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Optimization of railway logistics is an extremely urgent task due to changes in logistics chains, the development of the transport and logistics system as an infrastructure of a new technological order, solving environmental problems – reducing CO2 emissions. The author proposes a model for reducing the empty mileage of wagons. With further modification, this model can be implemented in software for the purpose of increasing the economic efficiency of rail transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A waste management system is formed by several systems, all of which are interconnected and cannot be separated. The systems that make up the waste management system are Containerization system. Collection system, transportation system, final processing system. Humans are one of the sources that cause waste. The increase in population also increase in the volume of waste, which if not managed properly will cause environmental problems. For the transportation system, the Manado City government still uses old Dump trucks with a capacity of 5 m3, assisted by three-wheeled transport vehicles with a capacity of approximately 2 m3. The use of old dump trucks and long distances resulted in higher operational costs. The purpose of this study is to obtain the value of waste transportation costs per unit weight using dump truck vehicles. Collection and transportation system is the most important thing in a waste management system. Choosing the right route using Geographical Information System (GIS) software will result in a short travel distance and travel time that will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of collection and transportation activities. This research was conducted in Manado City, starting in March 2022 until July 2022. The methodology used is direct observation to obtain data on the number of waste vehicles, vehicle capacity, vehicle routes, and the number of rotations per vehicle. After the data is obtained, it is processed using GIS software to get a map of transportation routes, and vehicle mileage, which is used to assist in making GIS maps. For distance calculation, the cost uses a mathematical calculation method. Operational costs per year are the cost of maintenance and maintenance of vehicle engines, for vehicles with a lifespan of < 10 years, it is estimated to cost around Rp. 10 million. For vehicles with a lifespan of > 10 years, it is assumed to cost Rp. 30 million, the cost of workers, including drivers and waste transporters totaling 5 (five) people, refers to the regional minimum wage of Rp. 3,500,000. So the total operational cost is the cost of fuel plus the cost of maintenance and care plus the cost of workers is Rp. 1,085,437,500. So the price of waste is the total operational cost per year divided by the weight of waste transported is Rp. 170,435. the cost of waste using a dump truck is Rp. 112,574the cost of waste using a dump truck is Rp. 112,574. So over time and with the increase in population and the amount of waste generated, the cost of waste has increased by 51%. From the results of the analysis and discussion that has been carried out, the following conclusions can be waste vehicles used by the Manado city government generally have a service life of > 10 years, the cost of transporting waste using a Dump truck vehicle is Rp 170.435. (one hundred seventy thousand four hundred thirty-five rupiahs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The price fluctuations of Indonesia's oil and gas illustrate the effort in maintaining energy security through export and import activities in various conditions, both normal and pandemic eras, even at the new normal as it is today. This condition indicates that maritime logistics will always be required to support all types of industrial activities. PT Pertamina International Shipping (PIS) is shown in the maritime supply chain to fulfill domestic and international energy needs. This research is focused on a case of vessel charter services for PIS's client in offering shuttle services for cargo transportation on the Muara Teweh - Refinery Unit V Balikpapan route, with Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) as an optional storage facility. An analysis is carried out by determining freight costs using activity-based costing completed with a transportation schedule simulation to transport the client's cargo. The results show that to minimize the freight cost, Scenario 1 is the best by allocating 1 Self Propelled Oil Barge (SPOB) with a cost of USD126,062.13 while Scenario 2 produces a freight cost of USD174,223.55 per 12,000 bbls per shipment. The operational time including loading, transportation, and unloading processes with 10 shipments in total consumes 284 days with the implication that the client does not require FSO. Therefore, the operational process of cargo transportation will be optimal when the client can maximize the use of its current storage tanks and vessel route using 1 SPOB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic volumes have increased rapidly in recent years across all major highways of Iraq due to the ongoing increases in economic growth in the region. The ability of a pavement structure to perform its main function decreases as traffic load increases, especially where overloaded heavy vehicles pass along a road. The majority of the road pavement is designed with vehicle legal load limits in mind: however, these may not always be adhered to, as most transportation businesses seek to reduce transportation costs by avoiding repetition of vehicle routes. Excessive truck traffic can cause economic, environmental, and social harm, however, and in this paper, the Iraqi State Commissions of Roads and Bridges (SCRP) code, AASHTO, and the Asphalt Institute method are used to analyse the effects of overloaded vehicles on road pavement thickness as compared to standard conditions. For both standard conditions and overloading cases, the traffic load expressed by Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) and truck factor were thus calculated, and the differences resulting from overloading thus identified. Traffic data from the Khalis–Odayam road were used in this paper to form a case study, allowing assessment of the impact of repetitive load conditions on the structural design, and any increase in layer thickness above the legal axle load limit that ensues. The results obtained from this work show that the total thickness of the paving layers as assessed using the AASHTO method was 805 mm and that by the Asphalt Institute method was 800 mm; these results were thus relatively close, despite the fact that the value of the ESAL was valued at 9.8*10^8 in the AASHTO method and 7.9*10*8 in the asphalt institute method, while the thickness values required by the two methods was greater than the current thickness of the road, indicating failures and distortions in the road after each successive road maintenance. According to these findings, overloaded vehicles on the road thus have a significant impact on pavement service life and necessitate to laying of thicker pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the movement pull that occurs in the tourism area of Jatim Park Group in Batu City. The purpose of this study to determine characteristics of tourists and model attraction in tourism area using multiple linear regression method. Primary data collection was carried out by sampling using a non-probability sample approach with accidental sampling method. Before data analysis is carried out, we check data obtained by conducting a research instrument test using validity analysis and reliability. The results of the analysis show the dominant characteristics of tourists who come from outside Batu City with tourists monetized by women where are aged 15-25 years, the income is Rp. 1.000.000 – 3.000.000, type of transportation is a motorcycle where the distance traveled is more than 30 km with travel time of less than 60 minutes, the transportation cost are less than Rp. 200.000. From multiple linear regression analysis results, Y=2,130+0,038X4 + 0,114X5 + 0,237X6 + 0,512X14, the factors that affect the attraction of movement is travel distance (X4), travel time (X5), transportation costs (X6), and desire to visit again (X14). The movement attraction model obtained can be used to predict the amount of future tourist movement attraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high cost of transportation caused by an inefficient ship operating costs is a problem that must be addressed in order to provide fertilizer products at a more competitive price. In order to reduce total distribution costs, this paper attempts to generate system dynamics modelling to simulate and solve this problem. A case study of fertilizer distribution in Dumai, Pangkal Pinang, and Bengkulu was conducted. Fertilizer distribution simulation is performed to obtain minimal operational costs based on developed single trip models, and ship operational costs are minimized using a system dynamics approach. The proposed model considers several variables, such as fertilizer demand at each destination, ship speed, and ship engine operations when sailing to the port. To develop dynamic relationships between variables, a simulation model is run. The fertilizer distribution model simulation results are then analyzed and compared to obtain the lowest fertilizer distribution operational costs by selecting the ship's speed and cargo capacity. According to the simulation results, the ship 3800 tons and 10 knots have the lowest cost in the cases of Dumai, Pangkal Pinang, and Bengkulu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of transportation in logistics operations, the vehicle routing problem (VRP) is critical to logistics practice. The Green Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP) is a variation of the VRP that focuses on issues related to sustainable transportation. GVRP's goal is to balance the economy and environmental costs by developing effective solutions to environmental and financial concerns. The purpose of this paper is to propose a Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) to solve the GVRP. Using the benchmark test instance E-n23-k3, a numerical experiment is carried out to test the proposed algorithm. The results show that the SSA outperforms the Route Splitting Tabu Search (RS-TS). On average, the total cost is reduced by 1.41%. Furthermore, we show that the use of various modes of transportation affects fuel consumption, emission costs, and vehicle usage costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicles are one of the modes of transportation that play an essential role in the distribution of goods. However, transportation costs are affected by vehicle type, loading and unloading capacity, and transportation distance. This study aims to determine vehicle type allocation based on capacity priorities and routes that minimize distance and transportation costs. The Clarke Wright saving heuristic is used to determine retail vehicle allocation, and the genetic algorithm determines the best route for each vehicle. Based on a real-world application at one of Indonesia's LPG distributor companies, both methods can provide distance savings of 58.25% and transportation cost savings of 22.82%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobile cargo transportation is of great importance in the operation of motor transport, its economic efficiency, in the development of transport services, in the rise of the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Consistent modernization of the design of trucks is of great importance for increasing the load capacity and reducing the cost of transportation of products. The creation of a lightweight truck design reduces the cost of freight transportation and improves the economic efficiency of its operation. It is known that the spring is the main elastic element of the suspension of trucks. This article discusses the issue of strength and reliability of two leaf springs of the front suspension of a MAN TGS 33.360, TGS 33.400 (6x4) truck in the hot climate of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis of the available works on this topic [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] allows us to identify a number of the most important parameters that are closely related to the accelerated failure of components and assemblies of the MAN TGS 33.360, TGS 33.400 (6x4) truck, in particular, breakdowns of two leaf springs of the front suspension in special conditions of their operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry is one of the major sectors in every nation that provides several services to individuals and other sectors. Researchers are studying the challenges facing this sector to develop integrated and scalable solutions to improve its efficiency, which can be reflected in the growth of the national economy. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the important factors affecting cost overruns in construction projects among the main project stakeholders. The current study adopted a quantitative approach using a questionnaire survey to achieve this aim. The survey targeted the main construction project stakeholders. The data collected were analyzed using the Relative Important Index (RII), Rank Agreement Factor (RAF), and Percentage Rank Agreement Factor (PRAF) methods. The study results revealed that the most important category affecting project cost overruns is Financial-Related Factors. Additionally, the study findings revealed that owners and contractors agreed that an increase in fuel cost was the most critical factor. Meanwhile, the PRAF method showed that the critical factors affecting cost overrun are frequent design changes, fuel cost increase, high transportation cost, extra quantity during construction, and owner's financial difficulties. These findings can help construction industry professionals to assess and predict the critical factors affecting cost overruns of their projects. Predicting these factors helps develop necessary plans to reduce the impact of cost overruns in construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists at Solo Balapan Station have several options for continuing their journey, including private, semi-private, and public vehicles. Despite the fact that Batik Solo Trans (BST) Corridor II is one of the modes of public transportation available at this location, it is still infrequently used. The goal of this research is to identify the factors that influence mode selection and to develop a model. This study employs statistical analysis to investigate passengers' socioeconomic and travel characteristics, as well as methods for expressing preferences regarding ticket attributes, headway, and service level. Questionnaires were distributed at nearby stations and bus stops to collect data from 240 respondents. The binomial logit model was used to analyze the mode selection model. According to the stated preference method, respondents believe that the IDR 3500 fare, 10 minutes of headway, and Wi-Fi will persuade passengers to choose BST. Private-Online, Private-BST, and Online-BST are other binary logit models. If the costs of private vehicles and online transportation are the same, 52% of respondents will choose private vehicles, according to the results of the binary-difference logit modeling. Similarly, if the costs of BST and private vehicles are comparable, 70% of respondents will choose private vehicles. If the BST and online transportation costs are the same, however, 38 percent will choose online transportation. The logit-ratio modeling results also show the previously mentioned conditions. If the cost ratio is one, the three alternatives listed above are obtained in the following order: 52% prefer private vehicles in Alternative 1, 63% prefer BST in Alternative 2, and the same percentage prefer online transportation in Alternative 3. The results of preference analysis show that if the value of the BST attribute is changed, the percentage of passengers who choose BST increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model of the railway freight transportation process carried out within the framework of multimodal transport and technological systems has been built. The model construction is based on the infrastructural indicators of the railway loop considered part, and its general methodological basis is formed by the egalitarian and utilitarian principles in the welfare theory. These principles are implemented in relation to interacting participants in the transportation process (called agents). The approach is multi-agent in the sense that the research takes into account the various agent interests. In its form, the model, on the one hand, is a transport-type problem. On the other hand, it is a multicriteria nonlinear integer programming problem with time objective functions set and a cost objective function (transportation process indicators). The leading role belongs to a mathematical experiment, which makes it possible to reveal trends in behavior and interconnections in the distributions of the transportation process indicators values. As an example of the optimization method application, a part of the North-Caucasus Railways adjacent to the cargo ports of the Azov-Black Sea basin is considered. The cargo is oil products, traditionally and in large quantities exported from Russia by rail in combination with sea transport. The approach to finding Pareto optimal solutions to multicriteria transport-type problems can be applied to other cargoes, as well as to transportation carried out by road transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerical value of warehouse infrastructure facilities in the cargo delivery system that forms the supply chain does not always provide an increase in the efficiency of the function of bringing goods to the end customer. It is known that the system of warehouses from the supplier to the customer leads to a reduction in transportation costs, subject to the consolidation of large volumes of goods, but at a certain stage, with an excessive number of warehouses, transportation costs begin to increase. A non-linear dependence arises, which requires the calculation of the influence of the number of warehouses on transportation costs. Since the changing transport costs are, in this case, random variables, it becomes necessary to use a special mathematical apparatus adequate to the specifics of the problem being solved [8]. The solution of such problems requires the calculation and justification of not only cargo handling and storage technologies, but also an effective system for their distribution with the required number of terminal and warehouse infrastructure facilities. In this context, the developed approach makes it possible to calculate the minimum required number of terminal and warehouse infrastructure facilities, which ensures an increase in the economic efficiency of the cargo delivery system based on a reduction in transportation costs and timely and complete fulfillment of orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to new scientific approaches to the formation of the transport and logistics infrastructure in major cities of the country. The paper considers solving the problem of transport cost reducing, as a significant part of the production cost in an industrial sector of the economy and enterprises, by implementing a complex of logistics operations in the field of transport services. The purpose of the theoretical paper is a mathematical formalization of the solution of the particular problems of optimizing the traffic control on the basic network of transport highways with varying degrees of detail of municipal facilities. There is a set of mathematical models developed to adequately describe the temporal characteristics of developing the transport and logistics complexes of the cities with the possibility of their optimization at any time according to a given set of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The islands of Java and Sumatra are the regions with the largest number and population in Indonesia, thus the movement flow of goods for consumer goods, production and, others are very large. The in-efficient flow of goods will have an impact on the high prices of goods, and the burden on the provision of transport infrastructure, such as new roads, road maintenance and, so forth. The purpose of this study is to obtain a comparison choice of transportation mode of goods to be considered in formulating policies of the movement of freight transportation between the Java-Sumatra region. The study was conducted through data collection of the origin-destination of goods including the volume and type of goods on land and sea shipping modes at the vertices of transportation, such as ports, terminals, stations, markets, etc. The datais then analyzed using the trajectory method, effectiveness and efficiency method, and accounting for transportation costs method. The results show that for the Java-Sumatra route, sea shipping is still more efficient and effective than land transport, especially for large quantities. However, because people are not familiar with the processes and procedures that must be followed in sea shipping, this makes sea shipping unpopular and the choice of land transportation tends to be still the main choice of Java-Sumatra freight operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interval numbers of this multi-objective transportation issue consider the source (provenance) and destination (port of call) as parameters in this study. To make the cost-effective transportation cost the task is being designed. A fresh approach is planned to account the beginning allotment to the basic cells as well as the interval transportation cost which is the multi-objective, without translating the problem to its traditional form at the first step. The cost of transportation at the start of the interval may differ if allocations are adjusted throughout the optimality test. Numerical examples are presented to exemplify the suggested technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an interval transportation problem (ITP) in which the source and destination parameters are chosen as interval numbers in this paper. For the Interval version of VAM and MODI, an approach is provided to calculate initial allocation to the basic cells and the appropriate interval transportation cost. We suggest zero suffix method that finds the optimal solution for interval transportation problems without determining the initial basic feasible solution. The solution technique is demonstrated with a numerical example. A comparison analysis of the proposed method was also carried out. Furthermore, the proposed strategy is applied to issues involving interval transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper initiates an appealing layout of the Transportation problem under Spherical fuzzy environment. The spherical fuzzy set is the most advanced generalization of fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set and pythagorean fuzzy set. It could more effectively express the uncertainty in decision making problems. In this paper, we investigate the Transportation problem whose parameter say transportation fuzzy cost being expressed by spherical fuzzy number. A novel algorithm is proposed which primarily gives an initial basic feasible solution and then consequently provides the optimal solution to the proposed problem. A numerical example is also discussed to reveal the procedure of the proposed algorithm. Finally the concluding remarks are added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railway transport takes a leading position in terms of cargo turnover among all types of transport on the the Ukrainian territories. However, the economic development focus to the market of Ukrainian transport services specifies the development of cargo transportation using several types of transport. Therefore, the analysis of intermodal cargo transportation has shown that at present they pay insufficient attention to the issues of effective implementation of these transportation types in Ukraine and the issues with regard to the transport technologies assessment remain not considered. The paper defines the level of various transport technologies with the method of expert assessment to determine the weight coefficients. The results of forming a procedure to determine the assessment of transport technologies based on the transportation costs optimization with respect to the qualimetric indicator are presented. According to the results of the carried study, a general procedure to assess the transport technologies for cargo delivery at the landfill was formed on the principles of qualimetry. The procedure, unlike existing approaches, allows taking into account a complex of factors that have influence on the choice of transport technology. A graphical representation of the choice of transport technologies clearly demonstrates the area of effective usage of each of them that makes quite clear understanding the choice of the necessary transport technology for users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Biodiesel Development Strategy faces a dilemma due to the trade-off between the percentage of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) in the biodiesel mixture and the total subsidy or incentive that must be paid by the government. The incentive for FAME is calculated based on the difference between biodiesel Market Index Price (HIP) and fossil-based diesel fuels HIP in addition to the transportation cost. Therefore, it is important to minimize the FAME transportation cost in Indonesia. This rese arch is focused to define the optimum combination of supply and demand on the distribution of FAME from biofuel company to the blending terminal to achieve the minimum transportation cost using the transportation method. The result shows that through the North West Corner (NWC), Least Cost, and Vogel's Approximation (VAM) Method, the FAME transportation cost can be reduced by 31,05%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottleneck transportation problems have significant importance not only in military operations and disaster situations but also in higher education field, wherein in those cases time is a very important factor when supplying to the destination. In linear programming problems, there are the minimum and maximum problems, allocating products from source to destination which is known as the Transportation Problems. This bottleneck problem in the Islamic Higher Education Enrollment is formulated mathematically with transportation barriers that are commonly found in everyday life. In this research, an algorithm is shown to find the optimal solution by determining Z from the transportation table from the calculation of the initial feasible solution, then form a pseudo-cost matrix as a cell reference that must be minimized, rearrange the matrix and check on, if=0 then the solution already optimal if not then repeat from step to form pseudo cost matrix. From the case of unbalanced data in the Islamic Higher Education Enrollment with a data size of 4x6, the optimal solution is 2775 units of time with 2 iterations, the optimal solution from the Mallia-Das algorithm, when compared to the NWC method, is 2885 and VAM is 2725, still the minimum optimal solution for the VAM method. Although it produces an optimal solution that is slightly larger than the VAM method, the Mallia-Das algorithm for the bottleneck case is superior because it pays attention to the bottlenecks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of late delivery is critical in the logistic management of a company. It plays an important role in the success of distribution activity and also essential in determining the customer satisfaction level. Solving the late delivery issue in distribution activity could increase the level of trust and loyalty of the customer and resolute the company's market value that aligns with the revenue and cost. This study presents the optimization of the route distribution of BULOG in East Lombok Regency using the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm and Large Neighborhood Search (LNS) algorithm method. The study found that the existing route distribution of BULOG has been optimal compared to the route distribution result from the DE algorithm method. However, if we compared the existing route distribution with a new distribution route that resulted in using the LNS algorithm, then the study found that the new route distribution is more optimized. This is proven by the deduction of 33.74 km of travelled distance and cost savings of 12.19% from the total cost of transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's vague real life situation, Interval Valued Trapezoidal Neutrosophic Sets (IVTrNS) have received more interest among the researchers and industrialists. In the estimation of transportation cost, unpredicted factors like road condition, fuel price, weather and traffic conditions affect the cost of transportation. To deal such issues, we consider IVTrNS parameters for the transportation problem, a decision matrix technique is illustrated to find its optimal solution and the operational laws of IVTrNS are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization level is predicted will be increase to 68% by 2050. This lead many business opportunites and opening of potential market. However, this demand growth may cause an additional problem on current and future urban freight transportation. There are many problems related to urban freight transportation. Various city logistics scheme has been promoted and implemented to cope with these problems. The vehicle routing problem can be used as primary tools for assessing various kinds of city logistics initiatives. One of the objectives to optimize the route of vehicles in the city is to reduce congestion. Vehicle routing problem with multi-trip is appropriate in city logistics because it can make the higher utilization of the small vehicle usage. Many vehicle routing problems with multi-trip in the literature do not explicitly tackling the congestion. In this paper, we develop multiobjective vehicle routing problem with multi-trips in urban logistics context where the objectives are to minimize the total transportation cost and the total congestion cost. We use the Volume-to-Capacity Ratio to express the congestion level of customer location. The result shows that model can assign small vehicle to more congested customer location while large vehicle is assigned to deliver to less congested customer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistics is becoming an important field which is spearheading the economic development of Vietnam. However, the current logistics status in Vietnam still has a number of issues, such as high costs and low competitiveness in comparison with other countries in the world. Specifically, transportation costs account for a very large share of total logistical costs. Therefore, in today's world, the improvement of the transportation network and the optimization of the distribution of goods are key priorities. In this article, we focus on the development of a transportation optimization algorithm for logistics companies in order to minimize the total travel distance. In particular, by using a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the vehicle routing problem (VRP), which is the ideal method to enhance transport performance. This research also modifies the basic capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) with a vehicle selection algorithm to improve the flexibility and accuracy of the model. The results of research show that the total travel distance is reduced by 39,5% and consequently, overall CO2 emission rates is decreased of about 27.1%. In addition, using the vehicle selection algorithm in the CVRP issue, the average fill rate of the vehicle's capacity increases from 56.38% to 97.14%. As a result, logistics companies can establish a plan to optimize transportation, reduce transportation costs and improve competitiveness, reducing national logistics costs as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a simple methodology for determining the economic average vessel speed, taking into account only two main parameters that most significantly affect the transportation cost: the fuel price and the freight cost. According to the authors, this approach allows to determine the optimal vessel speed at the stage of voyage planning and requires the crew to ensure the average speed for voyage, which is much easier under constantly changing meteorological conditions than to provide a series of specified speeds. The proposed method for determining the optimal (in terms of minimizing transportation costs) average vessel speed was applied for a gas tanker with a deadweight of 85513 tons and a main engine with a capacity of 27480 kW. From the analysis of the given example, it follows that, contrary to popular belief, a decrease in the vessel speed does not always lead to a decrease in the transportation cost. For vessels using LNG as the main engine, at the current gas prices, the freight cost may be the determining factor in the cost of transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traction rolling stock is a key element for the implementation of all types of transportation activities on the railway transport. The costs associated with ensuring its functioning amount to about 30% of the costs of the transport company for transportation activities, this actualizes the task of building a model of acquisition, current maintenance and repair of the locomotive fleet. The methodology of contract management and components of the life cycle of technical means and traction rolling stock in particular was considered, the existing models of interaction between transport company, locomotive supplier, service company and plants performing overhaul of traction rolling stock were analyzed. In order to ensure targeted responsibility for the quality of operational work, safe and uninterrupted movement at the speed specified in the traffic schedule not only by service options, but also including factory repairs, which will not only guarantee the transport availability factor in accordance with the stated technical specifications for locomotives, but also ensure cost savings on freight and passenger transportation and form the long-term competitive advantages of the transport company in the Russian and global freight and passenger transportation markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of increasing the competitiveness of railway transport in the organization of suburban passenger transportations were considered. Theoretical, regulatory, and methodological fundamentals of organization of suburban passenger transportations taking into account the existing management system on the railway transport were investigated. The analysis of the transport situation in the transportation market of the Russian Federation and on one of the railways was carried out. The most significant costs of suburban passenger transportation are the costs associated with the operation of rolling stock and the remuneration of locomotive crews. Optimization of these costs and management of the cost of transportation makes it possible to reduce the burden on regional budgets to finance shortfall in income. One way to improve the transportation process could be to change the current system of routes. Optimal management of the route network of suburban transportations can provide not only rational management of the costs of the transportation company and regional budgets, but also improve the quality of transportation services to the population, when the newly introduced routes instead of existing ones are demanded by the residents of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost analysis in transportations design allows to assess the efficiency of multimodal deliveries and expand the geography of transportation. The paper presents a method for calculating the value of the components of multimodal transportation and provides examples of cost calculations. The influence of vehicle loading on the costs of delivery is shown, a comparison of the cost components for water, railway and motor transport was carried out. The cost ratios of water, railway, motor, and air transports are given. It is concluded that the cost of air transport is an order of magnitude greater than other methods of delivery. The least expensive is the use of water transport. When using the input data presented for short distances, motor transport had some advantages over railway, but when the length of the route increased, railway delivery was more profitable. This is due to the carrying capacity of the railway trains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated approach is being developed in mathematical modeling of railway transportation process which carried out in multimodal transport and technological system. A numerical method of multicriteria optimization is being proposed with the cost and time indicators. From the mathematical point of view this model is a problem of integer programming solvable in the software environment Maxima. As auxiliary results, the results obtained by the economic-geographical method of delimitation "influence areas" of the loading stations are used. The capabilities of analytical calculation system are used in construction of mathematically based and versatile picture of the oligopolistic freight market. Based on integrated assessment of transport and technological system infrastructure and taking into account cost of transport service the optimization model of freight transportation process is constructed. It is possible to find rational schemes of connections among loading stations and unloading stations in accordance with the interests of client, considered participants of transportation process and also taking into account operational situation at railway loop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of transportation time and cost, which is the most important task in the field of logistics, is closely related to the interaction of various transportation means in the transport hub. In general, a port intersects various transportation means such as marine, railway and road transportation, and the flow of cargo occurs due to their interaction. In a transport hub with a transport structure such as Busan New Port, it is possible to identify four 'bottlenecks' in the activities of transport hubs according to the conditions of processing capability and transport capacity of each process. In a port (transport hub), the imbalance of processing capability and transport capacity of each process increases the total transport cost and transport time, and also affects the shipping method selection stage of shippers and transport companies, which is the main cause of reduced competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vehicle energy efficiency cannot be assessed without determining the energy costs for performing transport work. In operation, the vehicle transport work is estimated by the increment in the freight mass over the distance traveled, and the fuel consumption estimates the energy requirement. These indicators do not determine the vehicle energy efficiency in the transport process. In this article, vehicle energy efficiency is defined as the ratio of the mechanical work performed by the vehicle to the potential energy of the energy source. Based on the analysis of the results of computational and experimental studies, a method is proposed for assessing the vehicle energy efficiency with an internal combustion engine on a driving cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the questions of efficient allocation of motor vehicles of different carrying capacity on routes are considered using theoretical properties of the combinatorics method, which allows to determine discrete solutions of the given problem, develop an application algorithm for transport processes. The distribution of the fleet of vehicles with different carrying capacities along the routes determines the number and type of vehicles allocated for the carriage of goods on each route and the number of trips required for each vehicle on the route. In this case, the vehicles are distributed along the transport routes in such a way as to satisfy the need for the allowable load of the connection address. Communication is achieved by changing the number of vehicles in each direction without changing the volume of cargo delivered or transported to the destination, controlled following its needs and the total number of vehicles used. This is because of the technological nature of the needs of the consignee (or consignor) in the bandwidth of the connection, the satisfaction of this need, the full use of the shipment (or acceptance), and the cost of transportation following the selected criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the difficult tasks is semiology seeking over encoded data. In order to make the search results flexible, it mainly focuses to provide fetching service to random words. In the existing semiology seeking scheme, the cloud service provider does not verify whether the user is a valid user or not and also the main drawback is it searches for a particular file with matching and exact keyword and if we don't provide the exact keyword that particular file won't be retrieved. Through this project, we are launching a secure semiology seeking strategy. Here instead of giving exact keywords, we can use its semantics for retrieving the particular file and also the cloud server will verify whether the client is real or not. If the client is a real one, then they can retrieve the file from public cloud, otherwise it will show a warning message to the client. To find the matching between the documents, we use phrase shipping method to see the Minimum Word Transportation Cost (MWTC). In order to design a verification scheme, we use duality theorem of LP to check whether search results are correct or not. Verifiability and Confidentiality is guaranteed by our scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation plays a very important role in one's life. So studying these problems is of great use. Usually we solve these problems via finding initial solution, for which various methods like north west corner rule, least cost entry and Vogel's method etc. are used but Vogel's method is most commonly used. Vogel's approximation method is an adequate algorithm to find initial feasible solution of a transportation problems. In this method, we find the penalty which is obtained from the subtraction of least and next to least cost of transportation in every row or column and gives highest allocation (minimum of supply and requirement) in cell with smallest cost of that row or column which has the largest penalty. The question arises how to handle a problem if two or more least costs in a row or column are same. In that case, we develop a new algorithm which is based on Euler's φ function. This method requires basic knowledge of prime number, highest common factor of two integers and properties of Euler's φ function. Sometimes solution obtained by this technique is same as the optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competitiveness of each product mostly depends on its price, which includes transport costs from the place of its production to the place of its consumption. Sometimes these costs can be comparable to the cost of production. Due to the high transport costs, the competitiveness of the manufactured products decreases, not only on the domestic but also on the foreign market. Substantial part of the freight transport nationwide is carried out by vehicles owned by the manufacturing companies. They transport goods needed for their production needs with their own transport and at their own expense. At the same time, the operational planning of such shipments has been insufficiently studied, in which a large number of factors of technological and organizational nature must be taken into account. Operational planning has a significant potential for reducing transportation costs. The article considers the possibility to increase the efficiency of own-account transport at the stage of operational planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study considers and analyzes transportation costs included in the material estimate costs. When performing calculations of the estimate construction costs by the input method, as well as the input and index method, various methods of transportation cost calculations are used, which leads to different error values. To solve this problem, the authors performed an analysis of transportation costs by types of construction and installation works, as well as by material types. The analysis provided a dependence of the transportation cost on the material estimate cost for the materials accounted and unaccounted by the standards. Furthermore, the error has been found for the transportation cost determined by the calculation method compared to the cost provided by the Federal Book of Estimate Prices for materials. The results of the analysis made by the authors allow to propose an improvement to the construction goods transportation cost calculations in order to optimize the construction costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Transportation problem is also known as distribution problem and one of its generalized form is fixed charge transportation problem which consists of two types of cost, one is fixed cost, independent of the amount transported, and another is variable cost, proportional to the amount shipped. The fixed cost may occur due to several transportation activities that place during the transportation doings. In this paper, we study the fixed charge transportation problem in which all the parameters such as availability at the sources, requirements of the destination, transportation cost and fixed cost are in interval form. Also we propose a method to find its interval optimal value with two numerical illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The online trade network model is considered in this paper. In some nodes of such network consumers are located. Each consumer purchases a particular good at cost due to the price of goods and transport costs. In some nodes of the network online-retailers seek to allocate the points of goods delivery. The points of goods delivery are placed according to the optimality principle. The compromise solution is chosen as optimality principle in the model. The algorithm for finding the optimal placement of goods delivery points is proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear programming (LP) is one of the utmost significant performances used in modeling and explaining real-world optimization problems. Redundancy may occur in the formulation part to stay away from the hazard of ignoring some appropriate limitations while demonstrating a problem. The existence of redundant constraints is a usual circumstance that arises in huge LP formulation. Transportation Problem (TP) is one of the subclasses of LPP. It is the exceptional case to acquire the minimum cost. A new idea is proposed for receiving minimal cost in transportation problem in this paper and also compared the results with two existing methods. This tactic is analyzed with numerous mathematical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increasing global warming and environmental consciousness, to avoid/reduce carbon emission is a challenge in today's business scenario. In this study, a three stage (buyer-distributer-vendor) economic order quantity strategy is presented. The objective of this study is to analyse the carbon emissions caused during transportation and holding of the inventory. In order to increase the utility of the proposed model, besides all cost parameters, carbon emission costs and transportation costs at every step of supply network are also considered as fuzzy and denoted by fuzzy numbers. Shortages are allowed and backlogged unconditionally for this study. The optimal solution are obtained by using (a non derivative) arithmetic geometric inequality method. Further the optimization model is studied under the following policies (i) without considering carbon emission and (ii) with carbon emission. Here closed form solutions are obtained. Proposed models are analysed environmentally and economically for the decision variables. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the work in a better way and obtained results are compared under both policies. Finally, the results of two models proved that, the model with carbon emission is better for cost reducing and environmental consciousness both. Sensitivity analysis is also performed with respect to all important parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the order processing of the studied company involves uploading the ice cream product into the truck and distributing it to various depots and stores after collected the orders. There were two problems faced by the studied company. The first problem is the distribution of products by drivers based on feelings and experience, so that the intended distance is not sequentially based on the closest and farthest. the second problem is the difference in truck capacity with delivery request for each depot, so it must be done twice at the time specified by each depot. The remaining product that cannot be delivered in regular hours, will be sent by overtime or will be postponed for the next day. Hence, based on this condition, the aims of this study is to find the optimal combination of the number of trucks related with their capacity and also to find a set of delivery regions and routes that satisfying some requirements or constraints and giving minimal total cost. as ice cream is a unique product that requires temperature -17 c, in order to minimize the transportation cost, this study prefer to find the optimal combination of the number of trucks rather than minimize the travel distance. Frequent opening of a truck door will cause sudden temperature increases, so the number of delivery locations for each truck cannot exceed three to prevent the products from melting. This study uses two approaches to resolve issues regarding delivery routes and truck capacity. This research uses a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) approach to consider the distribution scenario where a truck with specific capacity depart from the company, upload the ice cream products, and deliver them to a specific depot and store. This research also uses sensitivity analysis to see the impact of possible route failures on variable decisions, estimated costs and route reliability. Last, the research will use The Estimating Expected Interruption Cost (ECOST) method to estimate disruption cost that occurs in the distribution system. This study uses primary and secondary data collected from companies, namely the time required for distribution activities, distance and route from the company to various depots and stores, the number of depots and stores, the number of requests in each depot and store, the number of trucks needed for distribution needs and the number of employees involved in distribution activities. The results of this study are to get the best route from completing the mathematical formulation programming then a wide distribution will provide the best delivery from the company to various depots and stores that are carried out using trucks with a certain capacity, so that minimum costs are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model for describing passenger preferences is studied. The model was proposed earlier by the authors for predicting passenger traffic for high-speed links of the railway network. Choosing a route by a randomly selected passenger is considered as a problem of minimizing of the generalized transportation cost. This cost is a linear combination of two criteria (a cost and time of the transportation) and depends on a random parameter of passenger preferences. The properties of the model are investigated. The estimation problem for the random parameter distribution via statistical data on the passengers preferences is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the multi-choice and stochastic parameters of the transportation problem, in which the main aim is to minimize the transportation cost. The transportation problem consists of the multi-choice cost parameters and random demand parameters because of the uncertainty in the environment. The objective function of the problem is in the non-linear form, due to the multi-choice cost parameter and the extra cost and, the constraint corresponding to the demand is in a probabilistic manner. The multi-choice parameters are converted into single choice using Newton’s Divided Difference Interpolation and, the chance-constrained technique used for transforming the probabilistic constraints into deterministic constraints. The numerical example presented for the description of the methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors study the corn crop residue management system for 16 provinces in northern Thailand which encompasses 127 agricultural cooperatives (co-ops), 974 corn fields and 274 customers. To solve the system’s problems, we find clusters where co-ops will pick up crop residues from corn fields, process them into it biomass fuel and sell the fuel to customers. Each cluster consists of a co-op, a set of corn fields and a set of customers, the latter two being on separate routes from the co-op. To minimize the system’s transportation cost and balance transportation cost between clusters, we propose mathematical model and apply two modified heuristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chain efficiency is one of the keys to success for many companies. A critical link in the supply chain is transportation, which needs to be well managed to ensure timeliness, reliability, and minimum cost implications. A potentially costly problem is empty backhauling, which occurs when a cargo truck runs empty on the return trip. To achieve efficient backhaul management, companies need to foster collaboration with other entities to reduce empty load routing. Successful collaborations lead to reduced transportation costs and potentially higher profitability for both entities involved. Given that the objective is to minimize the transportation cost for both sides, the initial aim of our study is to write a model to maximize the matching of delivery trucks and cargoes. Potential constraints to matching include types of trucks and cargoes, cost of shipping and deliveries, time availability of each truck and cargo, and the loading and unloading times of the cargoes. Solutions of the mathematical model are found using the branch and bound technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hub facility location in this study is related with driving the traffic from origin to destination of the cargo express by finding optimal hub facilities and allocating demand node to hubs. The objective of this research is to determine the locations of hubs to allocate non-hub nodes to hubs with minimizing total cost. Total cost includes transportation costs from origin to destination, fixed costs for new hub investments, and carbon emission costs resulting from transportation activities among facilities. An approach to the capacitated multiple allocation hub location problem is presented and an integer linear programming model is developed to find the solution of this problem. This study also calculated the carbon emission level to consider environmental effects as an integration method in sustainable supply chain management applied to facility location problem. Computational analysis is conducted in order to observe the resulting hub networks. The final results of this research are the optimal locations for cargo express transfer terminals attached in a hub-and-spoke network. The results obtained PWS stations selected as hub facilities with the total required cost of IDR 758,650,360.103. The delivery of goods by train is done through the station route PWS, KT, YA, KTA, KYA, PWT, CN, BKS, JNG, and PSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In linear programming problem, transportation problem is a specific manner to obtain the amount. In this paper a creative assumption is designed for receiving lowest cost in transportation problem and also Direct Sum Method (DSM) and Arithmetic Mean Approach (AM) methods are compared with the proposed method. This procedure is examined with different transportation problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice for a Prosperous People (RASTRA) is a governmental aid program. This program aims to reduce the burden of household target spending to fulfil basic food needs in the form of rice. In terms of maintaining the stability of food security for these poor and vulnerable communities, the Indonesian Bureau of Logistics (Bulog) acts as an operator that distributes rice equally throughout the country, so that rice can be accessed by all people at affordable prices. Therefore, good distribution management is necessary for this program. An efficient delivery method for RASTA can be found by creating a transportation model using Vogel's Approximation Method. This method gives a flexible initial solution that is similar to or close to the optimal solution. This study aims to determine the delivery schedule by minimizing the total shipping cost while fulfilling the supply and demand constraints. Based on a calculation, it is found that the minimum transportation cost is Rp 340,175,800,000,000 if distributed to the district in accordance with the proximity and the amount of inventory in each warehouse. From Karanganom warehouse there are 19 districts, from Krikilan warehouse 9 districts, from Ngabean warehouse 18 districts, from Banaran warehouse 6 districts, from Telukan warehouse 9 districts, from Triyagan warehouse 12 districts, from Gedong warehouse 25 districts, from Meger warehouse 5 districts, and from Duyungan warehouse are 16 districts. With the allocation that is generated by the Vogel Method, the Indonesian Bureau of Logistics can reduce the transportation cost by as much as approximately Rp 2,000,000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon environmental protection is the focus of attention around the world, scientists are constantly researching on production of carbon emissions and living carbon emissions. However, there is little literature about multimodal transportation based on carbon emission at home and abroad. Firstly, tins paper introduces the theory of multimodal transportation, the multimodal transport models that didn't consider carbon emissions and consider carbon emissions are analyzed. On this basis, a multi - objective programming 0-1 programming model with minimum total transportation cost and minimum total carbon emission is proposed. The idea of weight is applied to Ideal point method for solving problem, multi-objective programming is transformed into a single objective function. The optimal solution of carbon emission to transportation cost under different weights is determined by a single objective function with variable weights. Based on the model and algorithm, an example is given and the results are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]