11 results on '"Brewster, David"'
Search Results
2. Re-evaluating our language when reducing risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to healthcare workers: Time to rethink the term, “aerosol-generating procedures”
- Author
-
Silvers, Andrew, Brewster, David J., Ford, Alister, Licina, Ana, Andrews, Cassandra, and Adams, Mark
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Patient and GP experiences of pathways to diagnosis of a second primary cancer: a qualitative study
- Author
-
Cavers, Debbie, Duff, Rhona, Bikker, Annemieke, Barnett, Karen, Kanguru, Lovney, Weller, David, Brewster, David H., and Campbell, Christine
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Cancers of unknown primary diagnosed during hospitalization: a population-based study.
- Author
-
Jones, William, Allardice, Gwen, Scott, Iona, Oien, Karin, Brewster, David, and Morrison, David S.
- Subjects
CANCER of unknown primary origin ,HOSPITAL care for cancer patients ,HOSPITAL admission & discharge ,SURVIVAL analysis (Biometry) ,CANCER-related mortality ,TUMOR diagnosis ,HOSPITAL care ,LENGTH of stay in hospitals ,NOSOLOGY ,ACQUISITION of data ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models - Abstract
Background: Cancers of Unknown Primary (CUP) are the 3-4th most common causes of cancer death and recent clinical guidelines recommend that patients should be directed to a team dedicated to their care. Our aim was to inform the care of patients diagnosed with CUP during hospital admission.Methods: Descriptive study using hospital admissions (Scottish Morbidity Record 01) linked to cancer registrations (ICD-10 C77-80) and death records from 1998 to 2011 in West of Scotland, UK (population 2.4 m). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess effects of baseline variables on survival.Results: Seven thousand five hundred ninety nine patients were diagnosed with CUP over the study period, 54.4% female, 67.4% aged ≥ 70 years, 36.7% from the most deprived socio-economic quintile. 71% of all diagnoses were made during a hospital admission, among which 88.6% were emergency presentations and the majority (56.3%) were admitted to general medicine. Median length of stay was 15 days and median survival after admission 33 days. Non-specific morphology, emergency admission, age over 60 years, male sex and admission to geriatric medicine were all associated with poorer survival in adjusted analysis.Conclusions: Patients with a diagnosis of CUP are usually diagnosed during unplanned hospital admissions and have very poor survival. To ensure that patients with CUP are quickly identified and directed to optimal care, increased surveillance and rapid referral pathways will be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Is the Scottish population living dangerously? Prevalence of multiple risk factors: the Scottish Health Survey 2003.
- Author
-
Lawder, Richard, Harding, Oliver, Stockton, Diane, Fischbacher, Colin, Brewster, David H, Chalmers, Jim, Finlayson, Alan, and Conway, David I
- Subjects
HEALTH surveys ,HUMAN behavior ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,RISK management in business ,LIFESTYLES ,HEALTH status indicators ,SURVEYS ,HEALTH behavior ,DISEASE prevalence ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
Background: Risk factors are often considered individually, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of combinations of multiple behavioural risk factors and their association with socioeconomic determinants.Methods: Multinomial logistic regression was used to model the associations between socioeconomic factors and multiple risk factors from data in the Scottish Health Survey 2003. Prevalence of five key risk - smoking, alcohol, diet, overweight/obesity, and physical inactivity, and their risk in relation to demographic, individual and area socioeconomic factors were assessed.Results: Full data were available on 6,574 subjects (80.7% of the survey sample). Nearly the whole adult population (97.5%) reported to have at least one behavioural risk factor; while 55% have three or more risk factors; and nearly 20% have four or all five risk factors. The most important determinants for having four or five multiple risk factors were low educational attainment which conferred over a 3-fold increased risk compared to high education; and residence in the most deprived communities (relative to least deprived) which had greater than 3-fold increased risk.Conclusions: The prevalence of multiple behavioural risk factors was high and the prevalence of absence of all risk factors very low. These behavioural patterns were strongly associated with poorer socioeconomic circumstances. Policy to address factors needs to be joined up and better consider underlying socioeconomic circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Exploring cross-sectional associations between common childhood illness, housing and social conditions in remote Australian Aboriginal communities.
- Author
-
Bailie, Ross, Stevens, Matthew, McDonald, Elizabeth, Brewster, David, and Guthridge, Steve
- Subjects
JUVENILE diseases ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,CHILDREN'S health ,HOUSING ,INDIGENOUS children - Abstract
Background: There is limited epidemiological research that provides insight into the complex web of causative and moderating factors that links housing conditions to a variety of poor health outcomes. This study explores the relationship between housing conditions (with a primary focus on the functional state of infrastructure) and common childhood illness in remote Australian Aboriginal communities for the purpose of informing development of housing interventions to improve child health.Methods: Hierarchical multi-level analysis of association between carer report of common childhood illnesses and functional and hygienic state of housing infrastructure, socio-economic, psychosocial and health related behaviours using baseline survey data from a housing intervention study.Results: Multivariate analysis showed a strong independent association between report of respiratory infection and overall functional condition of the house (Odds Ratio (OR) 3.00; 95%CI 1.36-6.63), but no significant association between report of other illnesses and the overall functional condition or the functional condition of infrastructure required for specific healthy living practices. Associations between report of child illness and secondary explanatory variables which showed an OR of 2 or more included: for skin infection--evidence of poor temperature control in the house (OR 3.25; 95%CI 1.06-9.94), evidence of pests and vermin in the house (OR 2.88; 95%CI 1.25-6.60); for respiratory infection--breastfeeding in infancy (OR 0.27; 95%CI 0.14-0.49); for diarrhoea/vomiting--hygienic state of food preparation and storage areas (OR 2.10; 95%CI 1.10-4.00); for ear infection--child care attendance (OR 2.25; 95%CI 1.26-3.99).Conclusion: These findings add to other evidence that building programs need to be supported by a range of other social and behavioural interventions for potential health gains to be more fully realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. A case study of physical and social barriers to hygiene and childgrowth in remote Australian Aboriginal communities.
- Author
-
McDonald, Elizabeth, Bailie, Ross, Grace, Jocelyn, and Brewster, David
- Subjects
CHILDREN'S health ,CHILD care ,ABORIGINAL Australians ,SANITATION - Abstract
Background: Despite Australia's wealth, poor growth is common among Aboriginal children living in remote communities. An important underlying factor for poor growth is the unhygienic state of the living environment in these communities. This study explores the physical and social barriers to achieving safe levels of hygiene for these children. Methods: A mixed qualitative and quantitative approach included a community level cross-sectional housing infrastructure survey, focus groups, case studies and key informant interviews in one community. Results: We found that a combination of crowding, non-functioning essential housing infrastructure and poor standards of personal and domestic hygiene underlie the high burden of infection experienced by children in this remote community. Conclusion: There is a need to address policy and the management of infrastructure, as well as key parenting and childcare practices that allow the high burden of infection among children to persist. The common characteristics of many remote Aboriginal communities in Australia suggest that these findings may be more widely applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Are hygiene and public health interventions likely to improve outcomes for Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities? A systematic review of the literature.
- Author
-
McDonald, Elizabeth, Bailie, Ross, Brewster, David, and Morris, Peter
- Subjects
ABORIGINAL Australian children ,CHILDREN'S health ,PUBLIC health ,SANITATION - Abstract
Background: Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities still experience a high burden of common infectious diseases which are generally attributed to poor hygiene and unsanitary living conditions. The objective of this systematic literature review was to examine the epidemiological evidence for a relationship between various hygiene and public health intervention strategies, separately or in combination, and the occurrence of common preventable childhood infectious diseases. The purpose was to determine what intervention/s might most effectively reduce the incidence of skin, diarrhoeal and infectious diseases experienced by children living in remote Indigenous communities. Methods: Studies were identified through systematically searching electronic databases and hand searching. Study types were restricted to those included in Cochrane Collaboration Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group (EPOC) guidelines and reviewers assessed the quality of studies and extracted data using the same guidelines. The types of participants eligible were Indigenous populations and populations of developing countries. The types of intervention eligible for inclusion were restricted to those likely to prevent conditions caused by poor personal hygiene and poor living environments. Results: The evidence showed that there is clear and strong evidence of effect of education and handwashing with soap in preventing diarrhoeal disease among children (consistent effect in four studies). In the largest well-designed study, children living in households that received plain soap and encouragement to wash their hands had a 53% lower incidence of diarrhoea (95% CI, 0.35, 0.59). There is some evidence of an effect of education and other hygiene behaviour change interventions (six studies), as well as the provision of water supply, sanitation and hygiene education (two studies) on reducing rates of diarrhoeal disease. The size of these effects is small and the quality of the studies generally poor. Conclusion: Research which measures the effectiveness of hygiene interventions is complex and difficult to implement. Multifaceted interventions (which target handwashing with soap and include water, sanitation and hygiene promotion) are likely to provide the greatest opportunity to improve child health outcomes in remote Indigenous communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Skin infection, housing and social circumstances in children living in remote Indigenous communities: testing conceptual and methodological approaches.
- Author
-
Bailie, Ross S., Stevens, Matthew R., McDonald, Elizabeth, Halpin, Stephen, Brewster, David, Robinson, Gary, and Guthridge, Steven
- Subjects
SKIN infections ,CHILDREN'S health ,INDIGENOUS children ,CHILD development ,PUBLIC health ,HEALTH - Abstract
Background: Poor housing conditions in remote Indigenous communities in Australia are a major underlying factor in poor child health, including high rates of skin infections. The aim of this study is to test approaches to data collection, analysis and feedback for a follow-up study of the impact of housing conditions on child health. Methods: Participation was negotiated in three communities with community councils and individual participants. Data were collected by survey of dwelling condition, interviews, and audit health centre records of children aged under seven years. Community feedback comprised immediate report of items requiring urgent repair followed by a summary descriptive report. Multivariate models were developed to calculate adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) for skin infections and their association with aspects of household infrastructure. Results: There was a high level of participation in all communities. Health centre records were inadequate for audit in one community. The records of 138 children were available for development of multivariate analytic models. Rates of skin infection in dwellings that lacked functioning facilities for removing faeces or which had concrete floors may be up to twice as high as for other dwellings, and the latter association appears to be exacerbated by crowding. Younger children living in older dwellings may also be at approximately two-fold higher risk. A number of socioeconomic and socio-demographic variables also appear to be directly associated with high rates of skin infections. Conclusion: The methods used in the pilot study were generally feasible, and the analytic approach provides meaningful results. The study provides some evidence that new and modern housing is contributing to a reduction in skin infections in Aboriginal children in remote communities, particularly when this housing leads to a reduction in crowding and the effective removal of human waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Cardiovascular disease and air pollution in Scotland: no association or insufficient data and study design?
- Author
-
Willocks LJ, Bhaskar A, Ramsay CN, Lee D, Brewster DH, Fischbacher CM, Chalmers J, Morris G, and Scott EM
- Subjects
- Cities, Coronary Disease therapy, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Linear Models, Research Design, Risk Factors, Scotland epidemiology, Stroke therapy, Air Pollution adverse effects, Coronary Disease epidemiology, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Particulate Matter analysis, Stroke epidemiology, Urban Health trends
- Abstract
Background: Coronary heart disease and stroke are leading causes of mortality and ill health in Scotland, and clear associations have been found in previous studies between air pollution and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to use routinely available data to examine whether there is any evidence of an association between short-term exposure to particulate matter (measured as PM₁₀, particles less than 10 micrograms per cubic metre) and hospital admissions due to cardiovascular disease, in the two largest cities in Scotland during the years 2000 to 2006., Methods: The study utilised an ecological time series design, and the analysis was based on overdispersed Poisson log-linear models., Results: No consistent associations were found between PM₁₀ concentrations and cardiovascular hospital admissions in either of the cities studied, as all of the estimated relative risks were close to one, and all but one of the associated 95% confidence intervals contained the null risk of one., Conclusions: This study suggests that in small cities, where air quality is relatively good, then either PM₁₀ concentrations have no effect on cardiovascular ill health, or that the routinely available data and the corresponding study design are not sufficient to detect an association.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A case study of physical and social barriers to hygiene and child growth in remote Australian Aboriginal communities.
- Author
-
McDonald E, Bailie R, Grace J, and Brewster D
- Subjects
- Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Crowding, Female, Health Education methods, Health Policy, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Public Health Practice standards, South Australia, Cultural Characteristics, Hygiene standards, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander statistics & numerical data, Rural Population, Social Environment
- Abstract
Background: Despite Australia's wealth, poor growth is common among Aboriginal children living in remote communities. An important underlying factor for poor growth is the unhygienic state of the living environment in these communities. This study explores the physical and social barriers to achieving safe levels of hygiene for these children., Methods: A mixed qualitative and quantitative approach included a community level cross-sectional housing infrastructure survey, focus groups, case studies and key informant interviews in one community., Results: We found that a combination of crowding, non-functioning essential housing infrastructure and poor standards of personal and domestic hygiene underlie the high burden of infection experienced by children in this remote community., Conclusion: There is a need to address policy and the management of infrastructure, as well as key parenting and childcare practices that allow the high burden of infection among children to persist. The common characteristics of many remote Aboriginal communities in Australia suggest that these findings may be more widely applicable.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.