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Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor in children. The current treatment approach primarily consists of surgery combined with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Postoperative precision treatment plans based on risk stratification effectively prevent overtreatment in low-risk patients while addressing the therapeutic needs of high-risk groups. Traditional clinical risk stratification primarily considers factors such as age, clinical stage, and extent of surgical resection. In recent years, advances in understanding the key molecular markers of medulloblastoma have led to the integration of molecular subtypes and molecular and genetic characteristics into the risk stratification framework. It has resulted in the development of a revised molecular risk stratification system, which makes it possible to distinguish children in different risk groups more efficiently and guides subsequent precision treatment. This paper intends to summarize the pathological characteristics of medulloblastoma, risk stratification based on clinical features and the revised molecular risk stratification which integrates clinical and molecular genetic characteristics, so as to provide a guideline for the formulation of subsequent comprehensive diagnosis and treatment plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral revascularization is constantly being updated and iterated, but there are still many challenges: how to regulate the bypass flow quantitatively, how to reconstruct cerebral artery perforator vessels with diameter less than 0.5 mm, etc. This paper reviews the birth of revascularization and the development of cerebral revascularization, focusing on the basic principle and innovative technology of cerebral revascularization, application and effect of cerebral revascularization in the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms, current situation and development trend of cerebral revascularization iteration. The aim is to promote the iteration of cerebral revascularization and its application in the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurosurgical critical care is playing an increasingly pivotal role in the advancement of neurosurgery. It not only provides perioperative life support for neurosurgical patients but also addresses the treatment of severe cerebrovascular diseases and traumatic brain injury. Over the past two decades, major tertiary hospitals in China have established subspecialties dedicated to neurosurgical critical care. However, at the county level and other grassroots hospitals, the adoption of neurosurgical critical care concepts require further promotion. This paper reviews the development history of the neurosurgical critical care specialty and proposes measures to enhance the diagnostic and treatment capabilities of grassroots hospitals. These measures include standardizing core professional competencies, implementing high-quality multi - disciplinary team, and improving essential hardware configurations, with the goal of achieving standardized diagnosis and treatment in neurosurgical critical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Para-infectious encephalopathy is an acute inflammatory encephalopathy secondary to a systemic infectious disease, including acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) and mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS). This paper reports on 3 cases of SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy diagnosed and treated in The Ordos Central Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from December 2022 to February 2023, and reviews relevant literature to summarize the clinical characteristics of the disease. Methods and Results The 3 patients with SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy, including 2 cases of SARS-CoV-2 related to ANE and one case of SARS-CoV-2 related to MERS were reported. Three patients developed consciousness disorder 2-4 d after fever, and still had aphasia, mental abnormality, convulsions, etc.. SARS-CoV-2 throat swab was positive. Head MRI showed one abnormal signal of brain stem and bilateral thalamus, one abnormal signal of bilateral thalamus, and one abnormal pressure of corpus callosum. All received hormone shock therapy and (or) intravenous immunoglobulin. One died, and 2 cases were recovered. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy including SARS-CoV-2 related to ANE and MERS and other clinical subtypes, the former has rapid progress, severe disease, high disability rate and fatality rate and poor prognosis, while the latter has relatively mild symptoms and better prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aggravation of population aging, the health of the elderly has become an important issue in the aging society. The Mediterranean diet (MD) contributes to healthy aging by changing dietary patterns to delay and prevent disease onset. This paper summarizes the concepts related to the MD pattern and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases, cognitive dysfunction, depression, chronic inflammation and other brain and heart comorbidity in the elderly, so as to provide thinking and reference for the optimization and upgrading of the elderly, and contribute to the development of healthy China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heart and brain are important organs of human body, which are closely related in genetic, structural and functional aspects. It is of great significance to elucidate the correlation between heart and brain and its mechanism for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This paper reviews the genetic, structural and functional correlations between heart and brain, and discusses mechanisms of correlations from the perspective of common clinical heart diseases and brain diseases, so as to provide theoretical basis for the research and treatment of brain and heart comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been widely used for Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, drug - resistant epilepsy and other diseases. The operation procedure of this surgical method is complicated, and it also has certain complications in clinical application, including surgical complications such as intracranial hemorrhage and infection, hardware complications such as lead fracture and displacement, and stimulation complications such as paresthesia and muscle spasm, in which lead fracture and erosion and infection of the skin behind the ear are common and troublesome complications. In clinical practice, we found that lead fracture and erosion and infection of the skin were mainly located behind the ear. Since 2012, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University had applied the retroauricular bone grinding groove technology in DBS, which significantly reduced the incidence of lead fracture and erosion and infection of the skin. Therefore, the retroauricular bone grinding groove technology can effectively solve the above problems. This paper mainly introduces the retroauricular bone grinding groove technology and the clinical application attention matters, providing references for colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) implantation is an effective treatment for end - stage heart failure in addition to heart transplantation. Neurological complications, especially ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, are the most common complications in patients after LVAD. This paper reviews the common neurological complications and its risk factors in patients after LVAD, and proposes early prevention and management strategies to provide guidance for the perioperative and long - term management of LVAD implantation in end-stage heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular surgery has a high risk of neurological complications, which can increase the burden of disease. Perioperative real-time monitoring of neurological function in cardiovascular surgery can assist clinicians to detect neurological abnormalities as early as possible, intervene and reduce the risk of neurological complications in time. The main monitoring indicators include cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2), EEG, cerebral blood flow (CBF), etc. In this paper, the common perioperative neuromonitoring techniques and their research advances in cardiovascular surgery are reviewed to provide theoretical basis for reducing neurological complications and improve the prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurophysiological technique uses the bioelectrical principle to record the spontaneous or external stimulation-induced electrical activities of the central or peripheral nervous system. Due to the essential difference in the pathophysiological mechanism of functional and organic movement disorders, neurophysiology is of great significance for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In order to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of functional movement disorder (FMD) and provide the basis for the accurate diagnosis, this paper reviews the common clinical neurophysiological techniques and their application in FMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a research hotspot in recent 20 years. In order to standardize the name and definition of the imaging features of CSVD, the STandards for ReportIng Vascular changes on nEuroimaging (STRIVE) recommended the imaging diagnostic criteria for CSVD in 2013, namely STRIVE-1. In 2023, this standard updated according to the research achievement in recent 10 years. This paper aims to introduce STRIVE- 2, especially focus on explaining the differences between these two standards in order to help clinicians and researchers understand the changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor tissue of craniopharyngioma is closely adherent to peripheral neurovascular tissue, so the operation to remove lesion is more difficult, the perioperative complications are very serious, and the prognosis of patients is poor. There are many studies on the use of tumor histology or anatomical classification to guide surgical principles and surgical approaches, as well as drug therapy or combination therapy, but no consensus has been reached. This paper reviews the histological, anatomical and molecular typing of craniopharyngioma, providing new ideas for the future realization of the fusion typing of craniopharyngioma to guide the precise treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate diagnosis of consciousness disorder after brain injury is the basis for further treatment. The previous evaluation of consciousness disorder after brain injury is mainly based on behavior scales and imaging examination, which is limited to subjective factors and external interference and difficult to detect and evaluate in real time. The development of objective and efficient evaluation methods of consciousness disorder after brain injury is currently a hot spot in clinical research. Neurophysiological monitoring is safe, objective, simple to operate, and can be detected continuously timely. It can be used as an evaluation method for consciousness disorder after brain injury. In this paper, we summarize the application paradigms and analysis methods of evoked potential and EEG in the clinical evaluation of consciousness disorder after brain injury in recent years, in order to provide new technical ideas for improving the clinical diagnosis and treatment of consciousness disorder after brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorde (iRBD) is a precursor symptom of neurodegenerative diseases, and most patients will convert to neurodegenerative diseases later in the disease. Reliable biological markers are of great significance for early identification of high-risk converters and predicting phenoconversion pattern. This paper reviews the research progress of biological markers in predicting conversion to neurodegenerative diseases in iRBD from clinical symptomology, neuroelectrophysiology, neuroimaging, body fluid, pathology and gene markers, in order to select patients suitable for disease modification therapy and delay the development of neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT - I) boasts convincing evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials, yet its practical application encounters substantial barriers. This paper analyzes the key techniques and challenges of CBT-I, proposing the following workflow improvements to enhance its clinical application and benefit more insomnia patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is not yet clear, and there is no effective treatment method at present. MRI is an important imaging in diagnosing. In this paper, the imaging markers and scoring methods and criteria of CSVD are elaborated, and the diagnosing and grading methods of CSVD are discussed, to provide theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional gait disorder (FGD) is a common subtype of functional movement disorder (FMD), mainly characterized by instability, lameness and Parkinson's gait. The clinical manifestations of FGD are the same as those of other types of gait disorder, with the possibility of misdiagnosis. However, there are significant differences in the treatment principles between them, so clear diagnosis and accurate treatment are crucial to improve patients' symptoms and prognosis. This paper aims to systematically review the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of FGD, in order to improve the understanding of clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Because they possess low immunogenicity, high proliferation, and different capabilities. MSCs are mostly derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and placenta; they act mainly by regulating immune and inflammatory responses, neuroprotection, and promoting angiogenesis; they can be introduced into the body via intracerebral or intravascular injection, and their efficacy in treating ischemic stroke can be enhanced when combined with physical methods such as hypoxic pretreatment. This paper reviews the animal studies of MSCs treatment of ischemic stroke and describes the therapeutic effects of MSCs on ischemic stroke model animals from the perspectives of the types of MSCs, mechanisms of action, injection methods, and physical methods of intervention to enhance the efficacy of MSCs, to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognition disorders is a common complication of epilepsy, which seriously affects patients' activities of daily living. Timely measures can avoid further impairment of patients' cognitive function. There are many risk factors for cognition disorders in patients with epilepsy. This paper summarizes the risk factors related to cognition disorders in patients with epilepsy, and classifies them according to epileptic factors and non-epileptic factors, so as to provide a theoretical basis for accurate treatment of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurological degenerative disease that can cause structural and functional abnormalities of the heart. Amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and AD-related gene variants play important roles in the pathophysiological changes of the heart associated with AD. This paper reviews the structural and functional damage of the heart associated with AD and its possible mechanism of action, providing theoretical basis for a comprehensive understanding of AD and exploring new drugs and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) refers to the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which patients have the chief complaint of cognitive decline but no objective manifestations. It is considered to be an earlier stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than the preclinical stage of AD, and the risk of progression to AD is higher. At present, there is a limited understanding of SCD in China. This paper reviews the concept of SCD, the status quo of epidemiological research, research framework, related risk factors, its relationship with AD, as well as the progress of neuropsychological tests and imaging research, so as to provide the possibility for the early clinical diagnosis and treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a group of clinically rare neurodegenerative diseases caused by misfolding of prion proteins, and is the most common type of human prion diseases. Since the prion characteristics were recognized in the 1970s, the diagnostic detection technology has made great progress, especially the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). This paper describes the pathogenesis of CJD, the mechanism of action of RT-QuIC and its application in the diagnosis of CJD in order to promote the application and development of RT-QuIC technology in the field of CJD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive involvement of upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN). With the rapid development of sequencing technique, genetic screening of ALS improved from a single locus site sequencing to whole exome sequencing (WES) or whole genome sequencing (WGS), more and more pathogenic genes affecting the occurrence and development of diseases have been discovered. At present, the pathophysiological mechanisms of ALS mainly include abnormal protein aggregation, abnormal DNA or RNA function, changes in cytoskeleton and axon dynamics, autophagy process, lysosome dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Exploring the genetic mechanism of ALS has great significance to elucidate its pathophysiological mechanism. This paper reviews the main pathogenic genes, genetic research methods and related pathogenic mechanisms of ALS, reveals the pathogenesis and development of the disease and related pathophysiological mechanisms, and provides new strategies for the treatment of ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a common conversion disorder, and those who involve the face are called functional facial disorders. It seriously affects patients' social contact and work. Most clinicians have insufficient understanding of functional facial disorders, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. This paper reviews the clinical features, electrophysiology, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and treatment of functional facial disorders to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7T ultra-high field MRI (7T MRI), with its high resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high contrast, is superior to conventional field intensity MRI in clinical applications such as diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), assisting in the identification of pathological subtypes of the both, locating the scope of surgical excision, and has made progress in the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). This paper aims to review the clinical application value and research progress of 7T MRI in order to promote its application in the field of diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of neuroelectrophysiology, neuroimaging and other technologies, a large amount of evidence has shown the occurrence and development of epilepsy was closely related to cortico - subcortical neural network. This paper aims to review the relevant studies on the involvement of subcortical structures such as thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, basal ganglia and brainstem in the occurrence and development of epilepsy, as well as some important targets of subcortical nucleus for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) by neuroregulation, in order to provide help for the exploration of new intervention targets for epilepsy treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a neuropsychiatrie disorder characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms in the absence of any neurological abnormality that can be linked to a known pathology. There is currently limited research available regarding diagnosis and treatment of FND in children and adolescents. Pediatricians and neurologists have insufficient understanding of the disease. Patients have often been misdiagnosed, correctly diagnosed after lengthy delays, or lead to inappropriate treatments. This paper reviews the pertinent clinical and historical features, diagnostic criteria, and multi- disciplinary management of FND in the pediatric population, in order to improve clinical understanding of the disease as well as its diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a disorder of the autonomic motor or sensory system with well-defined symptoms, which covers functional movement disorder, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, functional sensory disorder, functional cognitive disorder, persistent postural perceptual dizziness and so on. Its complex and diverse characteristics make the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and research difficult, so FND has long been a "gray area", but its high incidence, disability rate and high consumption of medical resources remind us that FND cannot be ignored. This paper reviews the current clinical classification of FND and the diagnostic criteria in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment by domestic colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertigo and dizziness are common clinical symptoms. Although most patients have a good prognosis, vascular vertigo and dizziness can have catastrophic consequences if not recognized promptly. At present, vascular dizziness and vertigo are still very significant problems in clinical missed diagnosis, diagnosis generalization and over examination. The publication of the international "Vascular vertigo and dizziness: diagnostic criteria" provides a basis for clinicians' diagnosis and treatment behavior. However, in practical clinical work, clinicians might have to deal with more complicated situations. This paper reviews the progress of clinical diagnosis of vascular vertigo and dizziness from the aspects of clinical features, imaging and laboratory examination, so as to provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of vascular vertigo and dizziness as well as the construction of a more accurate prediction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a kind of nervous system disease characterized by paroxysmal involuntary movements induced by sudden movements. Neuroimaging studies have found that there are structural changes or abnormal functional connectivity in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cortex and other brain regions in PKD patients. The weakened inhibitory and regulatory function of the basal ganglia to the thalamus or the dysfunction of the thalamus itself may cause over-activation of the cortical region, resulting in involuntary movements. Recent studies have found that abnormal cerebellar function plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PKD, and abnormal cerebellar cortex can affect its normal inhibitory effect on deep cerebellar nuclei, also leading to excessive activation of thalamic - cortical pathway. This paper reviewed the mechanism and research progress of PKD in recent years, mainly focusing on the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical circuit and the cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuit, so as to improve clinicians' understanding of the pathogenesis of movement disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease in clinic. Epilepsy caused by structural causes can be cured by surgery, which has been the focus of attention in the field of epilepsy surgery. With the development of gene sequencing technology, more and more studies have found that structural etiology may be caused by somatic mutations of genes. In this paper, somatic mutation-related pathogenic genes of four common pathological types of epilepsy surgery, including malformation of cortical development (MCD), long-term epilepsy associated tumor (LEAT), hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and hypothalamic hamartoma (HH), were reviewed, and their effects on surgical protocol formulation and prognosis were reviewed, in order to provide a new idea for the treatment of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurointervention surgery is an important method for diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders and related brain scientific research. Robot-assisted neurointervention surgery can improve the minimally invasive and accurate interventional surgery, which is an important research direction. At present, the navigation technology of neurointervention surgery has gradually developed from the traditional optical navigation to MRI navigation, the interventional materials have developed from rigid puncture needle to active flexible puncture needle, and the surgical path planning and navigation technology and the surgical robot control technology have also been developing. This paper summarizes the four key technologies mentioned above and reviews the research progress of robot-assisted neurointervention surgery to promote its clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the booming development of rehabilitation medicine engineering in recent years, the role of lower limb exoskeletal robotic systems in the treatment of walking function recovery of post- stroke has received much attention. This paper intends to classify and summarize the lower limb exoskeletal robotic systems used for walking function recovery at different periods of stroke, summarize the mechanism of improving walking function, and review the impact of lower limb exoskeletal robotic systems on the walking function of stroke patients at different periods, current challenges and future development direction, in order to promote the clinical application of lower limb exoskeletal robotic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, especially the application of deep learning (DL), the detection and quantitative evaluation of typical imaging markers of small cerebral vascular disease (CSVD) has been accelerated and the accuracy has been improved. In recent years, it has attracted much attention in the field of medical imaging. This paper intends to summarize the research progress and problems of deep learning in the imaging markers of CSVD such as cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), enlarged perivascular space (EPVS), lacunes, recent small subcortical infarcts (RSSI) and cerebral atrophy, so as to provide support for the precise treatment of CSVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the combination of medicine and engineering and the improvement of clinical rehabilitation demand, intelligent upper limb rehabilitation robots can provide stroke patients with high intensity and repetition of active rehabilitation training to restore the upper limb motor function and achieve the remodeling of damaged brain nerves. However, many upper limb rehabilitation robot systems are still in the stage of laboratory development or clinical verification. This paper summarizes the latest research results of upper limb rehabilitation robots at home and abroad, compares the advantages and disadvantages of different types of robots, looks forward to the development trend of upper limb rehabilitation robots, and provides ideas for further promoting clinical transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical artificial intelligence (AI) applies AI technology to the medical field to meet clinical needs, combines with the experience of doctors, and relies on the computing, analysis and decision-making ability of AI to provide accurate intelligent assistance for clinical diagnosis and treatment. At present, medical AI is based on knowledge guided and data driven approaches, but each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Combining knowledge -guided AI with data- driven AI and utilizing their respective advantages is expected to break through the application bottle neck of medical AI and promote the development and innovation of medical AI. This paper summarizes the application of medical AI driven by knowledge guidance and data mining and looks forward to the future development direction, in order to promote the innovation and application of AI technology in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrosal vein (PV) is an important drainage vein of posterior cranial fossa, needs to be properly preserved during cerebellopontine angle (CPA) surgery. Whether it is safe to sacrifice PV is a topic of intense debate and worth discussing. On one hand, some systematic studies concluded that the complications after obliteration of PV were negligible, and on the other hand, fatal complications caused by the sacrifice of PV were reported intermittently. This paper intends to review the anatomy of PV, the complications after sacrifice of PV, the evidence and opinions on the safety of PV sacrifice, and preoperative or intraoperative methods for evaluating the safety of PV sacrifice, so as to refine the surgical management of PV by neurosurgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there is a lack of reliable prediction index for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which poses a great threat to the lives of patients with epilepsy. With the deepening of research, it has been found that postictal generalized electroencephalography suppression (PGES) occurs in EEG monitoring after seizure, especially generalized tonic - clonic seizure (GTCS). Since then, PGES has attracted much attention as a possible EEG marker of SUDEP. Combined with the study of the pathophysiological mechanism, related factors of PGES phenomenon, and this paper further analyzes the relationship between the occurrence of PGES and SUDEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation (CACR), as a good substitute or supplement for traditional cognitive rehabilitation, has been applied to the rehabilitation of post - stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) due to its repeatability, interest and colorful training content. However, there are still some objective limitations of CACR. This paper reviews the application of CACR in PSCI rehabilitation based on some clinical randomized controlled trials, discusses its effects on cognitive dysfunction, emotional disorders, activities of daily living disorders, and provides evidence for its promotion and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait disorder is one of common motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), significantly affecting their quality of life and mobility. Robot - assisted gait training (RAGT) can improve the motor symptoms of PD patients, particularly in terms of lower limb motor function. It corrects abnormal spatiotemporal parameters of gait, such as gait velocity, step length, and step frequency, reduces the occurrence of freezing of gait, improves endurance, enhances balance ability, and ultimately improves quality of life. This paper focuses on the classification and construction, clinical efficacy and mechanism of exoskeleton robot, which can be used to guide the rehabilitation treatment of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postural disorder is a common disabling movement complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), in which camptocormia is the most common disabling postural disorder, which further aggravates the movement disorder of PD, and seriously reduces the activities of daily living and quality of life of patients. This paper reviews the pathogenesis and treatment progress of PD with camptocormia, providing theoretical basis for further investigation of the pathogenesis of camptocormia in PD, and assisting the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The disease burden of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage was heavy, and the age of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage patients was trending younger in China. This paper retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of a group of young and middle-aged adults with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, and made a detailed analysis of its clinical characteristics, so as to provide reference for the development of treatment programs. Methods A total of 120 young and middle-aged adults with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage admitted in Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021 were included. According to severity of the disease, 120 patients were divided into non-surgery group (n = 22), borehole drainage group (n = 47) and endoscopic surgery group (n = 51). The postoperative hematoma clearance rate, drainage tube indwelling time, length of hospital stay, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at discharge, and incidence of postoperative complications were recorded. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to evaluate the prognosis at 3 and 6 months after discharge. Results The length of hospital stay (H = 3.445, P = 0.000), GCS score at discharge (H = 15.767, P = 0.000), the incidence of postoperative bronchoppneumonitis (χ² = 19.336, P = 0.000) and hypoproteinemia (χ² = 17.650, P = 0.000), mRS scores at 3 months (H = 9.651, P = 0.008) and 6 months (H = 8.962, P = 0.011) after discharge in different groups were significant differences. Compared with the non-surgery group, the length of hospital stay was shorter in the endoscopic surgery group and the borehole drainage group (Z = 3.816, P = 0.000; Z = 3.254, P = 0.000), and GCS score at discharge decreased (Z = 3.795, P = 0.000; Z = 3.104, P = 0.002), postoperative bronchopneumonia (χ² = 17.223, P = 0.000; χ² = 10.251, P = 0.001) and hypoproteinemia (χ² = 13.310, P = 0.000) increased, and mRS score at 3 months after discharge increased (Z = 2.783, P = 0.009; Z = 2.270, P = 0.035), but the mRS score at 6 months after discharge was close to that of the non-surgery group (P > 0.05, for all). Compared with the two surgical methods, the hematoma clearance rate of the endoscopic surgery group was higher than that of the borehole drainage group (Z =-6.424, P = 0.000), and the induration time of the drainage tube was shorter than that of the borehole drainage group (Z =-3.856, P = 0.000). There were no significant differences in the length of hospital stay, GCS score at discharge, postoperative intracranial rebleeding, seizures, intracranial infection, upper gastrointestinal stress ulcer with bleeding, water and electrolyte metabolism disorders, hypoproteinemia, lower extremity deep vein thrombosis and other complications, and mRS score at 3 and 6 months after discharge (P > 0.05, for all). Conclusions Poorly controlled hypertension and bad living habits are common in young and middle-aged adults with intracerebral hemorrhage. Minimally invasive surgery (drilling and drainage of hematoma and endoscopic hematoma removal) is safe and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the clinical treatment evidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) published in recent years, the Chinese Association of Neuroresto rato logy (Preparatory) had revised and updated the "Clinical therapeutic guideline for neurorestoration in spinal cord injury (Chinese version 2016)", and released the "Clinical guidelines for neurorestorative in spinal cord injury (2021 China version)" in March 2021. "2021 China version" provided comprehensive management strategies for SCI, which contains evaluation and diagnosis, pre-hospital first aid, treatment principle, rehabilitation training, and complication management. This paper intends to interpret the revisions and updates of the "2021 China version", and provide treatment standards or references for clinicians and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of brain tumors, especially the malignant brain tumors, has entered in the bottleneck period at present. It is difficult for traditional molecular biology, cell and animal experiments to make a major breakthrough in the treatment of brain tumors, so researchers have turned their attention to the anatomy and pathology of human whole brain tissue. However, the human whole brain tissue which is available for research is extremely deficient. It is of great significance to encourage brain tumors patients to donate organs and establish a standard human brain tissue resource bank of brain tumors (shortened to brain bank) for the research of brain science and providing new treatment ideas for brain tumors, while the construction of brain bank in China started late, with a relatively small scale and relatively slow development. This paper intends to provide guidance for the construction and improvement of brain bank and specific brain tumors related brain bank in China by drawing on the relevant experience of the construction of brain bank in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This paper reports a case of malignant intracranial hypertension, reviews his diagnosis and treatment, and analyzes his etiology, in order to improve the clinicians' cognition of this disease. Methods and Results The patient was a 19-year-old male with subacute onset and chronic course of disease, presenting with amaurosis, headache, neck and shoulder pain, blurred vision and tinnitus disease. Imaging findings showed cerebral venous sinus stenosis (VSS) with obvious pressure difference at both ends of stenosis. However, venous sinus stenting was ineffective. After optic nerve sheath decompression, the symptoms of headache and blurred vision were not significantly improved. Finally, the patient was diagnosed as glioblastoma (WHO IV), and died 8 months after removal of the tumor foci. Conclusions Patients with the pressure difference at both ends of malignant intracranial hypertension with VSS should not take stenting. Clarifying the cause and type of stenosis is very important for correct diagnosis and guide treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare type of stroke with poor prognosis and high mortality. The pathophysiological mechanism of severe CVT at present only focus on the onslaught of CVT as a venous return disorder and fails to elucidate the process of occurrence and development of the disease. Recently, studies on the relationship between severe CVT and inflammation have found that inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of severe CVT, and a variety of inflammatory markers are correlated with its poor prognosis, suggesting that targeted inflammation therapy for severe CVT is a very promising treatment. This paper reviews the basic and clinical research on the relationship between inflammation and severe CVT to understand the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of severe CVT and provide ideas for the development of new treatment strategies for severe CVT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral autoregulation (CA) refers to the ability of the brain to maintain a relatively constant cerebral blood flow (CBF) when arterial blood pressure fluctuates within a wide range. It is an inherent attribute of the brain and an indicator for evaluating brain function. The relationship between cerebral venous system diseases and CA is a new field, and there is less attention at present. This paper intends to focus on the research progress between cerebral venous system disease and CA, so as to provide guidance for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of cell transplantation therapy and gene therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has attracted more and more attention. It has developed from laboratory research tools to clinical products for patients. The purpose of cell transplantation therapy in PD is to replace degenerated midbrain dopamine neurons and restore dopamine neurotransmission in the denervation of the nigrostriatal pathway. Gene therapy works by introducing genetic material to slow down the degeneration of dopamine neurons and restore dopaminergic signaling transduction. Using neurotrophic factor and delivery methods for neurotrophic factor have entered clinical trials. It can also intervene in the pathological process of α-synuclein (α-Syn) mediated neurodegeneration. This paper reviews the latest progress of cell transplantation therapy and gene therapy for PD, and looks forward to the future treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mainly includes the decrease of neurons and synapses, the deposition of the extracellular β-amyloid protein (Aβ), the formation of neuritic plaques (NPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) caused by intracellular tau protein hyperphosphorylation. NPs and NFTs are closely related to the brain cholesterol homeostasis imbalance, suggesting that normal brain cholesterol homeostasis may play a decisive role in the development of AD. This paper reviews the molecular regulation mechanism of brain cholesterol homeostasis imbalance in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP - A) is a novel autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system first reported in 2016. The predominant clinical syndrome of GFAP-A is one or more of meningitis, encephalitis and myelitis. The initial symptoms are fever, headache, disturbance of consciousness and positive meningeal irritation. However, the pathogenesis of GFAP-A is unknown and there are no uniform diagnostic criteria for it. At present, it is generally accepted that positive glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoglobulin G (GFAP-IgG) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the diagnostic standard. The positive predictive value of GFAP-IgG in CSF is higher than that in serum. Cell-based assay (CBA) and tissue-based assay (TBA) are both recommended methods for detecting GFAP-IgG. GFAP-IgG positive in serum and/or CSF is used to distinguish it from other autoimmune diseases in central nervous system, intracranial inflammatory and neoplastic disease. Most patients respond well to steroid therapy although a small number of patients may leave sequelae or relapse. This paper makes a systematic review on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this disease, hoping that this review can deepen clinicians' understanding of the disease, discover and treat the disease in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]