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Objective: The main objective was to investigate the association of household food insecurity (HFI) with child oral health. A secondary objective was to explore potential dietary and non-dietary mediators of the HFI-child oral health relationship.Design: Cross-sectional data from the nationally representative Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey (2018) were analysed. The data included self-reported child oral health, HFI (Food Insecurity Experience Scale), diet (FFQ) and oral care behaviours (toothbrushing frequency, toothpaste use). The association of HFI with the reported number of oral health problems was examined with stereotype logistic regression. Parallel mediation analysis was used to explore potential dietary (highly fermentable carbohydrate foods, plain water) and non-dietary (toothbrushing) mediators of the HFI-oral health relationship. Bias-corrected standard errors and 95 % CI were obtained using non-parametric bootstrapping (10 000 repetitions). Effect size was measured by percent mediation (PM).Setting: Ecuador.Participants: 5-17-year-old children (n 23 261).Results: HFI affected 23 % of child households. 38·5 % of children have at least one oral health problem. HFI was associated with a greater number of oral health problems: 1-2 problems (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1·37; 95 % CI (1·15, 1·58); P = 0·0001), 3-4 problems (AOR = 2·21; 95 % CI (1·98, 2·44); P = 0·0001), 5-6 problems (AOR = 2·57; 95 % CI (2·27, 2·88); P = 0·0001). The HFI-oral health relationship was partially mediated by highly fermentable carbohydrate foods (PM = 4·3 %), plain water (PM = 1·8 %) and toothbrushing frequency (PM = 3·3 %).Conclusions: HFI was associated with poorer child oral health. The HFI-oral health relationship was partially mediated by dietary and non-dietary factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to replicate our findings and investigate the role of other potential mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evaluating the association of water intake and hydration status with nephrolithiasis risk at the population level.Design: It is a cross-sectional study in which daily total plain water intake and total fluid intake were estimated together with blood osmolality, urine creatinine, urine osmolality, urine flow rate (UFR), free water clearance (FWC) and urine/blood osmolality ratio (Uosm:Bosm). The associations of fluid intake and hydration markers with nephrolithiasis were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.Setting: General US population.Participants: A total of 8195 adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2009-2012 cycles.Results: The population medians (interquartile ranges, IQR) for daily total plain water intake and total fluid intake were 807 (336-1481) and 2761 (2107-3577) ml/d, respectively. The adjusted OR (95 % CI) of nephrolithiasis for each IQR increase in total plain water intake and total fluid intake were 0·92 (95 % CI 0·79, 1·06) and 0·84 (95 % CI 0·72, 0·97), respectively. The corresponding OR of nephrolithiasis for UFR, blood osmolality, Uosm:Bosm and urine creatinine were 0·87 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·99), 1·18 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·32), 1·38 (95 % CI 1·17, 1·63) and 1·27 (95 % CI 1·11, 1·45), respectively. A linear protective relationship of fluid intake, UFR and FWC with nephrolithiasis risk was observed. Similarly, positive dose-response associations of nephrolithiasis risk with markers of insufficient hydration were identified. Encouraging a daily water intake of >2500 ml/d and maintaining a urine output of 2 l/d was associated with a lower prevalence of nephrolithiasis.Conclusion: This study verified the beneficial role of general water intake recommendations in nephrolithiasis prevention in the general US population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Hydration is a particular concern for infants and young children due to their greater risk of dehydration. However, studies on their water intakes are scarce. The current survey aimed to analyse total water intake (TWI) in non-breastfed children aged 0·5-35 months compared with the adequate intake (AI) for the same age group set by the European Food Safety Authority and to examine the different contributors to TWI as well as beverage consumption patterns.

Objective: To study the quantity and quality of water intake from beverages among pre-schoolers and investigate associations with gender and socio-economic status (SES).Design: Kindergarten-based cross-sectional survey within the large-scale European ToyBox-study. A standardized protocol was used and parents/caregivers filled in sociodemographic data and a semi-quantitative FFQ.Setting: Kindergartens in six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain).Subjects: European pre-schoolers (aged 3·5-5·5 years) and their parents/caregivers (n 7051).Results: Mean water intake was 1051 ml/d; plain water, 547 ml/d; plain milk, 241 ml/d; other fruit juice, 104 ml/d; pure fruit juice, 59 ml/d; soft drinks, 55 ml/d; tea, 45 ml/d; sugared and chocolate milk, 37 ml/d; smoothies, 15 ml/d; and light soft drinks, 6 ml/d. Boys had a higher water intake than girls due to a higher consumption of plain water, but more importantly to the consumption of beverages of less quality. Lower-SES pre-schoolers scored better on quantity than high-SES pre-schoolers, but as a consequence of consumption of sugared beverages. Nevertheless, the associations differed by country.Conclusions: The water intake from beverages did not meet the European Food Safety Authority standard of 1280 ml/d; especially in Western European countries water intake from beverages was low. The most important water sources were plain water, milk and fruit juices. Interventions aiming at a proper and sufficient water intake should focus on both quantity and quality. Messages about water and water sources should be clear for everyone and interventions should be sufficiently tailored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Food Safety Authority’s 2010 scientific opinion on dietary reference values for total water intakes was partly based on observed intakes in population groups. Large variability was observed, and it is unlikely that these differences can be explained by differences in climate, activity level and/or culture. This suggests that there are uncertainties in the methodologies used to assess water intake from food and fluids, including all types of beverages. To determine current methods for recording and reporting total water, beverages and fluid intakes, twenty-one European countries were surveyed using an electronic questionnaire. In total, twelve countries responded and ten completed surveys were summarised. Countries reported that their survey was representative of the population in terms of age and socio-economic status. However, a variety of methods were used – that is, repeated 24-h recalls, estimated food diaries and FFQ. None of the methods were validated to assess water and fluid intakes. The methods used to record liquid foods – for example, soup and diluted drinks – were inconsistent. Clarity and consistency on definitions of categories of beverages to facilitate comparisons between countries are needed. Recommendations for a unified approach to surveying and quantifying intake of water from fluids and foods are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ObjectiveWater is an essential nutrient overlooked in many cross-cultural studies of human nutrition. The present article describes dietary water intake patterns among forager-horticulturalist adults in lowland Bolivia, compares daily intake with international references and examines if variation in how people acquire water relates to gastrointestinal illness.DesignCross-sectional observational study used survey, anthropometric and qualitative methods with Tsimane’ adults selected by age and sex stratification sampling in one community.SettingResearch occurred in one Tsimane’ village in the Beni department, Bolivia with limited access to clean water. The 24 h diet and health recalls were conducted in July–August 2012 and qualitative interviews/ethnographic observation in September–October 2013.SubjectsForty-five Tsimane’ household heads (49 % men) took part in the first data collection and twenty-two Tsimane’ (55 % men) were included in the follow-up interviews.ResultsMen and women reported consuming 4·9 litres and 4·4 litres of water daily from all dietary sources, respectively. On average, water from foods represented 50 % of total water intake. Thirteen per cent of participants reported symptoms of gastrointestinal illness. In a logistic regression model adjusted for age, BMI, sex and raw water consumed, each percentage increase in water obtained from foods was associated with a reduced risk of gastrointestinal illness (OR=0·92; 95 % CI 0·85, 0·99).ConclusionsBoth total water intake and percentage of water from foods were higher than averages in industrialized countries. These findings suggest that people without access to clean water may rely on water-rich foods as a dietary adaptation to reduce pathogen exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analysed the anatomical structure of the seed coats, identified the location of water uptake and evaluated the effects of alternating temperatures and heat treatment on the breaking of physical dormancy of two species of Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae), Cassia leptophylla and Senna macranthera, from the Atlantic forest of Brazil. The seed coats of both species consisted of a cuticle (extra-hilar region) or remaining funicle region (hilar region), subcuticular layer, palisade layer with lignin, osteosclereids, sclerified parenchyma and white cells. The palisade layer was formed by elongated macrosclereids with a light line of callose. In thermally scarified seeds of C. leptophylla, water entered through the micropylar canal, and in S. macranthera the water entered through the lens. Alternating temperatures that ranged from 15 to 30°C did not break physical dormancy of either species; however, exposure to 50°C broke seed hardcoatedness, allowing the entrance of water in both species. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of silage characteristics on water intake of lactating dairy cows and to examine the prediction of water intake. Sixteen grass silages, differing in fermentation and intake characteristics, were offered ad libitum to dairy cows in early lactation supplemented with 7 kg/day of concentrate (13·3 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM) and 216 g crude protein per kg DM). Four silages were offered in each of four incomplete change-over design experiments, consisting of three 3-week periods. Water intakes were recorded through individual Kent water meters and press water bowls over the final week of each period. Tree (drinking) water intake ranged from 20·1 to 89·9 (mean = 45·2; s.d. = 12·96) I/day whilst total water intake (also including food water) ranged from 48·4 to 123·8 (mean = 87·3; s.d. = 14·12) I/day. Water intake increased with increasing silage DM concentration, however free water replaced silage water at a rate less than 1. Milk yield and silage D value (digestible organic matter, g/kg DM) were strongly positively correlated with free water intake (r = 0·751 and 0·595 respectively), though fermentation indices were not good single predictors of water intake. Further analysis revealed problems owing to collinearity within the predictors of water intake: DM intake, silage D value and milk yields being significantly correlated, as were pH and volatile fatty acids as a proportion of total fermentation acids. The ridge regression technique was used to reduce collinearity problems and produce stable equations. The best prediction equations for water intake involved a combination of both animal and analytical information: diet DM concentration, milk yield and silage pH. The use of fermentation information, whether from titration or high-performance liquid chromatography did not describe real variation in water intake beyond that described by silage pH. Free water intake was higher with higher diet DM concentrations, higher milk yields and higher silage pH. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]