate the practices related to these activities. These human-made decisions are inputted into a computer simulation model that allows simulating the growth of the plants and calculating a set of indicators to assess the balance between environmental and socioeconomic benefits. This tool has been co-designed with a small group of farmers from the Municipe of Irituia (North-eastern Para, Brazil) who were selected because of the experience in agroforestry systems. The game was then tested by students from Itabocal, a rural school of Irituia Municipe. We present how it enabled fostering knowledge sharing among students, farmers and researchers.

La notion d'action collective connaît actuellement un renouvellement en sciences sociales, tant d'un point de vue théorique qu'empirique. Au Cirad, ce sujet est mobilisé par plusieurs équipes travaillant sur des thèmes de recherche stratégique dans le contexte actuel de mutations accélérées. Toutefois, les réflexions suscitées par ces recherches ont rarement la possibilité de se confronter. Le séminaire permanent Action Collective permet aux chercheurs d'échanger leurs références et de discuter des acquis et des limites de leurs travaux sur les organisations de producteurs, les collectivités territoriales, la gestion des ressources communes, l'accès à l'information, l'apprentissage, les politiques publiques... Ce cédérom rassemble les exposés et conférences du séminaire durant la session 2003. Les débats sont complétés par un glossaire et différentes références théoriques.

Actes disponibles en ligne à l'adresse : http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/index.php?halsid=cofrbsph2a9snuf2nfdlqbgh91&view_this_doc=hal-00525066&version=1; International audience; Le Burkina Faso est l'un des pays les plus pauvres du monde d'après le classement selon l'Indicateur de Développement Humain du PNUD. Il dispose de peu de ressources énergétiques et son agriculture n'est pas suffisamment performante et diversifiée pour sortir définitivement le pays de l'insécurité alimentaire. Or la crise économique actuelle exhorte les pays à se recentrer sur l'exploitation des ressources domestiques pour limiter leur dépendance à un marché international aux prix volatiles. Des solutions technico-organisationnelles existent pour améliorer l'efficience énergétique des processus de production dans les filières alimentaires ou dans les modes de consommation des ménages et pour produire de l'énergie à partir des ressources locales. Cette communication explore comment une modification des pratiques dans les processus de transformation comme le séchage du poisson ou la production de beurre de karité, ou la valorisation des déchets comme les coques et les boues de barattage, ou encore la production d'une nouvelle énergie telle que les agrocarburants peut apporter des améliorations face à la fois au problème de l'accès à l'énergie et à la question de l'alimentation de la population. Elle promeut l'intérêt de travaux pluridisciplinaires associant économistes, technologues et énergéticiens avec une approche technico-économique et organisationnelle des chaînes de valeur dans les filières agro-alimentaires.