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Analyzes the implementation of strategies to reactivate the Programa de Apoyo de Ingreso Temporal for the poor in Peru. Evaluation of how a political party operates in the municipal level; Improvement of the feasibility of research in urban areas; Incorporation of the workforce into the economy.

Examines the Crusade against Outrelief to determine why poor law unions endorsed it. Effects of the Crusade against Outrelief on the poor; Importance of an understanding of the Crusade.

The relationship between welfare benefit levels and the residential choices of the poor raises two issues for federalism in the United States. Do state benefit levels affect the residential choices of the poor? Do residential choices of the poor affect the level at which a state sets its benefit levels? Empirical studies have seldom studied the interconnection between these two issues. This research estimates simultaneously the mutual effects of welfare benefits and poverty rates while controlling for other economic and political variables. When benefit levels become high, the size of the poverty population increases. Conversely, when poverty rates become high, benefit levels are cut. The findings are consistent with the claim that state-determined benefit levels distort policy and residential choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys of low-income women in Los Angeles County in 1985 and 1986 were used to examine the relative impact of child-bearing motivations versus life circumstances on the intention to have a(nother) child. Future child-bearing intentions are strongly related to current parity level regardless of marital status, race/ethnicity or economic status. Psychological motivating factors predict child-bearing intentions of nulliparous women, but not those of parous women. Multivariate analyses showed that motivation for parenthood and life circumstances combined predicted women's child-bearing intentions 88·6% of the time for nulliparous women, but 73·7% for parous women. These findings suggest that, in a low-income population, the onset of parenthood reduces the relationship between specific motivations for child-bearing and actual child-bearing intentions, and diminishes the ability to predict child-bearing intentions based on both attitudinal and social/structural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The influence of fertility preferences on contraceptive use is examined among a sample of low income, rural Egyptian women. The findings reveal that while overall use of contraceptives was at modest levels, one-third of respondents who wanted no more children were currently practising contraception. Moreover, fertility preference emerged as the strongest predictor of contraception among the series of social and demographic factors examined. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Conventional methods of analysis of poverty assume resources are shared so that each individual in a household/family has the same standard of living. This article measures differences between spouses in a large sample in indicators of deprivation of the type used in recent studies of poverty at household level. The quite limited overall imbalance in measured deprivation in favour of husbands suggests that applying such indicators to individuals will not reveal a substantial reservoir of hidden poverty among wives in non-poor households, nor much greater deprivation among women than men in poor households. This points to the need to develop more sensitive indicators of deprivation designed to measure individual living standards and poverty status, which can fit within the framework of traditional poverty research using large samples. It also highlights the need for clarification of the underlying poverty concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the discussions of the Beveridge Committee of 1942 about the ideas of need and measures of poverty to be used. The evidence shows that the Committee knew very well that its proposed benefit levels were not enough for social participation. The author of the article reviews the concepts of poverty and need used by Beveridge and the members of his committee and uses their detailed working papers to show how they arrived at the conclusions embodied in their report "Social Insurance and Allied Services." The issues are important for reasons beyond the political and academic. The word "poverty" has, of course, a great many meanings in common use. Writers on Beveridge have disagreed in their interpretations of the notions of poverty embodied in Beveridge's recommended benefit scales and one aim of this article is to see what the records themselves suggest. Some commentators have suggested that in 1942 Beveridge used more generous and participatory approaches to the definition of human needs than implied by the minimum subsistence level of "primary poverty."

The identification of the poor in this paper follows that of most contemporary applied work and consists of comparing a scaler indicator of welfare with a predetermined minimum level. The data is provided by the 1985 Family Expenditure Survey. Two measures of welfare are developed, one based on income which reflects the entitlement analysis of poverty and the other on expenditure, reflecting the standard of living. Households ranked very low by expenditure are considerably less likely to be ranked highly by income than vice versa. Further doubt on the rankings suggested by the income measure is provided by ownership of consumer durables. The expenditure measure suggests that the number of poor retired individuals is more than three times that implied by the income measure. The instability of the latter measure suggests that more confidence can be placed on assertions based on evidence employing the expenditure measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor pay more than the non-poor for many consumer products, and this disparity seems to be ignored by such consumer protection regulation as disclosure laws. Indeed, several lines of argument suggest that the poor will not benefit from disclosure regulation either because they lack the ability to use information effectively ("market irrationality") or because they are restricted to particularly flawed markets and products ("separate markets/products") This paper examines income stratification in the used car markets in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. We found that the poor did pay more for used cars, got less redress for defects discovered after purchase, and were less satisfied and more likely to believe something was misrepresented. Differences in product quality did not account for these results because the patterns persisted even after the model, age, and price of the purchased vehicles were held constant. Further, no evidence was found for "market irrationality" among the poor. No income-differences were seen in buyers' discovery of defects before or after purchase, and low-income buyers complained at higher rates, albeit with less success, than did higher-income buyers. Furthermore, the adoption of disclosure regulation in Wisconsin did not increase or decrease price discrimination against the poor. These findings point to the need for more research on the causes of price discrimination and more attention to the problems of the poor in the design and implementation of consumer protection regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mainsteam poverty analysis is deficient because it ignores important within-household aspects. This point has been made by many, and stressed by feminists especially, yet mainstream poverty measurement practice remains unchanged. Why is this? What should we be doing? This paper examines anew the case for taking within-household factors into account in poverty measurement. The analysis reveals a number of unresolved issues including some problems with recent feminist arguments, but concludes that there is a good case for changing current practice. To demonstrate that this is feasible, four research projects are described. These are my agenda for action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from the authors' qualitative study of decision-making in low income households casts new light on council house sales in a least-favoured housing estate. Under pressure from rising rents and rumours of privatisation, poor tenants are deciding to buy their houses as a way of securing their future in the area and controlling their personal environment, rather than as an escape from a residual `ghetto' of welfare housing. This raises a number of issues in relation to current theories about housing tenure, especially those which distinguish sharply between the material and ideological bases of owner occupation and local authority tenancy. The authors argue that their respondents' reasons for wanting to buy do not constitute a rejection of collectivism as much as an attempt to preserve the endangered advantages of their situation on the estate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs related to social policy in the U.S. in 1989. According to data from the Low Pay Unit and the Child Poverty Action Group, the total number of people living on or below the poverty line has increased by 55% between 1979 and 1985 to 9.4 million. Meanwhile, a report from the U.S. National Audit Office has concluded that there was little evident of any improvement in the quality of service provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Social Services.

The article discusses the etymology of park gate lodge as a building type in England. It states that the park gate lodge is an experimental design of wealthy patrons and architects applicable for permutations of small house for lowly persons. Sir Robert Walpole rearranged the South Gate village into farmhouse and pyramidal roofed cottages that left the lodges unguarded. The lodges anticipate spatial variety and ornamental excess of the houses of nineteenth and twentieth century suburban bourgeoisie.

Background: The roofless have not been previously surveyed in detail looking specifically at their psychiatric status.Method: All roofless people in a discrete area were interviewed in their 'skippers' using a semi-structured interview. Other roofless people helped in case finding and diagnostic validity was confirmed using a computerised case register.Results: Sixty-five people were interviewed. High rates of substance abuse (n = 48, 75%), and very low rates of psychotic illness (n = 2, 3%) were found. High rates of serious physical morbidity, of imprisonment and of being the victim of a crime were found.Conclusion: The roofless have multiple severe medical, social, and psychiatric problems. These all must be addressed when considering the provision of services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the causes and effects of the American New Left's attraction for the oppressed and downtrodden. New Left versus Old Left; C. Wright Mills' derision over `labor metaphysic'; Marxism as language of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); Emergence of polarized capitalism as forecasted in `The Communist Manifesto'; Effective social change versus `radical honesty.'

An essay is presented on the support system for meeting basic human needs. It offers a history on the issue of such needs and how these affect those subjects who desperately need it, particularly the poor. The author discusses the three key terms associated with human needs including basic needs, sustainable growth and international support system, in which human needs are analyzed as either subjective requirements or as objective goods that satisfy the necessities of subjects.

Examines the post-bellum South's poor relative per capital income performance. Classes of income performance; Treatment of slaves; Influence of racism on economic development.

Focuses on how Mark Blaug interpreted the Old Poor Law in England which reflects the public welfare system. Social implications of the law; Discussion on agricultural labor and productivity.

Berkeley, California, is a compact city of 111,268 residents, housed within 9.7 square miles, with a resulting population density of 11,471 per square mile, one of the highest in northern California. The "Flats," encompassing the western two-thirds of the city, is a low-lying area containing the city's major business and industrial areas. Here, too, live the vast majority of Berkeley's minority groups and low-income families. The "Hills," which comprises the eastern one-third, is solidly residential, predominantly Caucasian, and generally expensive. Bisecting the Hills and stretching briefly into the Flats is the University of California, Berkeley's major, landmark. Like its sister-cities of San Francisco and Oakland, Berkeley experienced a population loss in the decade 1950-60, falling 2.2% from 113,805 to 111,268. Much of this diminution was undoubtedly due to the boom of the war years which increased the population, but much can also be attributed to the general flight of Caucasians to the suburbs. By contrast, while the African American population in 1940 was 3,395, in 1950 it was 13,289 and in 1960 it was 21,850. Similarly, Berkeley's Oriental population increased from 1,895 in 1940 to 7,337 in 1960.

This report is based on a survey of recent social science and legal literature supplemented by exploratory observations of the dealings of various agencies with the poor, and by selected interviews with attorneys and other legal functionaries. Examination of these materials confirms the widespread impression that the poor are less likely than the rich to enjoy the benefits and protections accorded by the law. Four aspects of the problem are considered: The character of the law as it concerns the poor; The treatment of the poor by courts and other legal agencies; The legal representation received by the poor; and finally, the capacity of the poor to use the legal system. The poor generally obtain less protection from the law than the rich. It seems clear from the literature that they have no less need for such protection. Even a brief catalogue suggests that they have many grievances that are proper matters for legal consideration. To begin with, the poor are frequently in market situations where illegal practices prevail.

The article presents information on a report about the family care of the insane poor in England and Wales, that has been published within the journal. The report states that the concept of family care is not very popular in England. It discusses the condition of insane poor who are deprived of family care. The law of the country and society does not recognize its duty towards the care of the insane. It also states that the subjects related to the duty of curing the victims of a mental disorder and of securing kindly and sufficient care for such people have not been sufficiently understood in the region.

High producers are motivated to hunt in spite of high levels of sharing because the transfers come from absolutely larger amounts of resource. In the context of a generalized cooperative subsistence strategy, stinginess could provoke the withdrawal of cooperative partners and result in a loss of income. Good producers could have more to lose by not sharing than poor producers would. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmer P (Sen A, foreword). Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2003. U$27.50, hardcover, 402 pp. ISBN 0-520-23550-9 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including diversity in mental health policies, mental health needs of people in developing countries, and psychiatric services.

Social commentators in the early decades of the nineteenth century considered the 'poor classes' to be a homogenous sub-group of society dependent on parish poor relief. Whilst in recent decades studies of the Old Poor Law have added much to our understandings of the complexity of poor relief practices, the concept of dependency has proved remarkably durable. This article challenges this central assumption by focusing upon the very individuals who constituted this supposedly homogenous dependent group. The relief histories of eight individuals from two cohorts who resided in the Dorset parish of Motcombe are (re)constructed and linked to demographic data to produce detailed biographies. On the basis of these biographies it is argued that even in north Dorset, where opportunities for employment and alternative forms of subsistence were few, 'the poor' experienced complex fluctuations of dependence on, and independence from, poor relief. It is also shown that traditional assumptions about the factors prompting relief, including the expansion of the family, did not have a uniform impact on all individuals. Such a methodology also makes it possible to explore how the parish managed to respond to the differing and similar needs of individuals. It is thus stressed that instead of following one policy for all, parish officials applied and tailored relief to suit each individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a report for biodiversity, titled "Stern Report," that finds that living standards along the poor may halve as intact ecosystems begin to disintegrate. The current rates of biodiversity loss may decrease global gross domestic product by c.7% by 2050. However, the impacts of the loss will be felt by the world's 1.5 billion poor. The report also admits that costs relating to the loss of certain ecosystems are hardly known.

The article reports on a decrease in the consumption of beer and spirits in Great Britain since 1899. The beer consumption was 32.2 gallons per head of the population in 1899-1900 but in 1905-1906 it had decreased to 27.9 gallons per head. The spirit consumption has also decreased each year from 1.17 gallons per head to .90 gallons per head. Several factors that are attributable to the abuse of alcoholic drinks include pauperism, crime and insanity. It is possible that the reduction may be due only to the greater moderation from necessity or improved habits of the middle and upper classes.

The article discusses about Edith Seller's article entitled "Shifting Scenes in Rural Workhouses," which describes the classification of the inmates of workhouses. The author provided examples of the abuses that were existing in workhouses. He emphasized that one of the workhouses consisted of twelve men, two of whom were murderers, one was a repulsive lunatic. He likewise asserted that two women can be seen in one small workhouse, where one of these women was imbecile. The author stressed that one institution between the workhouse on the one hand and the prison or lunatic asylum on the other hand must be available for the poor of any district.

The article looks at the field of psychiatry in Great Britain in 1897. The London County Council has encountered difficulties in dealing with the increasing numbers of insane patients. The Asylum Committee has required to exercise skill, tact, discretion in no ordinary degree. A new asylum is to be built in Edinburgh, and order has been issued by the General Board of Lunacy dividing the former Edinburgh City Lunacy District into two new districts. The article reports on the insufficiency of the accommodation for the pauper insane.