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This article explores de facto displacement and negative emplacement dynamics in the borderlands of the de facto state of Abkhazia. The uncertain status of de facto states creates a vulnerable, disenfranchised and rearranged post-conflict environment for ethnic minorities that are deemed unwanted remnants of the conflict. I make two arguments: First, de facto displacement is a situation of displacement where the displaced do not physically move away but where the landscape around them together with the sociopolitical situation significantly changes almost overnight. Second, that this displacement comes with negative emplacement in which a person and/or group is negatively set in place in a physical and social sense within the newly created reality of the de facto state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present an analysis of the categorization of foreigners (aliens) seeking international protection in the European Union from the perspective of the European paradigm of the protection of aliens. Firstly, semantic issues related to understanding the concept of 'foreigners' will be presented. This element of the analysis will be crucial for further considerations, as by delineating definitional boundaries, it will determine the picture of identifiable categories of foreigners. Secondly, an outline of European Union legislation forming the legal basis for the main analysis will be presented. Attention will be focused on legal acts from which general and specific categories of foreigners seeking international protection in the European Union can be interpreted. Thirdly, general categories will be presented along with an explanation of their functions in law. Fourthly, specific categories will be presented along with an explanation of their functions in law at the stage of qualification, reception, and procedure. This paper will conclude with a concise summary containing recommendations and other conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voting is predominantly understood through resident citizens' viewpoints. Many resident citizens are nervous about the perceived consequences of voting by resident noncitizens. Although New Zealand is the only Western democratic host country that currently allows noncitizens to vote in national elections, citizens have concerns about how noncitizens use this right. This study investigates noncitizen voting from noncitizens' viewpoints, by exploring the journeys and experiences of Sri Lankan immigrants in New Zealand. Based on 26 interviews with Sri Lankans in Auckland and Wellington, the study found two dimensions—temporal and transnational—that shape immigrants' views in a different way from those of resident citizen voters. Building on Bridget Anderson's methodological de-nationalism, the study suggests that we need to recognise the differences between resident citizens and resident noncitizens in order not to homogenise groups and wrongly assume that they share motives and behavioural and decision-making patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caglioti elaborates how WWI spotlighted loyalty, attachment, origins, and patriotism, all of which influenced legal frameworks for nationality, during and beyond WWI. (Cambridge University Press, 2020), isbn 9781108776493, 460 pp, AUD$ 62.95 Daniela L. Caglioti's comprehensive book, I War and Citizenship: Enemy Aliens and National Belonging from the French Revolution to the First World War i promises a 'world history of what it meant to be an alien, and in particular an enemy alien' during World War I (WWI) (p 1). [Extracted from the article]

The arena of education known as 'international schooling' has grown enormously, from a body of 2,500 schools in 2000 to almost 13,500 by 2022. By 2019, China had emerged as having the most schools delivering a non-national curriculum in English outside of an English-speaking nation. The arena continues to be dominated by British and North American educators. One enduring aspect of workplace reality is the short-term contract, normally of between two and three years. The field is acknowledged to be inherently precarious and insecure, with high levels of turnover, and a bleak 'negative' lens of imagination has always persisted. This paper focuses attention on the lived experiences of expatriate teachers among the growing body of 'non-traditional international schools' that might be best termed 'Chinese Internationalised Schools'. Through in-depth phenomenological interviewing of six expatriate teachers, the reality of 'short-termism' was examined. Whilst the findings highlighted, as expected, the negative aspects of short-term employment, the findings also identify many positive outcomes. These include opportunities for developing resilience, agency, and reinvention. This offers scope for a new vision, based upon the accumulation of 'resilience', which helps to explain the continuous growth of the arena despite the presence of precarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I American Sutra i richly describes the role of Buddhism in the lives of Japanese Americans during World War Two and, to a lesser extent, the importance of World War Two in the development of American Buddhism. Chapter 6, "Reinventing American Buddhism", contains William's argument that the camp experience was a crucial element in the transformation of Japanese American Buddhism into a more distinctly American religion rather than an overseas offshoot of Japanese Buddhism. In short, Buddhism disappears from view, paradoxically, due to the same underlying presumption of America as a white and Christian nation that contributed to the wartime incarceration of Japanese Americans in the first place. p. 4 Sadly, Williams never furthers this provocative and important claim. Duncan Ryuken William's I American Sutra: A Story of Faith and Freedom in the Second World War i is a carefully researched and artfully told account of the importance of Buddhism to the Japanese American wartime experience. [Extracted from the article]

One important theme that has emerged recently in research concerning exile, migration, and return-migration is the concept of "belonging", a concept that is quickly destabilising the emphasis on identity. This article will demonstrate the heuristic significance of research concerning belonging for Biblical scholars, focusing on the negative stereotypical identity labels, "the foreigner" and "the eunuch" in Isaiah 56:1–8. It will emphasise the crucial importance of using clear and differentiated analytical language and will illustrate how doing so enables us to perceive new nuances and shades of meaning in the Biblical text. We will emphasise the importance of elective attachment in Isaiah 56:1–8 and will emphasise the significance of recognising that identity labels such as "foreigner" are constructed and unstable. The article surveys material concerning belonging and demonstrates its significance for rethinking and reframing the polemic against ethnic entitlement and exclusionary language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the impact of N.D. and N.T. v. Spain on the ECHR system. The case deals with the immediate return of aliens at Melilla's border fence. Based on conceptual analysis, the author submits to critical scrutiny the arguments developed by the ECtHR. The Court's reasoning is framed within the riveting interdisciplinary debate on external border control. The Grand Chamber's final decision reduces the scope of the protection offered by Article 4 Protocol 4, for it introduces a highly indeterminate exception to the prohibition of summary returns at the border. The author suggests that this solution might favor non-entrée strategies and promote the current trend of externalizing the asylum procedures. Introducing broad exceptions to the prohibition of collective expulsion, especially if coupled with strong presumptions in favor of States, increases the effectiveness of border walls qua accountability waivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unpublished document from late thirteenth-century Paris contains evidence of a Jewish-Christian public confrontation, on the one hand, and of Jewish-Christian economic criminal collaboration on the other. Using methods of micro-history, this article traces the story of Merot the Jew and his father-in-law, Benoait of St. Denis, who were caught attempting to smuggle merchandise by way of the River Seine. Their story is told in a verdict handed down by the parloir de Paris , the municipal judicial authority in charge of economic infractions. The parloir decreed the complete confiscation of Merot and Benoait's merchandise on the grounds that "they were foreigners." Taking this terminology as a point of departure, this paper tackles broader socio-economic aspects of belonging and foreignness among medieval Parisian Jews, and asks: in what ways were Jews considered "foreigners" in late thirteenth-century Paris? What were the implications of such a designation, and how did these perceptions change in the years leading up to the expulsion of 1306? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue engages the historical and contemporary heterogeneity of the Gulf, which was a transcultural space long before the discovery of oil. Over the past two decades, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates have actively begun to harness the media's power, while at the same time grassroots productions—online, through social media and in regional festivals—reframe assumptions about film and visual media. With resident expatriate population comprising up to 90 percent of the population in Gulf states, film and visual media complicate conventional frameworks derived from area studies, such as 'Arab media', 'Middle Eastern and North African cinema', or 'South Asian film'. These articles also unsettle the modernist divisions of media into distinct categories, such as broadcast television and theatrical exhibition, and consider forms that move between professional and nonprofessional media, and between private and semi-public spaces, including the transmedia spaces of theme parks and shooting locations. Articles examine the subjects of early photography in Kuwait, the role of Oman TV as a broadcaster of Indian films into Pakistan, representations of disability and gender in Kuwaiti musalsalat , tribal uses of social media, and videos produced by South Asian and Southeast Asian expatriates, including second-generation expatriates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the role of intimate social ties and community in the processes of homemaking and social integration of highly skilled migrants who are members of the local international Catholic community in Brno, Czech Republic. We use the concepts of bonding and bridging social capital developed by Michael W. Foley and Dean R. Hoge and follow their attention to the effects of the worship communities' organizational culture on migrants' integration. In the article, we show that the Catholic community mediates its members' homemaking efficiently by providing them with rich bonding social capital, generated through close social ties in the community. However, it does not provide them with enough bridging social capital, and their social integration, thus, remains restricted to the company of international fellows. We compare it with the strategies of homemaking used by settling migrants who have integrated more successfully into the Czech social environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How the church thinks about food has everything to do with her politics of immigration. Ruth's story is one of gratefully receiving the other over a table of food. This is put in the context of what Patrick Deneen calls late modern liberalism's 'liberal anti-culture'. Foreigners in American contexts are mere items of consumption like the food we eat. We do not receive food with gratitude, so we do not receive the foreigner with gratitude. Ruth's story is presented as a eucharistic liturgy that the church can perform, speaking blessings over foreigners as they are invited to eat a morsel of bread, take a sip of wine, and participate in community potlucks. A response follows which engages issues of multiculturalism, double-distancing of immigrants, Ruth's contribution to the meal at the table, and the eucharist as a space-making event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the vivencias en la vida cotidiana (everyday lived experiences) of undocumented youth activists in the USA at the intersection where dislocated "bare lives" encounter the hegemonic sovereign power of the nation-state (Agamben 1998). As nearly 2.1 million undocumented immigrant youth in the United States face the precarious reality of "learning to be illegal" (Gonzales 2011) and the threat of "deportability" (De Genova and Peutz 2010), a growing movement of undocumented youth fight for the dignity and liberation of their community while the light of their activism illuminates the majority who remain in the shadows. Based on three years of ethnographic research and action within the undocumented youth activist movement, this article utilizes a dialogical framework through collaborative and participatory based research methods to examine the theological dimensions of "illegal" and "bare" lives on the margins lived between the borders of citizenship and human dignity, between nation-states and the kingdom of God. The research and writing are grounded in a methodological and theological praxis with the marginalized, embodied most poignantly in the co-authors collaborative work and friendship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against Lévi-Strauss' contention that writing and, subsequently, violence find its way into Nambikwara society only through foreigners and from the outside, Derrida argues that their interdiction to use proper names is testimony to the fact that its members know the violence associated with naming. The paper discusses arche-writing as a most elementary form of writing, and the violence associated with it, as the condition of possibility for naming, and thus for relating to the Other to begin with. Furthermore, it elaborates on the two other kinds of violence that derive from the violence of naming, namely, reparatory violence and violence in the common sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 12 of Council Directive 2004/114/EC of 13 December 2004 on the conditions of admission of third-country nationals for the purposes of studies, pupil exchange, unremunerated training or voluntary service must be interpreted as meaning that the Member State concerned is obliged to admit to its territory a third-country national who wishes to stay for more than three months in that territory for study purposes, where that national meets the conditions for admission exhaustively listed in Articles 6 and 7 of that directive and provided that that Member State does not invoke against that person one of the grounds expressly listed by the directive as justification for refusing a residence permit. This case report is an elaborated version of my annotation under CJEU 10 September 2014, C-491/13 (Ben Alaya) in Jurisprudentie Vreemdelingenrecht 2014/345 (a Dutch case lawjournal on aliens law). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexuality-based refugee claims constitute an expanding area of legal practice and scholarship. This expansion in the field of refugee law mirrors international efforts to address homophobia in various sites around the globe, and in legal terms, this has predominantly taken the form of rights-based protections, such as decriminalising same-sex sexual acts as a matter of civil and political rights. The strategies of addressing sex-, gender- and sexuality-based oppression in the context of free movement on one hand and constitutional protections on the other share a common set of tensions and dilemmas, and both risk re-inscribing fundamental aspects of the very violence that they each seek to address. This article asks what it might mean to " queer" refugee law, particularly in the context of its dynamic relationship with the discourse of decriminalisation. The article takes forward the centrality of sexual politics within the moral economy of migration regulation and attempts to approach it with the methodological impulse and transformative potential that " queer" suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a decade, the Council of Europe has expressed deep concern over irregular migrants' poor access to basic social rights. With this in mind, I consider the extent to which the European Convention on Human Rights can contribute to protect irregular migrants in the social sphere. To this end, I consider the role of international supervisory bodies in social rights adjudication and discuss the suitability of international adjudication as a means to uphold irregular migrants' social rights. Having reached the conclusion that international adjudication can help protect irregular migrants' social rights, I examine the ' social dimension' of the European Convention on Human Rights and the significance that the European Court of Human Rights attaches to immigration status. I posit that the importance that the Court attaches to resource and immigration policy considerations in N v. United Kingdom significantly constrains the ability of the European Convention on Human Rights to afford irregular migrants protection in the social sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adopts a critical approach in analysing restriction as a response to the refugee in policy and legal scholarship, EU migration policy hinders territorial access and poses methodological and epistemological challenges to progressively minded policy-makers and researchers. Contesting migration control means, crudely, arguing for removing restrictions or accepting them and advocating incremental protection improvements. This choice creates three conditions resulting in the refugee's desertion. First, "legal idolisers", who cling to protective laws, overlooking their exclusive function and second, "pragmatist-realists", who argue a realist approach to restriction is necessary to further protection. Consequently, the field becomes vulnerable to opportunistic research designed to be palatable to policy-makers. This creates, thirdly, a sinking ship for those arguing for the removal of restrictions. Mainstream scholarship and public debate paint migration control critics as adopting a "cuddle policy" towards "illegals" and abstract the migration discourse from structures of domination and questions of historical injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this article is to analyze the mechanisms used by Catholic Church authorities during the early modern period to control and repress heresies, as well as the ways in which foreign heretics were converted and eventually assimilated into local society when they came to Rome. Generally speaking, papal policies encouraged foreigners to hide their religious identity, with the aim of giving a superficial appearance of assimilation, in order to avoid any scandal. Although the guidelines established in papal bulls did allow for some exceptions, the high risk of being expelled or persecuted encouraged foreigners to present themselves before the Holy Office and disavow their religious beliefs. Their confessions before the tribunal were filed by the officials of the Inquisition according to stereotypes that filtered the memories of foreigners. How "genuine" were these stories? Do they simply respond to the expectations and manipulative tactics of the judges? The fragile boundary between true and false, between biography and autobiography, poses a question, one that always underlies any study on religious conversion: to what extent can we analyze the "real" motivations underlying any religious conversion? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Strasbourg case-law demonstrates a clear tendency to protect aliens through interim measures in case of imminent deportation. Usually but not uniquely those persons claim(ed) before the supervisory organs to be in a situation of extreme gravity in case of forcible return to their country of origin because they can be subject to the death penalty, life imprisonment, persecution for their political activities, deprived of medicine/adequate medical treatment. This contribution explores which typologies of cases have led the European Commission and Court to apply interim measures in those situations, as well as which rights and freedoms have been protected thereby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to clarify the circumstances in the process of formation of the first new Chinatown in Japan situated in Ikebukuro, Tokyo, comparing it with the Three Big Chinatowns of Yokohama, Kobe and Nagasaki known as old Chinatowns. For this purpose, the increase in the number of Chinese newcomers in Japan is examined first. This is followed by an analysis of the development of ethnic businesses run by the Chinese newcomers and their relationship with the local Japanese community i.e. the host society. Ikebukuro Chinatown serves as a test case for problems relating to the presence of foreign residents in Japan and the extent to which they can be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses anthropological research on Chinese and Evenki people in East Siberia, Russia. The fieldwork focuses on Chinese ethos in the context of the local people also being foreigners. The double perspective of these local Chinese, their business and friendship relations with the Evenki, and their ability to shift between flexible and long-term frames in their social interaction are discussed. The relationships are analyzed using a cybernetic approach which represents them as the product of a self-regulating communication system. The reciprocity concept of researcher Marshall Sahlins is discussed.

As the EU becomes the focal point of immigration in the world, it faces a growing number of irregular immigrants in addition to regular immigrants. In order to improve the management of its external borders, the EU tries to cooperate with the migrants’ countries of origin and of transit. Among the legal instruments available, one of the foremost are the so-called “readmission agreements” which facilitate the removal of migrants who are irregularly present on the parties’ soil. This article assesses the use of EC readmission agreements as a prime instrument of the external dimension of the EU’s fight against irregular immigration and argues that these agreements have become instruments of first importance but without necessarily being of greatest relevance. The analysis starts with a systematic approach, looking at readmission agreements in the context of the other existing tools used by the EU institutions and also in the context of the readmission cooperation existing with third states. Then, the analysis considers the legal issues relating to the conclusion of EC readmission agreements and the challenges highlighted by the determination of their contents. This article also discusses the question of the outcome of the implementation of these agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After protracted negotiations, in June 2008, agreement between the European Parliament and the Council cleared the way for the adoption of the Directive setting out common standards and procedures in the Member States for returning irregularly staying third country nationals (the Returns Directive). While its impact in terms of harmonising national legal frameworks can be questioned, from the Member States' point of view the agreed standards will underpin their common efforts at removing a higher number of irregular immigrants. From the point of view of immigrants, it will mean longer pre-removal detention periods and a ban on re-entering legally the Union's territory for the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the abundance of literature on international regimes, little attention has been given to how they are funded and the impact of funding on regime performance. This article examines how donor funding has affected the underlying principle of protection in the international refugee regime. It focuses on the case of Tanzania, where refugee protection standards have declined consistently over the past twelve years, and argues that a shortage of funding within the regime has contributed to the shift in government policy in several ways. To the extent that funding cuts have had an influence on declining protection standards, this case suggests that resource shortages may cause practice within an international regime to become inconsistent with its underlying principles, thus weakening the overall regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the role of foreigners in biblical and Greek prophecy and shows how words against foreigners or foreign people are used to reaffirm one's own (i.e Israelite or Greek) ethnicity or group identity. Oracles against foreigners have to be located in the context of (imagined or actual) war and tend to imply salvation for the group who hears these words. Here, a few short characterizations of the foreigners are used that tend to evoke stereotypical images. Whether the knowledge of the other is historically accurate or based on concrete encounters is, however, not important for the authors of such words since the salvation of the own group is the determining feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the diplomatic protection of person under the nationality of claims in international law. In order for the state to exert diplomatic protection for a person, he must be a citizen of that particular country at the time of commission of the internationally wrongful act and remains to be a citizen of that State until it takes up his claim. If a new citizen of a particular state committed an internationally wrongful act before the date of succession, the previous state is the one who will exercise diplomatic protection for the person. Also discussed are the details of the issue.

There is little evidence that ethnic or national differences caused significant problems among mixed crews on English ships, in part because foreign sailors represented a small minority on these vessels. Even so, other aspects of life aboard English ships also encouraged cooperation, including strict shipboard discipline, adherence to a maritime law code recognized by sailors throughout the Atlantic and northern seas, the use of French as the lingua franca of maritime law, and the universal currency supplied by recourse to commonly recognized gestures and sounds to denote shipboard tasks and maritime actions. Ashore, foreign mariners in England faced more problems, particularly if they were subjects or allies of the king of France during periods of Anglo-French conflict. Seamen victimized by shipwrecks, changing truces, privateering, and piracy were also vulnerable, though there were more instances of peaceful coexistence than hostility and violence. The long periods of conflict between England and France, moreover, gave birth to special ransoming arrangements for mariners between individual port towns on both sides of the English Channel, thus pointing to how the esprit de corps of mariners could help overcome national differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the current practice of using diplomatic assurances to remove individuals to torture in Europe. Removal of an individual to a state in which an individual would otherwise face a risk of torture; Overview of some basic procedural protections held by the Committee Against Torture; Legal characteristics of diplomatic assurances.

Evaluates the access to health care for illegal immigrants in the European Union (EU). Efforts of EU Member States to control illegal immigration; Need for national legislations and implementation practices to be upgraded in order to grant illegal immigrants effective access to health care; Declarations on the Human Rights laws; Limitations of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

Assesses the reformed German nationality law that took effect on January 1, 2000. Background of the law on citizenship up to 1999; Political aims of the government in reforming the law; Overview of legal provisions and other features of the reformed law; Consequences of the new law on aliens living in the country.

Waiguo lienü zhuan (Biographies of foreign women), the first systematic introduction of foreign women to the Chinese audience, was compiled by the late Qing writer Xue Shaohui (1866-1911) and her husband Chen Shoupeng (1857-?). This project represented an effort to advance the goals of the abortive 1898 reforms, a serious quest to incorporate Western experiences into the education of Chinese women. Through a close comparison with Western language sources, this article examines Xue Shaohui's reconceptualization of women's virtues through rewriting and sometimes twisting the original stories. The analysis focuses on sensitive moral issues sex--and power, the relationship between husband and wife, and the redefinition of wickedness when the conventional definition of a bad woman was no longer pertinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a constructive, critical and open debate on the state of Polish refugee law. Role of the Geneva Convention and the New York Protocol in the Polish Legal System; Impact of the 2003 Aliens Act and the 2003 Act on the existing alien, asylum and refugee law in Poland; Overview of the major differences in terms of material law in the two laws passed; Information on several rulings of the Refugee Board to give an idea of the direction in which the Polish Refugee law is applied when it comes to issues such as agents of persecution.

Discusses the agreements between Morocco and Europe concerning the readmission or repatriation of Moroccan nationals who illegally entered Europe. Advantages of the readmission agreements to Morocco; Practices of readmission and the development of camps at the frontiers; Human rights consequences of the agreements.

Discusses key legislative developments on migration in the European Union as of July 2003. Directive adopted on reception conditions for asylum seekers; Regulations and measures adopted concerning visas; Adopted measures for legal migration.

Presents a critical analysis of the readmission policy implemented by the European Union and its member states. Terms of the readmission agreements; Development of a second generation of readmission agreements through the process of intergovernmental cooperation; Prospects raised by the Amsterdam Treaty.

Examines two immigration acts in Spain in 2002. Rights and liberties reserved for aliens; Grounds for the expulsion of aliens; Information on permanent residence permits granted to aliens.

Examines immigration laws and the status of foreigners in Italy. Information on a system of quotas designed for foreigners of countries that have entered into entry and readmission agreements with Italy; Details of measures on the expulsion of illegal foreigners; Protection of family life and foreign minors.

Examines the policy of the Italian government on immigration. Description of existing procedures on regularization of immigration; Political issues related to clandestine immigration; Criteria and conditions for submitting an application for regularization; Characteristics of the right of residence.

Focuses on the academic network for legal studies on immigration and asylum in Europe financed by the Odysseus program of the European Commission. Composition of the network; Study of the network on regularization of clandestine foreigners; Aim of the Internet forum of research on foreigners' rights; Relationship of the network with member states of the European Community.

Focuses on the development in the instruments being used by the Netherlands to regulate immigration. Legal status of aliens in the past and present Dutch social security system; Implication of international non-discrimination policies on the country' s decision to exclude aliens from receiving certain categories of social security benefits; Details of the country's policy for aliens' benefits.

Examines the surge in refugees fighting their return or deportation on the basis of their poor health in conjunction with inadequate health services in their country of origin. Status and impact of the human rights concerned; Rights and obligations of and towards aliens; Summary of Strasbourg case-law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the manner in which the Schengen agreements and case-law have been implemented in Belgium. Legal amendments which have been adopted to incorporate the provisions of the Schengen agreements regarding aliens into Belgian law; Examination of the jurisprudence of the supreme administrative court of Belgium, the Conseil d'Etat, with respect to the application of the agreements; Problems related to the issuance of Schengen visas.

Discusses the role of the Council of Europe with respect to the issue regarding non-nationals with lawful residence in the country. Reaction of the Member States to the activities of the Council; Weaknesses of the European Convention; Purpose of the European Social Charter.

Presents an introduction on a series of articles on the problems with the security of residence and levels of protection against expulsion of the long term migrant in Europe.