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Level of economic growth is directly affected by government spending and one of the most important forms of spending is the federal grants-in-aid. Not only does this help the improvement of infrastructures, but also the improvement of human resources, enhancing economic growth. Given the importance of government spending on economic growth of a country, this research used the Pindyck-Rubinfeld model of public spending and federal grants-in-aid as the basis model for data collection and simultaneous equation model (SEM) analysis. The results show that there is a simultaneity problem between government spending and federal grants-in-aid affect and the equations are both identified. Thus, the estimating model is built by using the 2SLS method. The model generates a very high accuracy, but the diagnostic tests do not meet all the required conditions, resulting in a need of transformation of the model. The transformed model turns out to also generate a very high accuracy, indicating that the new transformed Pindyck-Rubinfeld model of public spending and federal grants-in-aid can be applied to solve real life economic problems in estimating the US government expenditure or the federal grants-in-aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation system is a critical component of urban infrastructure and the lifeline of the city. It plays a key role in the economic growth of that region. It also displays region's economic condition as well as planners' dedication for their region. Up to our knowledge Prior research has not yet explored the measurement of geometric and travel Characteristics within the street network of AL-Kufa city. This is an empirical study where the methodology comprises field data collection and network modelling. This study aims for investigating the geometric and travel characteristics of the arterial and collector streets in Al-Kufa street network and modeling the study area for the purpose of conducting various analyses in GIS especially network analyst of the study area. Tables 1 to 5 present details regarding the symbols, local names, lengths, and proposed functional classification for a network of streets (or their segments), and the commuting durations during the two specific periods under examination (morning peak hour/free-flow conditions). included in the analysis. Figures 2 and 3 depict two ArcGIS maps that have been created to illustrate the spatial positions of the links and their associated nodes. In conclusion based on the data gathered from field observations, there appears to be no obvious disparity in travel durations between morning off-peak hours and free-flow periods on street segments that are not heavily congested. Variations in travel duration can be observed among street segments of similar or proximate lengths, attributable to discrepancies in congestion levels experienced along these routes. Street segments of similar or near-equal lengths display different free-flow travel durations, thereby emulating the impact of road surface quality on driving efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze economic data, it would be better to use panel data (a combination of time series and cross section) because there is a lot of information obtained. One model that is widely used in panel data analysis is the PVAR model because it was able to identify the dynamic effects of the heterogeneity shock of the unobserved variables and their causal effects. PVAR is widely used in data on the economic growth of a region or country. Many factors affect economic growth, one of which is inflation. Inflation and economic growth are two things that influence each other. Economic growth it self can be calculated based on the value of GDP. In this study, Granger causality shows that there is a two-way influence of the two variables. The PVAR model shows that the two variables influence each other but the time effect has a greater influence. Where the GDP rate in the previous year had more influence on the current GDP rate than the inflation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil palm plantation industry plays a pivotal role in Malaysia's economy, contributing significantly to global palm oil production and exports. However, the industry faces challenges related to labour-intensive harvesting, particularly the manual collection of loose oil palm fruits (LF). This manual process not only leads to reduced productivity but also poses health risks to workers. To address these issues, the development of an autonomous LF collector is proposed, aiming to reduce labour requirements and enhance collection efficiency. The automated LF collector incorporates a robotic arm for fruit picking, an LF detection system using image processing, a GPS-based human-follower vehicle, a back-to-home navigation system, and obstacle avoidance mechanisms. This innovation allows the LF collector to operate autonomously in oil palm plantations, thus relieving the workforce. The project details materials and components selection for the LF picker, providing insights into the practical implementation of this technology. By reducing the reliance on manual labour and improving LF collection, the proposed autonomous LF collector contributes to increasing overall palm oil production, ensuring the industry's sustainability and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the size of the global insurance industry continues to grow, so does the interest and number of researchers study the development of insurance industry from different aspects. At the same time, a substantial number of past research have shown theoretically and empirically that the development of insurance industry is significantly correlated to economic growth, however, few of them have taken Malaysia as the main research object. This research focuses on examining the relationship between the development of the insurance industry and economic growth in Malaysia. This research used life and general insurance penetration rates, insurance densities and insurance growth rates as the proxies for the development of the insurance industry, and GDP per capita and GDP growth rate as the measures of economic growth during the research period (1999-2020). This research applied multiple linear regression method to estimate the relationship between the variables, and at the same time, ensure that the linear regression models formed meet the necessary assumptions. The GDP per capita is detrended by model fitting to ensure autocorrelation issue does not exist. This research found that the life insurance penetration rate is significantly negatively correlated with GDP per capita, while the general insurance penetration rate does not significantly correlate with GDP per capita; both life and general insurance densities significantly positively correlated with GDP per capita; both life and general insurance growth rates have no significant correlation with GDP growth rate. Although these final research results refute the expectations and general findings of previous studies due to limitations and external factors, they still support the conclusion that the insurance industry has a significant impact on Malaysia's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to review the literature on the impact of climate strategy on the environmental and financial performance in addition of its policy implication of petroleum companies. To do so, a systematic literate review (SLR) was carried out on data from 2015 to 2022. Among 500 relevant articles, 41 were subjected to deep analysis using a Prisma model. The results revealed that, first, approximately 74% of the deeply-investigated literature was on macroeconomics while about only 26% was on microeconomics. Second, the majority of studies reported that eco innovation and RE have statistically significant positive impacts on the environment, but few suggested that the impact of eco innovation on the environment is harmful due to eco innovation negative shocks during the contraction economic cycle and specific characteristic of a country. Third, results showed that RE technologies are more labour-intensive than fossil fuels industry. Finally, the results indicate that the implications of increasing RE on economic growth are inclusive, especially in petrostate countries. This study contains valuable implications and suggestions for academics and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the issues of increasing energy efficiency in the Republic of Uzbekistan based on modern energy saving technologies. The current level of energy intensity of the economy and the reasons for the inefficient use of energy resources, which are an obstacle to achieving sustainable economic growth in the long term, are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the analysis of the economic growth model with CES-production function. The elasticity parameter of this function varies up to its limit value of one. In the limit case of the unit elasticity, the production function turns into Cobb-Douglas type. A special attention in the paper is devoted to this limit transformation and its impact on the stabilized solutions. Numerical examples finalize the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global crisis brought on by COVID-19 is unparalleled. Tourism is one of the many industries that have been made public by the recent COVID-19 epidemic. Indonesia itself was affected by the impact that caused a decrease in both foreign and domestic tourists. Smart tourism through the metaverse concept is one of the proposed solutions to deal with this problem, considering that metaverse has been booming lately, so it can attract the attention of tourists who cannot come directly to the tourist attractions. This paper aims to provide new insights regarding how to improve the Indonesian economy through tourism, so people realize the importance of the metaverse in the future. Moreover, we believe that the future of this metaverse will be very bright because the advantages of technology used in the metaverse are very beneficial for users (Blockchain, Crypto, Non-Fungible Token). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected numerous countries worldwide, among which the U.S. is the leading country. Meanwhile, the U.S. has the world's second-highest primary energy consumption, and the country is still heavily reliant on petroleum and natural gas that emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) during combustion. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of pandemic uncertainty and CO2 emissions on the nexus between energy consumption and gross domestic product (GDP) by employing discrete threshold estimation. Besides investigating the net or total asymmetric effects of energy consumption, this research includes four sectoral datasets in the model estimations, which are residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation. The period covered is 1996–2021, using quarterly data. The estimation results report an asymmetric relationship between energy consumption and GDP triggered by pandemic uncertainty and CO2 emissions. Yet, these asymmetric effects are small compared to the influences of GDP lag(s) and CO2 emissions. In addition, the pandemic uncertainty discloses a direct positive impact besides the indirect effect on the GDP. It is most likely due to the rebound effects. Total and sectoral CO2 emissions also have consequences on GDP directly and indirectly, where the direct impacts vary across regimes. The observable asymmetric effects of energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and the preceding economic situations could deliver more informative insights to the U.S. local government and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between environmental degradation, energy and economic growth has been studied extensively. Energy consumption is an essential input to the economy of a country. However, excessive energy consumption without control may adversely affect the quality of the environment. Previous studies reported different results on the nexus. The classical approaches that assume sphericity of errors (homoscedasticity and no autocorrelation) might not be valid as many data are spatially dependent/ correlated. The ignorance of such spatial effects might lead to misleading results. Hence, this study utilises the spatial panel models incorporating the spatial effect in examining the nexus. This study has three main objectives: i) to examine the relationship between environmental degradation, output growth and renewable energy, ii) to examine the spatial effect in the nexus and iii) to determine whether spatial models provide consistent results using different spatial weight matrices. Data from 25 European countries from 2000 to 2018 are used for the analysis. In particular, the existence of the spatial effect is examined and modelled by considering different spatial models, namely the spatial Durbin model, spatial autoregressive model and spatial error model. The localities and distance among the spatial units are identified through the weight matrix (orders 1 and 2). The results reveal that SDM using the weight matrix of order 2 is the best model compared to other models. The main findings show that renewable energy is associated with lower environmental degradation. In addition, there are also spatial effects from renewable energy that contribute to reducing environmental degradation in a country. Furthermore, different weight matrices give relatively consistent results. The spatial effect implies that the neighbour countries highly influence the nexus of renewable energy in correcting the environmental problem. The effort of an authority to reduce environmental issues through adopting renewable energy to replace non-renewable energy might stimulate the same policy implementation from the neighbour countries. The helps to strengthen the implementation and effectiveness of the policy in the neighbourhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MSMEs have a role in the economic growth of a country. There is one MSME that produces snacks in several areas on the Java island, Indonesia. Based on observations, there are risks related to work safety in the process of making these snacks. To identify the risk of work accidents in the process, research was conducted by combining the HIRA and FMEA methods. Risk identification is expected to be material for proposals to design procedures or equipment in the production process and act as technical control. In addition, risk identification can be the first step to minimize or prevent work accidents and create work safety. The steps of the research are identifying the process of making snacks, identifying hazards by recognizing the probability and consequence values, determining risk values, making risk maps, determining detection levels, calculating risk priority numbers, and controlling risk. Based on the steps that have been taken, risk control can be exposed to the use of PPE, administrative control, and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the main goal is to accelerate economic growth rates and improve the life quality of Russian population by creating a network of express and high-speed rail services, providing the optimal balance of speed, comfort and fare for passengers. To achieve this goal, the following objectives can be distinguished: Improving of the social and economic efficiency of the space organization of the Russian Federation. Creation of new economic growth drivers of Russia through the formation of demand for high-tech products and services, including import substitution. Improving the competitiveness of rail passenger transportation in relation to other modes of transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system analysis of problems of functioning and development of transport is carried out. The efficiency of transport planning and management processes has been analyzed. The provisions of the interaction of the transport-logistic and socio-economic systems of the region are formulated. The main provisions and approaches to assessing the impact of transport on the surrounding social system, limited territorially and administratively, are given. A systematic analysis of the characteristics of the functioning and development of transport and the non-transport effect of improving the transport service to consumers has been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is fully engaged in the acceleration and prolongation of economic growth. Indonesia expects annual economic growth of 6 percent within 5 (five) years. One indicator of the ease of attracting foreign investors to Indonesia is to have rapid access to the investment licensing process. The Omnibus Legislation is used as a facility to promote the provision of investment. This system, the Spatial Planning Rule, affects at least 79 laws and regulations. This paper intends to analyze the Spatial Planning Law's reform through the omnibus law process, which is applied to the law of work development. Normative legal analysis is this type of research. A conceptual approach is a form used. This research shows that Indonesia's spatial planning reforms to encourage investment should, therefore, be introduced with the use of 5 (five) improvements. Simplifying simpler licensing forms has led to a spatial change in the direction of investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is one of the factors of non-macroeconomic in an effort to trigger the growth of the economy that can help the country to compete achieve higher levels of production and have a competitive advantage. Innovation is closely related to export activities carried out by a country with innovation it is hoped that this innovation will help smooth export activities that have an impact on economic growth. This study analyzed the effect of innovation on economic growth in ASEAN during the period years 2014 to 2019. The analytical method used is Pooled Least Square (PLS). The variables used in this study are economic growth, innovation, and the percentage of export performance. By applying the panel data model with expected to be known the extent to which the presence of innovation in economic growth in ASEAN. The calculation results show that innovation has a negative impact on economic growth in ASEAN, while export growth has a positive effect on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy is required by a country to carry out production activities and fulfill the unlimited needs of society. A common problem in economics is the limited availability of inputs, moreover, energy scarcity can lead to declining in economic productivities. This study aims to analyze whether energy demand has long-term and short-term relationships orneither just long-term nor short-term relationships. Based on the economic growth model and using per capita GDP as a proxy for the country's economic wealth, and primary energy supply as a proxy of energy supply, this research using the Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) model. Data for this research were driven using secondary data provided by World Bank. The results indicate that there was only a long-term relationship established in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to identify the features of the institutional environment formation of agriculture and show that digitalization is a specific factor of sustainable economic growth of agriculture at the present stage of economic development. The study is based on the dialectical method aimed at identifying cause-effect relationships between the economic growth of domestic agriculture and the factors that influence it. The study shows that at the present stage of the institutional environment development of domestic agriculture, one of the main factors of agriculture sustainability is the process of digital technology development. The study's originality lies in identifying specific factors of sustainable economic growth of agriculture in Russia at the present stage of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of road development started with the idea of connecting metropolitan cities with the surrounding region. "All roads lead to Rome" which also shows us that, urban development attracts transport infrastructure. But eventually, settlements started to evolve in close proximity to the roads, which shows that development is followed by a transportation network. This has led to a common debate on what should come first, Opportunities/Settlement or Transport Infrastructure. In view of the existing literature, the interdependency of Regional Development and Transport Infrastructure can be classified under three categories which are 1. Transport system (Infrastructure) follows regional development, 2. Infrastructure development as an inductor of regional development and 3. Equality in development emphasizes balanced economic growth and infrastructure in a region. This study is an attempt to understand the development of the Visakhapatnam district in a regional context and its relation to the regional transportation network. The relationship between the accessibility of regional transport at the nodal level and the development of major settlements has been studied for the same. After analyzing various indicators of development and transportation infrastructure, an impact assessment of two indicators has been done. One of the indicators to study development is the growth rate in terms of the population of the Visakhapatnam region and the indicator to study transport accessibility is Shimbel's index of major nodes in the regional network. The Geographic Information System has been used as a tool to develop the Road network and to generate the initial connectivity matrix for calculating the Shimbel Index. After obtaining the data related to the indicators of regional development and transportation accessibility, regression analysis has been performed which shows the relationship between the development of major settlements and accessibility. Results show that accessibility is positively correlated with the population growth rate which means that the accessibility of a settlement has a significant impact on development which supports the claims of the literature. Now we have further analyzed the positive correlation by modelling the relationship between regional development and accessibility. Results are published. This model can be further worked upon to predict the regional development for a given transport accessibility in the region in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries have noted economic expansion and advancement in the construction industry, and the key prerequisite to realizing its current potential is the construction of taller and deeper structures. On the other hand, the development of millions of tons of construction waste per year is an issue that is growing at a similar rate. This volume of construction trash contributes to numerous environmental issues around the world. The tremendous rise of Iraq's building industry during the last few decades has been witnessed. This rapid growth is resulting in a massive amount of construction and demolition debris. This paper proposes a theoretical method for calculating the trash generation rate of building and demolition projects using accessible data, and it is offered as a less complex and more generally applicable alternative to hand sorting and weighing debris on site. In a case study in Iraq, the method is used for ten projects. The trash generation rate was determined in this study, with a waste generation rate of 26.91546 (t 100 m-2) for standard construction methods and (t 100 m-2). Although it is difficult to predict the exact amount of construction and demolition waste generated in the future, the results show that the amount of waste generated in the year 2032 will be 16795179 (ton/year), indicating the need to develop a prior plan to properly manage construction and demolition waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationships among economic growth, renewable energies, and CO2 emissions, the study uses panel data set of 30 Chinese provinces over 2014–2020 as sample set and employs four simultaneous equation models based on four different renewable energies: thermal, solar, wind, hydro. The residual Sum Square (RSS) results confirm that the dynamic GMM is better than the SUR estimation. The empirical results show that economic growth negatively correlates with thermal and wind energies, while positively affecting solar and hydro energies. Similarly, thermal, wind and solar energies and economic growth mutually reinforce carbon dioxide emissions. The dynamic effect describes the significant positive impact between the lag value and the current value of economic growth and renewable energies, indicating that both variables tend to increase over time. The one lag of carbon dioxide harms its current values, meaning that the Chinese government has been working hard to reduce emissions. Therefore, the use of renewable energies, primarily hydro and solar energies, has a specific role in promoting economic growth, and economic growth also indirectly promotes the development of renewable energies. The positive relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide shows that the current economic growth is still at the cost of carbon dioxide emissions in China, so adjusting the industrial structure is the inevitable choice of the new growth model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has started from the time of civilization. It is one of the major activities that is responsible for the Indian economic growth. The model we brought up will be able to determine the yield of different kinds of crops that are grown in India. Simple parameters like State, district, season and area will help the user to determine the yield of the crops that he/she would like togrow. To give out the best outcome of the prediction results modern regression techniques have been used. What all crops have to be planted and what shall be done during the growing season of the crops are the one's on which machine learning algorithm works onin crop yield prediction. The agricultural yield prediction studies have been aided by a number of machine learning techniques. In ourresearch study, we have gone through a systematic literature review to know about the features and algorithms used in earlier crop yield prediction projects. We retrieved multiple relevant studies from electronic databases based on our search criteria, and we chose a few for further analysis using inclusion and exclusion criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes dynamical growth models predicting cyclic development of investigated economic factors. The research deals with an optimal control problem based on the economic growth model with the production function of the Cobb-Douglas type. Following the Pontryagin maximum principle, we derive the Hamiltonian system and conduct its qualitative analysis, which reveals conditions for the cyclic behavior of the optimal solutions around the isolate steady state. Numerical experiments illustrate the obtained results by demonstrating phase portraits corresponding to steady states of the focal type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the problem of construction of value functions in optimal control problems on infinite horizon for economic growth models. Grid approximation schemes for stationary Hamilton-Jacobi equations are realized for numerical calculation of value functions and optimal controls. For compactification of the grid domain and the range of the value function a series of nonlinear changes of variables are implemented for generating the contraction-mapping operators in the convergent approximation schemes. A special sample of economic growth model is used for verification of calculation results for value functions and optimal controls in grid approximation schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the efforts to reduce development inequality is to establish growth centers. The objective of this study is to determine the center of growth and shift or change in the hierarchy of Ponorogo Regency. The primary data used are secondary socio-economic facility data for 2013-2020 from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The socio-economic facility data will process using the scalogram method and the centrality index. The result of data processing is that the regional hierarchy in Ponorogo Regency has experienced a shift or change. The change or shift in the hierarchy is caused by the availability of socio-economic facilities in each sub-district. The results of this research indicate that the growth center in Ponorogo Regency is located in Ponorogo District has a total of 19 socio-economic facilities and a high centrality index value of 313.50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper was focusing on the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the agriculture sector on the growth rate of the selected African countries. Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, Algeria and Morocco have been selected by the researcher in this study. The researcher selected this country due their highest contribution on growth rate (GDP) among the African countries. To see the relationship between foreign direct investment in the agriculture sector, employment rate, capital and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the country with higher amount of GDP is more suitable to analyse. It is because of high sensitivity between this variable. The writer focus on African region because of the various economic problem that happened within this region. At the end of this research, the researcher hope that the result will be help the government and the other investors to improve economic performance of this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the literature in food security and economic growth. The relationship between food securities has been reviewed by variety of the previous studies; it becomes important to explore the problem issues that arise regarding on previous studies. This research is to explore the problems and issues in high income country. Though in the world's wealthiest countries, the poor people frequently survive in substandard housing and struggle to afford basic goods and services such as heating, transportation, and nutritious food for themselves and their families. Understanding of the relationship between multiple measuring poverty and variety of food security factors is therefore critical for program planning and subsequent analysis. People live in poverty in every country on the planet. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between food security and economic growth in two selected high-income countries which is Singapore and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to analyze the consequences of interest rate on healthcare industry in selected ASEAN country for the period 2005 to 2015. Interest rate were established as the dependent variable while the independent variables were economic growth, inflation, unemployment rate, exchange rate and healthcare industry. The study sought to understand the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. This research will be focused on healthcare industry in five selected Asian country which is Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand because nowadays healthcare industry seem to be an important part in the economy of a country. The sample of countries selected are depended on their interest rate performance. While, the data provided in this research are based on World Bank data covers the period from 2005 to 2015. In addition, the researcher proposed to use the dynamic panel data in order to explore the relationship between interest rate and a number of independent variables: economic growth, inflation, unemployment, exchange rate and healthcare industry. These independent variable are choose as they seen to be the most key factor that affecting interest rate. Furthermore, the researcher decide to use healthcare expenditure as new measurement for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the relationship between air quality, economic development, population growth, and energy consumption has been conducted in newly industrialized countries (NICs). It is necessary to analyze further the role of this variable in ASEAN countries in reducing environmental degradation. This study aims to analyze the interaction patterns of the causal relationship between air quality, economic growth, urbanization, and international commitments. The study was conducted in 5 central ASEAN countries from 1990 to 2014. Data were analyzed using the Panel Vector Error Correction Model (Panel VECM). The findings show a long-run relationship between urbanization and air quality variables. The bidirectional panel causality exists on urbanization and a unidirectional causality panel on air quality to economic growth. Mitigation strategies are needed to overcome the degradation in air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At this time, there have been paradigm changes in the Government's mindset, especially in terms of achieving targets between investment activities to increase economic growth and efforts to conserve and protect the environment. It is in line with the issuance of the Job Creation Law in Indonesia, when the Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) pandemic happened, which resulted in Indonesia's economic growth continuing to weaken. For this reason, economic growth needs to increase through policies on ease of doing business and investment, which will impact economic growth. One of these policies is the ease of the licensing process. This article aims to examine the relationship between permits, especially building permits, and their effect on environmental protection by looking at and conducting literature studies and comparisons between the level of permits and the theoretical impact of ecological damage through the primary and secondary data, which was carried out within the scope of the research area located in South Jakarta, Indonesia. This research expects to be material for policymakers' consideration in further analysing the relationship between licensing, environmental protection, and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the increasing trend of greenhouse gas emission globally in the last few decades which contributes to environmental degradation and global warming, this study intends to measure and analyze the short- and long-run effects of road infrastructure, energy consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emission in Indonesia. This study focuses on Indonesia, considering the country as one of developing economies that ranked as the sixth-largest contributor to global CO2 emissions. Utilizing annual secondary data and analyzing it using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, this study documented the short-run effect of energy consumption on an increase in CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, in the long run, the increase in CO2 emissions in the country was attributed to the rise in road infrastructure, energy consumption, and economic growth. The economic growth-emissions relationship is relevant to the EKC hypothesis. These findings suggest an urgent need to introduce an energy-efficient transportation system, searching for new sources of renewable energy, implement green economic development measures, and increase public awareness on the importance of preserving the environment as a strategic effort to reduce CO2 emissions in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current trends in urban planning include the creation of urban projects that are designed to reduce the impact on the environment and change the life habits of citizens, making the latter more responsible for their environment. The key to such plans is the use of environmentally friendly technologies and materials for the construction of buildings and due infrastructure. The article discusses the international certification systems for evaluation of modern medical institutions within the given framework. The authors present a number of examples of successful "Green Hospital" projects. The essay shows the power-engineering and ecological benefits of projects that help to address a range of global goals, including the climate change problem, stimulation of economic growth and creation of sustainable societies. The authors note the importance of developing national systems for sustainable development of civil engineering and renovation of healthcare facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban landscape of today Ho Chi Minh is known as the significant increase of individual transportation. Extremely high-density living but inadequate levels of infrastructure provision create serious health problems and environmental impacts in HCM inner districts. In mid 1990s, many papers describe HCM is the city where traffic is transformed from bicycles to motorcycles. In mid 200s, it is labeled as "motor dependent city" and traffic congestion becomes more serious than ever. HCM as under the hyper urbanism are faced with the problem of traffic congestion on a large scale, like many other cities in Asia. Concerning this issue, a lot of solutions were applied but the traffic situation has not much improved. The study predicts that the next step of HCM traffic action will be the shift to cars. Moreover, the future reduction of car taxes in order to reach the globalization is threatening the city by shifting from motor-based to car-based system. In fact, a few years ago, the City Authorities started a series of initiatives and produced several political documents for future development. One of them is the Transport Master Plan for 2030 developed in 2004 and approved in 2013. To overcome HCMC's transport challenges, TMP is planned to modernize and extend the existing road and highway network, and especially an extensive public transport improvement program including metro line as Mass rapid transit (MRT) and bus corridor (BRT) encouraging friendly environment for cycling and pedestrian. This master plan based on the concept of sustainable urban transport towards the integrated approach between transit and spatial land-use. HCM city has potential of densities to support these mass transit systems, yet, the shifts in development are not yet in place and they need a long-term transformation to measure the impacts. Meanwhile, worsening congestion of motorized situation is adversely affecting the city's competitiveness and human life. By redefining the transportation and city interaction, can transit once again play a central role in HCM city after having been structured since colonial time? Would a future of HCM paired with integration concept be an alternative to the motorized city? Being considered as a means of public transport for those who cannot afford cars, what can be the prediction of advantages and disadvantages after Transport Master Plan towards 2030 are done? Transport differs from other problems developing societies face, because it gets worse rather than better with economic growth. While sanitation, education, and other challenges improve with economic growth, transport gets worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth is significant for a country to raise its standard of living. It is found that economic growth can be contributed by several factors such as capital, labour and total factor productivity (TFP). Therefore, this study aims to analyse the contribution of education and labour skills to economic growth in Malaysia. For this purpose, the analysis of the study is to use the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The focus of the study is in Malaysia based on data for the period 1982‒2017 obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia and the International Labour Organisation. The results show that only capital and labour variables with tertiary education can contribute to economic growth in Malaysia in the long run. Nevertheless, the findings of the study in the short-term show that the variables of capital, labour with tertiary education, secondary education and the ratio of skilled labour can contribute to economic growth. Therefore, the country needs to allocate greater expenditure to the education and training sector as education and labour skills have a positive impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 20th century has witnessed greater economic growth of the countries having large population size and the population growth in terms of number of people added per year. Countries like China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Ethiopia have shown greater economic growth rate in 21st century. Out of 15 most populated countries, 14 were among the top 45 economies (by GDP) with an exception of Ethiopia. However, 9 of these countries are out of top 100 economies by GDP per capita income. High population growth, large ratio of vulnerable employment and higher age dependency ratio are the factors responsible for lower per capita income of these countries. The theory developed by Thomas Malthus seems to be applicable for these countries [19]. Many of the researchers have tried to correlate the rate of economic growth with that of population growth. A statistical analysis of the data from World Bank has been done in presented work to establish the correlation between population and economy [25]. A discussion about the observed trend line and estimated trend line principle of least square method (PLSM) is also presented the basis of consistency of economic growth and age dependency ratio [21]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated that the Covid-19 pandemic could trigger an economic growth crisis that would affect a country's food security. This can interfere with one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely to maintain stable economic growth, one of which is for developing countries such as Indonesia. For this reason, in this study, an analysis was carried out to find out the relationship of social media to business development, innovation in helping the economy during the Covid-19 pandemic, which was tested with the Chi-square hypothesis test and t-test. Chi-square hypothesis test is a type of non-parametric comparative test conducted on two variables, where the data scale of the two variables is nominal or ratio. The Chi-square statistic hypothesis test in this study was conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between innovation in establishing a business and social media. The t-test was conducted to analysis difference in the average income both before and after the pandemic as well as before and after innovating. Thus, this study is expected to be used as a reference by the government to revive the economic sector during the digital-based Covid-19 pandemic that can support the country's economic recovery. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between business development innovation and the intensity of social media use. Based on the paired t-test, the results show that there are differences in the average income both before and after the pandemic as well as before and after innovating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study represents an overview of the international research agenda related to the concept of the global energy transition. The metadata of reviews and research articles from the Scopus database for 1991 to 2021 were collected and investigated with methods of scientometric analysis. The built document co-citation network with detected clusters recovers an evolution of the main research topics along the considered period. Research front as a set of emerging and expanding topics was identified and reviewed. The frontier topics focus on multifaceted integration - technological, infrastructural, organizational, sectoral, etc. This integration draws the attention of researchers to the challenges of intelligent management of future energy systems while maintaining low-carbon targets for the energy transition with sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reveals some answers pertaining to the relationships between the economic aspect and conservation activities in Kuala Lumpur. The main aim of this research is to determine if there is correlation between economic growths with the conservation of historical buildings in Kuala Lumpur. In addition, this research is also undertaken to determine the locations and types of conservation projects proposed in the city in relation to economic aspect. Specifically, it covers the locations and types of conservation and redevelopment of historical buildings in Kuala Lumpur from 1993 until 2007, a period that spans two economic growth cycles of the Malaysian economy. The research has been focused on the old parts of the Kuala Lumpur city centre as outlined in the 'Garispanduan Pengekalan Bangunan Di Dalam Kawasan Pusat Bandar Kuala Lumpur' published by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall in 1996. These parts of the city cover among others areas along Jalan Petaling, Jalan Tun HS Lee, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sultan, Jalan Tun Perak and Jalan Ipoh. The numerical data collected has been analysed using descriptive statistics. A correlation between the economic growth data with the number and estimated costs of the conservation and redevelopment projects is then identified through graphic comparison and scatter plot diagram. The strength of the relationship is measured by the coefficient of correlation. Sources that have been used to identify the possible reasons that could explain the correlation have also been analysed. The research has produced a few findings. Firstly, there is a correlation between economic growth and the conservation of historical buildings in the areas of study in Kuala Lumpur. This finding suggests that economic expansion and contraction have had certain influence on the conservation of historical buildings there. However, through charts comparison, scatter plot diagram and correlation coefficient, it could be concluded that the correlation is a weak one. As a result, it is difficult for the finding to be used as the general indicator applicable to other areas in the city, let alone the country. In addition, this finding is only applicable to the areas of study within the period of 1993 until 2007. Secondly, the research has also identified that a negative economic growth would hamper the conservation of historical buildings there. However, the relationship is also weak thus could be explored more in future research undertakings. Finally, another significant finding is that all of the conservation works proposed are driven by the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world was shocked by the emergence of a new type of virus, namely Covid-19. 2020 March 2nd, President Joko Widodo announced two positive Covid-19 patients as the first cases of Covid-19 in.Indonesia. The Covid-19 pandemic and the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (LSSR) carried out by the government harmed economic growth. The value of the IDX fell from 6000's to 4,000's after the first Covid-19 case in Indonesia. The IDX indicates an increasing trend when Joe Biden made his victory speech on 2020 November 7th. Intervention analysis is used to evaluate the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic, LSSR and Joe Biden's victory speech on the IDX using the daily closing data from April 2019 to December 2020. The results of the intervention analysis obtained are the Covid-19 pandemic raised the IDX value by 233,70 points on the second day and raised 121,47 points on the third day since the announcement of the first Covid-19 patient in Indonesia. The implementation of the LSSR in DKI Jakarta lowered the IDX value by 167,31 points one day after the policy was implemented and Joe Biden's victory speech had no effect on the IDX value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the efficiency of economic growth has been regarded as a crucial task because it depicts the quality of people's lives. Efficiency refers to the ratio of output to specified inputs. There are some methods to investigate efficiency, such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This method evaluates the efficiency of a set of decision-making units (DMUs) that employ numerous inputs to generate output by solving linear programming problems. This method is widely known as a managerial tool for measuring efficiency because it does not require prior assumptions. Therefore, this paper aims to measure the efficiency of economic growth in 38 regions in East Java over the period 2015-2019 using Data Envelopment Analysis. We consider two input variables, namely labor and regional expenditure, and one output variable, regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP), meanwhile 38 regions are considered DMUs. The term input-oriented model refers to a reduction in the amount of input used to produce a given output, indicating input use efficiency. Furthermore, two DEA models termed CCR and BCC models are employed. The result reveals that by using the CCR model, Kota Kediri is the only efficient region during the period 2015-2019. Meanwhile, according to the BCC model, Kota Kediri, Kota Surabaya, Kota Mojokerto, Kota Pasuruan and Kota Probolinggo are all efficient. On the other hand, other regions are inefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the dynamics of socio-economic development indicators of some old industrial regions of Russia included in the sample. The aim of the study is to identify the most effective institutions contributing to the economic growth of the regions leading in the ranking in order to assess the possibility of their transplantation into the economy of the Volgograd region. The research methodology includes statistical analysis of indicators of socio-economic situation in old industrial regions. The results of the study conclude that Volgograd Oblast lags behind other old-industrial regions of Russia in terms of socio-economic development. As the general direction of improvement of the regional economy, it postulates the provision of intensive development of industries by creating conditions for the acquisition of modern equipment and exchange of experience between enterprises by including them in production clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimated billing system constitutes threats to economic growth and productivity in the country as it automatically provides avenues for exploitation. In Nigeria, such estimated bills are strategically, mischievously overestimated aimed at putting customers in perpetual debt bondage such that they would always have outstanding. This paper focusses on comparative study on energy charged for metered and unmetered users. Estimated and prepaid bills of customers under energy feeder XPSECllKV were obtained and compared. The tariff classes considered in this study are residential(R), commercial (C), industrial (I) and special cases (A). Prepaid metering bills reveal an average savings of 52.2% for all the subclasses considered when compared with estimated billings. The application of the weighted average cluster load technique for unmetered customers shows energy savings of 45.6% against the regular load measurement method for unmetered maximum demand customers. Recommendations were consequently highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergent nations are undergoing expeditious economic growth and the increase of densely populated regions have resulted in megacities having unscientific methods of squander management. This has significantly deteriorated the human health and environment. People are perceiving that climate change is a very existent problem and needs immediate action to mitigate the effects. This paper focus at vitality recuperation from Civic Rigid Squander (CRS) using benefits of gasification process and the feasibility of decentralized method of squander-to-vitality plants. By adopting Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), a viable option for squander management in megacities which will be eco-friendly and economically beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strong correlation between economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has made the increasing level of CO2 emissions becomes a perpetual problem worldwide. Therefore, the efficacy of current energy and environment related policies needs to be evaluated. In this regard, finding a reliable model to accurately forecast CO2 emissions is of importance, particularly for a developing country like Indonesia. By involving an unbalanced panel data of 77 countries covering the period of 1966 to 2019, this paper proposes a model which relies on the machine learning method to forecast CO2 emissions in Indonesia and to predict the feasibility for decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth. This study finds the beneficial impacts of new and renewable energy on reducing CO2 emissions. However, the peak of CO2 emissions in Indonesia was not predicted. Hence, decarbonization of Indonesia's economy is not likely to be achieved in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the solution of the scientific problem concerning the development of theoretical and applied principles of forming the economic policy of Ukraine in the field of energy in the context of European integration. The urgency of scientific research is due to the crisis state of the energy sector of Ukraine, the urgent need for its reformation in the conditions of integration into the European energy market. This requires finding alternative ways to solve a particular problem, one of which is the development of Ukraine's economic policy in the field of energy in the context of European integration. Despite the significant contribution of scientists to the formation of methodological bases for analyzing the energy market of Ukraine, conceptual, theoretical, methodological and methodological bases of formation of complementary economic, energy policy of the country in the conditions of European integration on the principles of harmonious development remain inadequately grounded and formed. Ensuring all spheres of the Ukrainian economy by different types of energy and fuel is one of the most important tasks of the management system, economic policy of the country, a necessary condition for its successful and harmonious development. The phenomenon of innovation and innovative activity reflects the dynamics of society, covers all areas life, carries a landmark for the future. The essence of this phenomenon requires thorough research from the standpoint of philosophical, scientific, technical, economic and socio-cultural aspects. Based on the growing strong regulatory framework, there is a leading role of innovation for the state as a whole and for individual enterprises and the obvious need to increase innovation, build innovation capacity and implement systematic targeted planning, development, implementation and use of innovations. The study suggests that the solution to the problems of formation is developed effective management system of innovation activities of enterprises, which meets the objectives of their innovation strategy, depends on the use of advanced methods and approaches, adequate elements of models of innovation processes of modern generations, and meets the conditions of informatization and digitalization of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is mainly concerned with applying a fractional approach on the telecommunication sector in Turkey. We propose a model by using the fractional calculus and least squares method. This model aims to provide better performance for mathematical modelling of the discrete data. In the proposed model, firstly, the dataset is modelled with our previously developed fractional approach. Then, for better modelling, the same method is also utilized for error which is the difference between the dataset and the values found by the fractional approach model. By doing so, two layers' fractional approach gives better results than the Polynomial and previously developed Fractional Model. In this research, the fractional approach models are applied for mathematically modelling of the dataset. The dataset consists of the three different variables which are Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of Turkey, average revenue per user (ARPU) of the mobile operators in Turkey, and special communication tax (CT) in Turkey. The dataset consists of the quarterly values of the variables with respect to years between 2011-2018. The correlation between the variables was examined. According to the results, we obtained the best modelling performance with the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the general and specific mechanisms of generation of investment potential and its units and improvement methods are considered and offered. The schematic diagram of realization of program and target approach of use of investment potential for a long-term outlook is also offered [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a novel nonlinear optimal control method for the dynamics of coupled time-delayed models of economic growth. Distributed and interacting capital-labor models of economic growth are considered. Such models comprise as main variables the accumulated physical capital and labor. The interaction terms between the local models are related with the transfer of capitals between the individual economies. Each model is also characterized by time-delays between its state variables and its outputs. To implement the proposed control method, the state-space description of the interconnected growth models undergoes approximate linearization around a temporary operating point which is updated at each iteration of the control algorithm. This linearization point is defined by the present value of the system's state vector and by the last sampled value of the control inputs vector. The linearization process relies on first-order Taylor series expansion and on the computation of the related Jacobian matrices. For the approximately linearized state-space description of the coupled time-delayed growth models a stabilizing H-infinity (optimal) controller is designed. This controller provides the solution to the nonlinear optimal control problem for the coupled time-delayed growth models under uncertainty and perturbations. To compute the stabilizing gains of the H-infinity feedback controller an algebraic Riccati equation is solved repetitively at each iteration of te control algorithm. The global stability properties of the proposed control scheme for the coupled time-delayed models of economic growth are proven through Lyapunov analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that information and communication technologies are currently an important basis for the development of the knowledge economy. The article examines the main directions of organizational and economic development during the transition to a post-industrial society. The role of information technologies in the formation of the digital economy is revealed. The author of the article describes measures to increase the rate of economic growth and innovative development of society through the introduction of information technologies. The transition to a post-industrial society has allowed information and communication technologies to become one of the main components of the development of the digital economy based on knowledge. The dynamic growth of the technical and economic characteristics of high-tech innovative products contributes to a significant increase in computing power and intellectual potential of products, a rapid change in outdated standards and technological platforms of information and communication systems and networks [1]. At the same time, the functioning of ultra-high-speed networks, mobile devices and information systems is aimed at improving the quality of multimedia content and a wide range of services provided to the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]