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AIM: HIV infection is currently an incurable disease characterized by life-long drug utility. Its incurable causality and mechanism are still unknown to us. METHODS: To overcome this therapeutic setback, some breakthroughs should be made by utilizing different approaches. How to plan some experimental and clinical novelty for HIV curability is a modern challenge. In this article, new ideas and approaches for global HIV/AIDS therapeutic strategies are proposed and represented by scientific insights. RESULTS: Pharmaceutical characteristics, herbal medicine, novel drug targets, cutting-edge biotherapy, drug combination, animal modalities, and immune-stimuli for HIV latency, as well as clearance, are highlighted. DISCUSSION: To elucidate our understanding of curative treatment for HIV/AIDS, many new pathological discoveries, expansion, technical advances, and potential drug targets are constructed. After the discovery of novel pathogenesis and therapeutic evolution, HIV/AIDS therapeutic curability may become achievable and a reality. CONCLUSION: Transformation from animal model investigation to widespread therapies for larger volume of human population is a necessity in modern medicine. In this infectious treatment scenario, major breakthroughs in medicine and drug development are anticipated.

Abstract: Anticancer drug development is growing complexity and multi-factorials, which demands robust drug evaluative architecture in experimental and preclinical studies. To increase the number of drug licensing, biochemical, pharmacological, technical and economic changes (balance and integration) in evaluative systems should be focused in world labs. Despite a great progress, treatment breakthroughs and drug industry need new minds and more competitive technology (new generation of in vitro test systems) were emerging in the past. Overall, drug evaluative systems consisted half of anticancer drug development and licensing (medicinal chemistry and pharmacology in total) from initial screening to clinical validity. Its advances greatly impact the outcomes of drug production (rates of final drug licensing and efficacy of therapeutics in the clinic). In this regards, creative ideas and new techniques will change the norm and convention of drug screening and mechanic exploration in the future. This article provides multi-disciplinary approaches for experimental and preclinical anticancer drug evaluations, selections and combinations (chemistry and biomedicine). Future trends for drug evaluative systems are especially highlighted in depth, multilateral and multidisciplinary.

The article entitled “Aberrant Sialylation in Cancer Pathology and Metastasis, a Putative Drug Target Candidate”, by Lu D.Y., Lu T.R., Xu B., Varki A., Huang M., Zhu H., Shen Y., Yarla N.S., has been retracted on the request of the co-authors Dr. Ajit Varki, Ming Huang, Hong Zhu and Ying Shen available at: Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2018; 18(14): 1952-1961. http://www.eurekaselect.com/165282. The Corresponding Author Dr. Da-Yong Lu has included the name of the co-author Dr. Ajit Varki, Dr. Nagendra Yarla, Ming Huang, Hong Zhu and Ying Shen without their consent and the manuscript has been published in the journal Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (ACAMC). Kindly see Bentham Science Policy on Article retraction at the link given below: https://benthamscience.com/journals/anti-cancer-agents-in-medicinal-chemistry/editorial-policies/). Submission of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that all authors have read and agreed to the content of the Copyright Letter or the Terms and Conditions. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. Bentham Science Publishers takes a very strong view on this matter and apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may cause.

The constant Ebola epidemic outbreaks in Africa arisen in waves of panic worldwide. There is a high mortality rate (30-70%) among the Ebola-infected people in virus- stricken areas. Despite these horrors, the medical capabilities against this deadly viral disease were provided by limited therapeutic agents/options. As a result, several patented agents, biotherapies or prophylactic/therapeutic vaccines need to be reviving into the global markets—including patents of small molecular chemicals, short sequences or oligomers of DNA/RNA, linkages of chemicals with bio-molecules, herbal medicine and so on. In addition, the possible mechanisms of action of these therapeutic options are underway. To promote Ebola biomedical study, the multiple characters of Ebola infections—its origin, pathologic progress, genomic changes, therapeutic context and economic considerations are outlined in this review. Finally, a great difference can be expected after these types of efforts.

Background and aims AIDS (acquired immune deficient syndrome), a deadly human infectious disease is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) infection. Patient's mortality was eventually reduced to one-fourth by combined chemotherapy (usually 3 chemical drugs simultaneously) than earlier HIV/AIDS treatments (single drug or vaccine) in the clinic. Results Combined treatments against HIV/AIDS are still incurable for all patients despite a high rate of patient's survival. Basic viral pathological study and advancing drug development systems for curable medications are indispensable nowadays and in the future. Conclusion Up to date, therapeutic trinity (combined therapy) against HIV/AIDS is generally among chemical drugs. In this article, several forms of other therapeutic attempts for effectively curing efforts against HIV/AIDS are proposed-including the development of next generation therapeutic HIV vaccines and schedules, new categories of bio-therapy, different pathways of immune-modulation, herbal medicines in general (allopathic, Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicines), high quality of physical exercises, and especially therapeutic combinations guided by latest medical discovery and principles (new forms of therapeutic trinity against HIV-induced pathogenesis and human mortality).

Introduction Suicide is still a major event of human mortality worldwide. Yet human suicide prediction, prevention and therapeutic systems at this moment are generally ineffective in the clinic. No diagnostic system is reliable for significantly suicidal prevention and mortality reduction. As a result, human suicide etiopathologic investigation (especially at genetic/molecular levels in the clinical settings) is quite necessary. In order to boost human suicide researches, emerging human suicide diagnostic/treatment study will be transformed from clinical symptom observations into new generations of candidate drug targets and therapeutics. To achieve this goal, associations between suicidal etiopathologic identification, genetic/bioinformatics-based diagnostics and putative drug targets must be exploited than ever before. After all, the interaction and relationships between environmental/ genetic/molecular clues and overall patient's risk prediction (environmental influences and different therapeutic targets/types) should be found out. Conclusion In the future, effective clinical suicide prediction, prevention and therapeutic systems can be established via scientific expeditions and causality discovery.

The causality and etio-pathologic risks for patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) are important areas in modern medicine. Disease complications are largely unpredictable in patients with T2DM. In the future, we welcome therapeutics of both cutting-edge and traditional for anti-diabetic treatments and management with higher efficiency and less cost. Expanding medical knowledge, behavior/life-style notification in healthcare, modern genetic/bioinformatics diagnostic promotion, clinical developments (Traditional Chinese Medicine and personalized medicine) and new drug developments - including candidate drug targets should be implemented in the future. These efforts might be useful avenues for updating anti-diabetic therapeutics globally. This article aims at introducing this information for T2DM treatment boosts.

Background:The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) continues to rise globally. The T2DM prevalence is not only in developing countries, but also in developed countries now. Correspondingly, the therapeutics of T2DM calls for a change (higher efficiency) due to growing number of patients and increasing economic burdens globally. Entering into this millennium, both piecemeal pathways (idea driven) and exponential growth of human genomic study are developing quickly. Genetypic-phenotypic translation, modern diagnostics, pharmacology, drug developments, traditional Chinese medicine, personalized medicine and so on are promising disciplines for this change. The clinical anti-diabetic therapeutics, pathogenesis, drug development pipelines are especially highlighted.Conclusion:In summary, a general landscape and principle of T2DM is provided.

Background Last two to three decades, this world witnesses a rapid progress of biomarkers and bioinformatics technologies. Cancer bioinformatics is one of such important omics branches for experimental/clinical studies and applications. Methods Same as other biological techniques or systems, bioinformatics techniques will be widely used. But they are presently not omni-potent. Despite great popularity and improvements, cancer bioinformatics has its own limitations and shortcomings at this stage of technical advancements. Results This article will offer a panorama of bioinformatics in cancer researches and clinical therapeutic applications-possible advantages and limitations relating to cancer therapeutics. A lot of beneficial capabilities and outcomes have been described. As a result, a successful new era for cancer bioinformatics is waiting for us if we can adhere on scientific studies of cancer bioinformatics in malignant- origin mining, medical verifications and clinical diagnostic applications. Conclusion Cancer bioinformatics gave a great significance in disease diagnosis and therapeutic predictions. Many creative ideas and future perspectives are highlighted.

Many clinical cancer therapies are less effective by using one anticancer drug only due to refractory properties of cancer pathogenesis and drug resistance property in advanced cancer patients. A general consensus among clinicians is that anticancer drug cocktail might better control cancer progresses and metastasis than single drug therapeutics in clinical trials. Despite great popularity, the anticancer drug combination dogma has not been established. The complexity of drug combination dogma discovery is more than we can expect now. This article speculates possible routes we can undertake in this matter. The background knowledge of drug combination therapy presently practiced and possible future landscapes and drawbacks of cancer drug combinative therapies are highlighted.

Suicide events and episodes are serious human psychiatric disorders affected by a great number of different environmental/economic factors, early trauma/abuse, human bad living habits, human genomic properties and drug intervention decisions. In order to improve antidepressant therapeutics in clinics, the relationships between efficacy and toxicities of antidepressants have to be considered fundamentally. Since the occurrences and risks of suicidal events or episodes come from interplay between insiders (chemical/genomic/bioinformatics factors) and outsiders (economic/social/ previous trauma conditions and so on), new perspectives and scientific studies must be implemented for revealing these interrelated factors step-by-step and updating therapeutics in human beings. New paradigms and clinical strategies -joint-expert groups and clinical practices (a psychiatrist with other field specialists) should be established for individual patients in future. Thus can some improvements in clinical trials be achieved in a long run?

After long defeats-almost no marked breakthrough in HIV vaccination campaign has been observed during the past two decades, and we still have not lost our faiths for the development of highly effective and low risk HIV vaccines. Many effective vaccines have been discovered and will certainly enter into the markets within the next 5 to 10 years. In order to promote HIV vaccine developments and clinical HIV therapeutic improvements, this perspective addresses the good and bad sides of currently available HIV vaccines, discusses many subjects of medical significance and finally provides up-to-date information in the field of HIV studies, in particular regarding vaccine developments and HIV pathogenesis.

HIV/AIDS (acquired immune deficient syndrome), a human infectious disease was once listed as the No. 1 disease killer in US (1993). After the invention of antiviral drug cocktails-high active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), most HIV-infected patients can survive much longer than with single antiviral drugs or vaccines alone. However, it turns out to be a chronic disease owing to being incapable to eradicate HIV from infectious patients. Furthermore, potential newly outbreak of HIV epidemics caused by widespread drug-resistance or viral mutations is still looming over the globe. In order to counteract these drawbacks and possibilities of HAART, many hurdles must be passed. More creative and revolutionary ideas and worldwide cooperation efforts among academics, drug developers and governmental funding bodies must be encouraged and promoted. In this perspective, many important drawbacks and weaknesses relating to HIV/AIDS therapies are outlined and possible future solutions are highlighted.

Adverse side effects or toxicities of a drug were previously regarded as a manifestation of drug's own characterizations, such as the chemical structure and property of a drug. More recently, increasing experimental or clinical data and modern ideas suggest that human's genetic factors also play indispensable roles in resulting neural side effects of a drug, especially in antidepressant-induced suicide and antibiotics-induced hearing loss. However, there are many questions and technological obstacles (including high costs and limited samples) in these kinds of researches and this makes genetic study of drug toxicities in its initial stage. In this review, we in depth address and analysis of this matter from some new perspectives and propose some new initiatives to improve this type of researches in future. It is also highly needed to expedite the translation of these pharmacogenetic concepts from bench to bedside.

Bisdioxopiperazine (Biz) compounds, including ICRF-154 and razoxane (ICRF-159, Raz), are anticancer agents developed in the UK specifically targeting tumor metastases. Further three bisdioxopiperazine derivatives, bimolane (Bim), probimane (Pro) and MST- 16, have been synthesized at the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China after 1980. Since metastases, the prevailing deadliest pathologic feature of cancer in clinics, have been the main obstacle in cancer therapy, antimetastatic effects and mechanisms of Biz compounds are interesting and significant topics of all time for researchers undergoing the investigations of metastases biology, treatments and patho-physiology. This review addresses and highlights the different inhibitions against metastases in vivo and molecular mechanisms in vitro of Biz compounds especially relating to the inhibitions of tumor metastasis including pathways of inhibitions against angiogenesis, topoisomerase II, calmodulin, sialic acid, fibrinogen, cell-movement and so on. We argue hererin that the systematic exploration of antimetastatic activity and mechanisms of Biz compounds seems to be a shortcut for a final solution of cancer therapy in the future.