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Improving the performance of components operating under heat stress and reducing the friction coefficient are critical factors in extending the lifespan of transport machinery as a whole. Accordingly, the objective of the present scientific experiment is to build upon previous research regarding the impact of a technological process of low-temperature gas nitriding (LTGN) on the microstructure and properties of aluminium alloy. The brand AlSi10Mg was used in this work and the change in its wear resistance was determined through experimental tests employing surface diffusion treatment method. The sample materials are widely used for the manufacture of pistons for the automotive and railway transport, as well as casting and machine components including connecting rods for agricultural machinery engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method for selecting the optimal material for 3D printer nozzles is presented. Nine different criteria namely, density, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, hardness, wear resistance, cost of the nozzle material, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and machinability are considered in this study. The study systematically evaluates nozzle material options and provides a comprehensive decision-making framework for 3D printer manufacturers and users. MEthod based on the Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC) is used as the weight allocation method. It is compared with other popular weight allocation methods like mean weight methods, entropy method and CRITIC method. The multi-criteria evaluation of the various nozzle materials is carried out using multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) method. It is observed that MEREC-MABAC lists Aluminium 7075-T6 (A7) and Tungsten carbide (A4) as the best and worst alternative respectively. Further, the preference ranking of nozzle material by mean-MABAC and CRITIC-MABAC methods are seen to be almost identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have lately focused more on the in-situ technique's development in an effort to increase wettability, homogeneity, and thermodynamic stability of reinforcing particles inside the aluminum matrix. In the presented work, stir casting was used to create in-situ composites related to Al alloy A356 / Al3Ni reinforcing phase, with varying weight percentages of pure Ni powder (5wt%, 10wt%, and 15wt%). The microhardness, microstructure, and wear tests were among the several tests and examinations that have been performed on in-situ composites. The wear behavior regarding in-situ composite under dry conditions has been investigated using the pin-on-disk method at various loads (5, 10, 15, and 20N) at constant time (15 mins) and sliding speed velocity (2.8 m/sec). Additionally, wear resistance was examined at various times (5, 10, 15, and 20 min) at constant applied load (15 N) and velocity. The microstructure related to Al alloy A356 shows how the in-situ Al3Ni intermetallic compound formed in the matrix. The outcome demonstrated that the Al3Ni particle increases hardness and wear resistance; thus, in-situ composite containing 15wt% Ni exhibits the highest hardness (152 HV) when put to comparison with the base alloy's (87 HV) hardness. Particularly at 15wt%Ni addition, the wear resistance of in-situ composites has been significantly increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of element amount in advanced aluminum alloys (Al-Fe-Cr) on the mechanical properties was studied. Different mechanical tests were achieved, including Rockwall macro hardness measurements, Vickers microhardness, microstructure tests, and wear properties of the prepared alloys. The microstructure testing of the samples was obtained using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that adding 20 wt% of Cr and Fe to the prepared alloy increased the hardness relatively compared to other alloys. There was a distinguished increase in wear resistance obtained from the wear test for the alloys. The samples microstructure showed a multiphase structure, thus confirming the X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) results. The results showed that increasing the Fe and Cr quantities had an important effect on the mechanical properties of the prepared alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of Ti-TiN-(Ti,Cr,Al)N and Zr,Hf-(Zr,Hf)N-(Zr,Hf,Cr,Mo,Al)N coatings, which have a nanolayer structure of the outer layer, are compared. While the hardness of the Ti-TiN-(Ti,Cr,Al)N coating is higher, it also exhibits increased adhesion when paired with a nickel alloy. As a result, the coefficient of friction of the sample coated with Zr,Hf-(Zr,Hf)N-(Zr,Hf,Cr,Mo,Al)N at is much lower. The study of the tribological properties and wear resistance of coatings in the temperature range of 400 - 900 °C revealed that the Ti-TiN-(Ti,Cr,Al)N coating is characterized by significant adhesion with the Inconel 718 nickel alloy, and the wear rate is due to crack formation. For a sample coated with Zr,Hf-(Zr,Hf)N-(Zr,Hf,Cr,Mo,Al)N, oxidation processes dominate, resulting in the formation of a (Zr,Hf)O2 film on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of the process of tool wear with a multilayer nanostructured wear-resistant coating Ti-TiN-(Ti,Cr,Mo,Al)N during steel turning. Particular attention is paid to the study of the diffusion of iron from the processed material into the coating and coating elements into the processed material. It was found that the diffusion of iron into the nanolayer structure of the coating has a periodic decaying character. Coating nanolayers with a high Cr-Mo content exhibit the best barrier functions with respect to iron diffusion. The active oxidation of the layer of the processed material in contact with the coating was established, while the formation of individual grains of iron oxide, which can have an abrasive effect on the coating surface, is noticeable. The diffusion of iron into the coating to a depth of 600 nm and the diffusion of elements of the coating (primarily chromium) into the processed material to a depth of 100 nm was established. The process of crack formation in the coating and the role of the crystal structure and interlayer interfaces in the inhibition of crack propagation are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fe-Al-Mn alloy is one of the alloy steels that is a candidate for cryogenic applications to replace the Fe-Cr-Ni alloy. The addition of Mo to the Fe-Cr-Ni alloy causes an increase in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance without changing the cryogenic properties. This research aims to investigate the effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) processing time on the microstructure, hardness, and wear of Fe-Al-Mn alloys with the addition of 0.5% Mo. The DCT process was carried out by soaking in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196°C for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours. Then it was returned to room temperature. The tests carried out were microstructure testing using an optical microscope, SEM, and EDS, hardness testing using the Vickers hardness method and wear testing using the Ogoshi method. The results of the microstructure test show that the Fe-Al-Mn-Mo alloy has a ferrite and austenite structure. The DCT process causes the ferrite structure to increase in size, while the austenite structure becomes smaller and more spread out between the ferrite grains. Hardness testing showed that the DCT process increased the hardness but not significantly. The wear test shows a decrease in the wear rate. Overall, the DCT process did not cause significant changes in microstructure and wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface bonding was critical in allowing load transfer and distribution from the matrix to the reinforcement without failure. These bonds may form as a result of mutual dissolution or a reaction between the particulates and matrix metal. Strong bonds at the interface are important for good wetting. One of the techniques used to create a surface layer on reinforced particles in order to produce good wettability is electroless plating. This method is frequently used to coat reinforcing particles in mixed metal matrix composites (MMC). The co-deposition of substances or particulates in developing films has produced a new generation of electroless particles, many of which have excellent wear resistance, high hardness, brittleness, and corrosion resistance. As a result, electroless plating has found widespread application in the aerospace, automotive, electronic parts, and chemical industries. Furthermore, this process is frequently used because it is simple, used low temperature, not dependent on geometry of substrate and does not necessitate high costs. The current article focuses on the effect of electroless coating on interface and wettability in recent years. Previous research has demonstrated that the electroless coating process improves wettability. Where the reinforcing particles are evenly distributed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cold extrusion procedure for a 13 mm solid rod of aluminum alloy AA 2024 T3 was carried out in this study, employing three molds to generate rods of different diameters (12, 11, and 10 mm), and three passes. Before and after the extrusion process, XRD inspection, microstructure, hardness, and wear tests were evaluated. The adhesion wear specification was investigated using the equipment type a pin on disk was utilized to conduct the wear test with various parameters: sliding times of (5-15 min), applied loads of (0.5 to 2 kg) and sliding distances of (8.6, 12.5 and 16.4 cm) under dry conditions. The results reveal that as the number of extrusion passes increases, the strain hardening increases. Also, as the number of passes increases, the wear rate lowers because of an increase in plastic deformations caused by extrusion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the precipitation phases (AlCu and Al2Cu) that contributed to improving the wear resistance. The results demonstrate that three passes have a higher hardness and wear resistance than the other passes, which impacts wear response. The extrusion procedure aided in decreasing the wear rate. The best wear resistance result was achieved after three extrusion passes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium matrix composites combine the strengths of aluminum and other materials to create materials with tailor-made properties. These materials are engineered to excel in specific applications where the properties of aluminum alone would be insufficient or inadequate. Reinforcing aluminum with other materials can lead to composites with improved properties. This article critically analyses ceramic reinforcements, bio-reinforcements and other natural reinforcements to improve tensile strength, improved thermal expansion behavior, enhanced wear resistance, and increased fatigue resistance compared to pure aluminum. It further deals with the review of processing techniques like sustainable machining, friction-based processes, electrical and chemical energy-based processes, etc. The choice of manufacturing method depends on the type of reinforcement and the desired properties of the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of microalloying on the microstructure of Cu50Zr50 shape memory alloy (SMA) has been studied through the development of suction-casted Cu50Zr50, Cu49Zr50Co1 and Cu49Zr50Fe1 at. % rods of 3 and 4 mm diameter, i.e., at two different cooling rates. For low cooling rates (4 mm: ∼250 K/s), the microstructure consists of austenite and a large volume fraction of intermetallics, which are brittle in nature and do not exhibit a stress-induced martensitic transformation. However, for the 3 mm samples, the cooling rate is faster and thus promotes retaining austenite upon quenching, as deduced from XRD, while minimises intermetallic phase formation. Among the microalloying elements, Fe and Co are promising to decrease the stacking fault energy of B2 CuZr austenite phase and therefore promoting stress induced martensitic transformation of CuZr, however, due to its low solubility, addition of Fe was observed to promote more the formation of intermetallic phases upon cooling than Co as seen in XRD. For this reason in order to achieve the closest to the desired microstructure, ie., retained austenite, 1 at. % Co can be added. However, Co is known to be a toxic element and therefore, in order to develop more environmentally friendly/sustainable alloys, the concentration of Co added has been minimized. The addition of 0.5 at. % Co, was observed to enhance the wear resistance of CuZr as deduced from the reduction of mass loss, while, at the same time, it provides a more sustainable option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days, scientists and researchers are constantly looking to develop green, recyclable and environmental friendly materials. Natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites have gained significant attention as sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional materials. This review focuses on the sliding wear behaviour of natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites, a crucial aspect for evaluating their suitability in various applications. The study covers the significance of sliding wear on material performance and explores natural fibers, including Jute, Abaca, Banana, and Sisal, commonly used as reinforcements in epoxy composites. The composite is made using Hand lay-up technique. This review provides valuable insights into the sliding wear behaviour of natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites. It highlights the significance of fiber properties, manufacturing techniques, wear mechanisms, and surface modifications in determining the wear resistance of these composites. This work contributes to the development of improved natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites with enhanced sliding wear performance, empowering their utilization in different designing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wear behavior of Al6351-Gr composites reinforced with B4C, WC, and TiC were investigated in this study. Wear resistance is a critical factor in determining the functionality and durability of materials in different industrial relevance. Hybrid composites were created using a liquid metallurgy technique. The samples were subjected to wear tests using a pin-on-disk apparatus under controlled experimental conditions. Wear performance, friction coefficient, and wear processes were evaluated and compared between the composite materials. According to the result, the addition of B4C, TiC, and WC to the Al6351-Gr composite significantly improved its wear resistance. The examination of the worn surfaces through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) unveiled a diverse range of wear mechanisms, encompassing both adhesive wear and abrasive wear. The reinforced composite samples exhibited reduced wear severity and extent compared to the unreinforced material, confirming the improvement in their wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The engineering of a new class of material known as metal-matrix composites involves the reinforcement of aluminum and its alloys with various reinforcing powders. The addition of ceramic particles is expected to increase the mechanical property-to-weight ratio of pure aluminum and its alloys, as well as their wear resistance and high specific hardness. However, due to an inadequate production technique and process conditions, the insertion of non-deformable ceramic reinforcements results in a considerable loss of ductility and toughness. Friction stir processing technique is the name of the fabrication method employed in this study. A solid state processing technique called FSP has been used to change microstructures. Using SEM, the microstructures of the composites were examined, and Otsu Image Thresholding Technique was used to forecast the grain sizes inside the microstructure. The segmented image's mean particle size for one-pass FSP was 2.69x103µm at an X155 magnification. The flow mechanism in the friction stir process is illustrated by the observation that 2.69x103µm particle size for two passes showed less spherical structures and more irregular structures. The three-pass sample yielded a mean particle size of 1.36x103µm, which indicates a more uniform distribution within the matrix and a considerable size reduction in comparison to those obtained from one pass and two passes. A finite element analysis tool called ABAQUS was utilized to predict how this heat would affect the quality of the composites. With less than 15°C separating the processing temperatures between the experimental and simulated data, the peak temperature increased as the tool rotated in accordance with the projected temperature history of FSP for the composites at various tool rotating speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser cladding is a crucial manufacturing and protective technique that effectively enhances material properties. This paper mainly focus on improving the mechanical resistance to wear and tear of a specific material. This research establishes a strong relationship between dependent and independent variables, which was thoroughly studied using graphical and analytical methods. All four objectives of the study were achieved, providing valuable insights into the use of laser cladding as a cost-effective and efficient way to improve material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability and durability of mechanical systems depend on the wear resistance of their parts of assemblies and units. Statistical analysis has shown that the main reason for the failure of machines is not their breakdown, but the wear and tear of mobile couplings and working bodies under the action of friction forces. Wear of machine elements under friction is connected with huge expenses for repair and manufacture of spare parts. According to the analysis, almost five times more production capacity is spent on repair of tractors and production of spare parts than production of new machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to studying the effect of adding different weight ratios of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticle powder on the corrosion properties and wear resistance of Al6061 alloy. Composite materials contain different proportions of TiO2:SiO2 (0.1, 0.3, 0.5) poured through by stirring. The microstructure and phases are achieved through optical microscopy, SEM and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that a significant degree of homogeneity was obtained in the distribution of the armature particles in the microstructure of the base alloys. The measurement of the wear rate was performed by the pin on the disc device of both the base alloy and the hybrid composite under applied loads (5, 10, and 15 N) and a sliding velocity of 2.8 m/sec using different times (5, 10 and 15 min). The Wear results showed a reduction in the corrosion rate of 0.5 wt% for both TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles containing composites compared to other composites and the base alloy samples. And it was worth 0.82*10^-8 gm/cm compared to 1.82*10^-8gm/cm in the base alloy. The hardness test results showed that the hybrid composite containing 0.5 wt% of both TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles had higher hardness than other composites and base alloys; the amount of hardness in 0.5%wt hybrid composite became 77.35HV compared to 68.88HV in the base alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article will present a case of vehicle helical gear failure on a Mitsubishi L300 Van. The failure occurred in the primary driven gear which broke suddenly with several teeth. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cause of the failure of the helical drive gear based on visual observations (macroscopic) and simulations. The simulation consists of analysis of equivalent stress, fatigue life and hysteresis curves using ANSYS software. The approach used includes static structural and transient structural. The material used in the simulation is a type of 20CrMnTi gearing steel which has high wear resistance and hardness. Meshing uses the adaptive sizing function with an element size of 2 mm. Boundary conditions consist of remote displacemet, frictionless support and Moment. The applied moment is 31.4 N m. The simulation results show that the equivalent stress value for the static structural and transient structural results is still below the ultimate stress on the mechanical properties of the 20CrMnTi material. This indicates that failure does not occur in one dimension but is due to repeated fatigue loading. These data are consistent with macroscopic observations with crack initiation and beachmarks indicating fatigue failure. Fatigue life and loop hysteresis curves show gradual structural fragility as the beginning of damage to the helical drive gear. Fatigue failure is also caused by the presence of high contact stress and high impact loading at the root position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum is a material that is often used in the automotive manufacturing industry. This material is widely used in industry because it has several advantages compared to other materials, which are lightweight and high thermal and electrical conductivity. Usually used for applications on motor vehicle shafts. However, aluminum 1100 is susceptible to wear and tear. Therefore, to provide good quality material to the community, it is necessary to increase the wear resistance of the shaft. Anodizing is done to get a thicker and uniform oxide layer on the aluminum surface. Several studies with anodizing research objects have been carried out previously, generally focusing more on the relationship between the effect of the anodizing process and the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer produced with parameters such as pre-treatment, temperature, time, and current density. However, so far, there have not been many studies that specifically investigate the effect of anodizing time on the wear resistance of anodizing aluminum. This study uses different anodizing time variations, namely 35, 40, 45 minutes, 4A current, and 16 Volt voltage. Testing for wear resistance using the Ogoshi method. The results showed that the use of time of 45 minutes was able to increase the most optimal wear resistance of aluminum. Before anodizing, the wear resistance is 2.23. 10-3 mm2/kg after anodizing to 7.144. 10-3 mm2/kg. The results of this study can later be useful for the community to use the anodizing process as an alternative to increasing the wear resistance of aluminum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research aimed at improving the efficiency of restoring the internal cylindrical surfaces of body parts is an urgent direction in the development of agricultural machinery. One of the main objectives of these studies is to improve the quality of restoration and substantiate the optimal modes of electrolytic rubbing, which will improve the physical and mechanical properties of the surfaces being restored and ensure high wear resistance of the restored parts. One of the proposed new patented devices is a device that allows for high wear resistance of the surfaces being restored. This device has passed the theoretical justification of electrolytic rubbing application modes, which are important to achieve the desired results. The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of restoring the internal cylindrical surfaces of body parts by improving the quality and justification of electrolytic rubbing modes, improving the physical and mechanical properties of the surfaces being restored, and ensuring high wear resistance of the machine parts being restored. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the process parameters, such as current strength I, A, rotation speed ω, rpm./min., contact area S, decimeter2, have a significant effect on the properties of the deposited metal layer. The introduction of new technologies into production can lead to an increase in process productivity and wear resistance of the restored surfaces. Thus, research in the field of electrolytic rubbing is an important direction in the development of agricultural machinery and can lead to improved quality and efficiency of restoration of internal cylindrical surfaces of body parts. This, in turn, contributes to a more durable and reliable operation of agricultural machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia ranks 5th in the world in terms of the length of the road network, which is 1507.7 thousand km, of which 644.3 thousand km are public roads, and 450.1 thousand km are of regional significance. Most of the regional roads were built 20-30 years ago and are designed for a maximum load of 6 tons, but vehicles with a load of 10 tons or more are allowed on all types of public roads. This means that more than 300,000 km of roads are in overload mode, which makes it inevitable to invest in the development of road construction in the country. The requirements for road surfaces are very diverse due to different climatic conditions, and only half of the roads in Russia meet these conditions. In contrast to climate-like Finland, the roadbed of which meets modern European standards and has increased wear resistance (12 years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issues of improving the tribological properties of plain bearings in the bearings of the crankshafts of diesel engines. The statement is substantiated that laser hardening of steel shaft trunnions increases the wear resistance of the bearing. Model tests of friction pairs were carried out on a laboratory friction machine. The load-speed parameters of the friction of the samples and lubrication correspond to the operation of heavy diesel engines. The experiments were carried out with two brands of widely used bronzes and two types of steel specimens hardened by nitriding and laser hardening. Particular attention is paid to the galling resistance of friction pairs. On the basis of the study, it was proposed to use laser hardening of trunnions to improve the reliability and service life of bearing supports of steel crankshafts of heavy diesel engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of fluorine chemistry in modern technology with its extreme operating conditions can hardly be overestimated: fluorine-containing materials have solved many problems facing space, jet and aviation technology. Areas of application of surfactants are extremely diverse. One of the methods for increasing the wear resistance of friction pairs is the method of treating the surfaces of friction pairs with fluorotensides. Fluorotensides are multicomponent systems that include fluoroorganic surfactants in various solvents and control additives. Freons, alcohols, and some other liquids can be used as base media. Currently, a wide range of epilams is used in world practice. With metal surfaces, f-surfactant forms a chemisorption bond. They are applied to solid surfaces from a solution by immersing the product in it or introduced into lubricating oil or grease. The latter play the role of f-surfactant transport, which at the initial stage is adsorbed on solid surfaces and then chemisorptionally binds to them. In lubricating oils, f-surfactants are easily emulsified, giving stable emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for increased new substances has been prompted by the rising demand for engineering substances and material properties in the areas of modern manufacturing technology, such as improved durability, toughness, resistance to heat, durability under fatigue load, and durability against wear. Polymer matrix composites often offer superior strength with a high modulus, improved high-temperature durability, and wear resistance relative to their monolithic metal equivalents. Considering their expensive production costs, PMCs are appropriate for the boat, sports utility, and automotive sectors owing of their excellent thermomechanical characteristics. The structural behaviour of composites made of polymer matrix is going to be assessed in the current investigation. coir-based and sugarcane fibre will be used to strengthen this polymer matrices composite. Both of the composite are created utilising GFRP and fibres from sugar and coir. In this research, the effects of impact load, tensile strength, and flexibility will be investigated. The structural behaviour of the two composite hybrids is investigated and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an experimental and analytical model of abrasive wear is proposed, based on the energy theory of wear, which makes it possible to predict the wear resistance of conjugated heterophase surfaces operating in a free abrasive medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective coatings are used to isolate not only metal, but also glass, ceramics, plastics and other materials from aggressive environments. To fulfill its main function, coatings must be solid, impermeable, evenly distributed over the surface. They should also have good adhesion, high wear resistance, heat resistance and hardness. Protective coatings are divided into metallic and non-metallic. In this article, we consider both categories in more detail and draw conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has a high rainfall climate. Every year, several locations experience flooding. Porous asphalt construction is an alternative solution to this problem. One weakness of the porous asphalt mixture is its low resistance to vehicle loads. The use of polyurethane as an asphalt modifier can be expected to increase the performance of porous asphalt. This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of porous asphalt using an asphalt-polyurethane binder. Tests carried out in the laboratory include the Marshall test, cantabro loss test, bider drain down (BDD) test, permeability test, and density test. The levels of polyurethane used in this study were 0%, 1%, 2%, and 4% by weight of asphalt. The results showed that polyurethane asphalt increases wear resistance. The cantabro loss test showed that greater polyurethane content decreases the cantabro loss value, where the highest decrease occurs at 3% polyurethane content. The addition of polyurethane by 2% increases the permeability of the asphalt mixture, but subsequent reserves decrease the permeability value. The addition of polyurethane by 2% increased BDD, and further addition of polyurethane decreased the BDD value. Based on the density test, Adding polyurethane to the porous asphalt mixture increases its density, where greater polyurethane content increases the density value. Based on all research parameters, namely cantabro loss, permeability, BDD, and density, porous asphalt mixtures with 3% polyurethane content by weight perform best. The use of polyurethane as a modifier for asphalt binder in a porous asphalt mixture is worth considering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A grinder is a tool used in manufacturing processes such as finishing workpieces and smoothing cuts or welding products, and it can also be used to sharpen metal tools such as knives and chisels with an abrasive material. In this study, the wear rate of a self-manufactured grinding stone made from aluminum slag treated with HCl as the abrasive material was compared to grinding stones from previous studies and commercial grinding stones sold on the market using the ASTM D-3702 standard wear test. The self-manufactured grinding stone was made of liquid and powder phenolic resins, cast aluminum slag, water and HCl-treated meshes 12 and 40, and fiberglass mesh fibers. The mixture is then combined with a predetermined composition. The mixture is then placed in a mold and compacted for 5 minutes with a press machine with a force of 15 tons, allowed to stand at room temperature for at least 24 hours, and sintered at 140 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. The results showed that the average wear value of the grinding stone with HCl treatment is higher than the wear value of the grinding stone with water treatment, which is 0.0664 gram/minute and 0.0129 gram/minute, respectively. The commercial grinding stone had the lowest average wear value of 0.0031 gram/minute. Surprisingly, the wear value of commercial grinding stones is lower than the wear rate of self-designed grinding stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) material deposition method has been utilized to produce engineering parts that maintain their functionality despite experiencing significant wear. Surface treatment methods and high-performance materials are required since the climate is severe and there is a high danger of damage. One of the most widespread varieties of titanium alloys is known as Ti-6Al-4V. The automotive industry, the aerospace industry, and the maritime industry all use it. Ti-6Al-4V alloys offer a number of beneficial qualities; however, they are not suitable for use in engineering because they are not very hard, are susceptible to rusting, and do not remain stable at high temperatures, and do not perform well when subjected to friction. The objective of the research that is being carried out by a large number of individuals is to make the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy harder and reduce the likelihood that it will wear down. In the second scenario, the quality of the as-sprayed coatings must be improved by undergoing surface treatment with the assistance of heat before they can be used in particular applications. This study looks at how HVOF spray coatings have evolved, particularly emphasizing the post-spraying processes used to treat the coatings. Additionally, research was conducted to investigate the relationship between wear resistance and the parameters of the HVOF treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) metal matrix composites have gained significant attention due to their potential for usage in numerous applications, including aerospace, automotive, and electrical industries. These composites possess a unique combination of properties of their elements that are superior to those of pure copper. By modifying the amount and type of reinforcement particles used to alter the highly dependent microstructure, the properties can be controlled and managed. Copper has been reinforced with different kinds of nano-particles, including oxides, nitrides, carbides, carbon nanotubes, and other hybrid reinforcements, which can enhance wear resistance, damping characteristics, and the mechanical strength of the underlying material. However, due to the low wettability of these particles, conventional casting techniques are not suitable for preparing nano-composites. Numerous alternative methods have been explored and studied in the literature to fabricate copper metal matrix nano-composites. This comprehensive analysis aims to review the key manufacturing methods employed for the synthesis of copper-based nano-composites and their potential primary applications, with a focus on the synthesis and characteristics of this novel class of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]