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In the present scenario, the world has a greatest interest in moving from petroleum products to non-conventional energy sources. The non-conventional energy is very popular in these days because it is cost effective solution for providing energy to the rural area where it is difficult to provide electricity. Generation of electricity through non-conventional sources is pollution free, contamination free energy, limit carbon impression and nursery outflows and guarantee energy security. This paper describes the stability study of distribution generation system under varying loading condition. This study work describe that how to maintain stable output of hybrid system by using FACT devices [2]. Firstly the capacity to meet the heap necessities from solar standalone system is dissected after that hydro standalone system is analyzed. Following this the feasibility examination of a hybrid system (solar and hydro) energy sources has been completed [8]. The important objective work of this paper is to investigate, how maximum and stable power is achieve by using latest techniques in hybrid (solar and hydro) system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the use of renewable energy sources by many power grid companies worldwide has increased significantly. The trend towards the use of renewable energy sources is mainly due to environmental issues and rising fuel prices associated with conventional electricity generation. Distributed generation units are power generation plants that are very important for the grid architecture of today's power system. The benefit of adding these distributed generation (DG) units is to increase the power supply to the grid. However, the installation of these DG units can cause a negative impact if not properly allocated and/or sized. Therefore, there is a need for their optimal allocation and size to avoid situations such as voltage instability and high investment costs. In this paper, two swarm-based heuristic algorithms, namely the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), are applied to solve the optimal placement and sizing of DG units in the distribution network planning. Three cases were used to address the network problems, which are represented by adding the photovoltaic cells and wind turbines. In the last case, both were used, and the feasibility of algorithms was confirmed for the IEEE 33-bus test system. The comparison results showed that the WOA algorithm produces good solutions. In general, the WOA algorithm was able to reduce the system losses. The reduction of real power losses in WOA, taking into account the technical and economic constraints in the IEEE 33 system is reduced to minimum of 66.22%, 67% and 80.71% for three cases respectively, as well as improving the voltage profile, thus obtaining a more efficient system. The paper reveals the strengths and weaknesses of PSO and WOA in applying the optimal size of DG units in distribution networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful implementation of smart grids depends on energy efficiency, mostly relying on the operation of electricity source infrastructure. The combination of energy sources undoubtedly provides complexity in real applications. Some of the challenges for a smart grids comes from the intermittent renewable energy characteristics such as bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, solar, ocean power, and wind energy to the base load energy such as natural gas, coal, and nuclear. This paper aims to review the implementation of current advances of smart grids from combined energy mix sources. The review includes major components of smart grids, i.e. power plants, monitoring systems, substations, power transmission and distribution, controllers and smart meters. The review also investigates the state of the art contribution of power electronics, artificial intelligence and Internet of Things to more significant optimization, safety and efficiency in these areas. The results are expected to provide a further gap analysis of applicable technologies and best practices in mixed electricity generation sources. The final result will also consider its application in an archipelago country such as Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid integration of renewable energy sources significantly complicates operational management and creates strong price fluctuations in the electric power and capacity market. Renewables, especially solar and wind power, are intermittent and have a stochastic nature, exacerbating the problem. This gives rise to the development of applied research in the field of renewable energy forecasting. One of the increasingly popular areas is the use of machine learning methods in forecasting problems in the electric power industry. In this paper, a detailed comparative analysis of two approaches to wind turbine output energy forecasting was carried out. The first one is to produce forecast of wind turbine output energy from wind speed forecast, while the second one is to directly forecast using historical data. Machine learning models were developed through these approaches accordingly and they were assessed using various performance evaluation metrics. The results indicate that forecasting errors of both methods' models have a linear relationship. It suggests the possibility of power forecasting error estimation through wind speed forecasting error. The last five-year weather data of the Krasnodar Territory coastal area were used. Experimental research was conducted on mathematical models of wind turbines that are installed in wind farms in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bangladesh, several gas turbine-based power plants often desynchronized from the national grid and remain in shutdown condition due to unstable grid frequency, lower electricity demand in the cold season, inclement weather etc. The main objective of this paper is to utilize those shutdown periods to lengthen off-line water wash cycle interval of gas turbines and to increase electricity generation. Two units of GE LM6000PC gas turbine has selected for this study. Since its initiation in 1998, the LM6000PC gas turbine has undergone a series of successful factory tests and several turbines have begun commercial operation. This paper provides an update of the LM6000PC performance and operating characteristics in Bangladesh, based upon data recorded in Max Power Limited's test facilities completed in 2018. It has found that a series of 3 hot water rinsing at 75-80 °C after every 120 hours of operation time can increase the water wash cycle interval by 33.3% of the original time. About 9% of energy has recovered that was lost due to the continuous running of a dirty compressor. The overall engine performance improved rapidly with hot water rinsing and yearly cost for water wash has reduced by 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) mono-tower technology, which uses one receiver placed on top of a tower to which all heliostats in the heliostat field aim to, is regarded as one of the best and most promising technologies for various CST-driven applications, namely CST power plants, solar metallurgical processes, thermochemical production of solar fuels and waste materials recycling. However, the technology has some technical challenges concerning optical performance/tolerances, system dimensions, operation and maintenance issues, etc. An alternative to this standard CST mono-tower technology is the so-called beam-down technology, where a special mirror is placed on the top of the tower, instead of a receiver, to redirect the incident radiation from the heliostat field onto a receiver/reactor placed closer to the ground and potentially delivering higher concentrations at the receiver than the standard CST mono-tower technology. This paper presents a new approach to improve the optics of beam-down systems, applies it to the optical design of a specific system, and shows the optical behavior of this design at two locations: Évora (Portugal) and Hurghada (Egypt). The approach uses etendue-matching between all the optical stages to minimize the optical losses between them. To analyze the optical behavior of the system designed, as an example, using the etendue-matching approach, raytracing simulations were carried out and are presented also in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the gasification of blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) biomass is carried out in a 10 kW downdraft gasifier system (power plant) to generate electric power. Further, the potential capability of different biomass for energy production and the trend of electricity demand in India are highlighted in order to frame the significance of biomass resources to fulfill the energy demand, especially in developing countries. The main portion of the work includes an economic analysis of biomass gasification-based power generation plants for various capacities (10 kW, 500 kW, and 1000 kW) under the present scenario of India. It has been revealed that the capital cost per kW diminishes as we increase the capacity of the plant. The electricity production costs of 10 kW, 500 kW, and 1000 kW are estimated as Rs.9.57/kWh (0.120 USD/kWh), Rs.4.65/kWh (0.058 USD/kWh) and Rs.4.34/kWh (0.055 USD/kWh), respectively. Although the electricity production cost for small capacity power plants is high with respect to the current grid supply, it is economically sustainable compared to the diesel power plant that has an electricity production cost of Rs.14.44/kWh (0.181 USD/kWh). The minimum payback period is found as 3.12 years for 1000 kW capacity power. The outcomes of this research will be helpful in conveying the viability, selection, and installation of a biomass-based power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smart grid is made up of a number of intelligent control systems for electricity generation as well as increasing the system's energy efficiency. Smart power converters, as well as clean energies and highly effective tools, are also part of these schemes. Multilevel inverters are current and fundamental components of high-vol electric supply schemes; this paper introduces multi-level converter prototypes that are routinely built from simple constituents and use configurable sub-systems to move b/w constructions of various converter topologies. These prototypes may also perform harmonic breakdown to ensure that the method is accurate, as well as simulated in Matlab/Simulink [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the agro-photovoltaic (agri-photovoltaic) system is expected to penetrate the market due to its advantages in some crops and significant potential installation areas. In principle, the agro-photovoltaic system shares solar energy with PV and agriculture, and its appropriate and controlled distribution is the key for the economy. Accurate and reproducible optimization design is essential. Any PV modules can be used for the agro-photovoltaic system. The best may be the transparent CPV that uses direct sunlight to concentrate onto solar cells and diffused sunlight to illuminate the farming light through a transparent backplane. The diffused sunlight for typical CPV modules is not used for electricity generation, and the transparent CPV is utilized as the secondary light source to crops. The diffused sunlight does not create shadow and improves the inhomogeneity of PPFD (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) from the stripe of shadows by PV modules, thus improving the yield. This paper predicts PPFD by the transparent CPV modules and the effectiveness of its use for the agro-photovoltaic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, electric power generation (active and reactive power) is usually transmitted over long distances to consumers. The losses of power in transmission lines are always present due to the impedance of lines. The correction of the power factor (pf) has become a necessity to regulate both the flowing of reactive power and voltage levels of the electric power system. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) are modern controller instruments, used to improve work performance and reduce losses in the network. In this paper, the use of a shunt static VAR Compensator (SVC) was studied to improve the power flow, which means the improvement of the power factor of the grid lines. A MATLAB model was simulated to calculate the amount of capacitive or inductive reactive power that is required for compensating. Also, the correction has been taken under various loads and different locations of the SVC along the AC line. The obtained results of compensation methods were analyzed and showed a high correction for power factor by a percentage of ninety-eight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns on modelling renewable energy technologies including PV standalone system (PVSS) and wind standalone system (WSS) as well as PV-wind hybrid system (PVWHS). To evaluate the performance of all power system configurations in term of economic analysis and optimization, simulation tools called HOMER and RETScreen are used in this paper. HOMER energy modeling software is a powerful tool for designing and analyzing hybrid power systems, which contains a mix of conventional generators, wind turbines, solar photovoltaic's, hydropower, batteries, and other inputs. RETScreen uses a Microsoft Excel-based spreadsheet model that consists of a set of workbooks which calculates the annual average energy flows with adjustment factors to account for temporal effects such as solar-load coincidence. Sizes of equipments are calculated and inserted as inputs to HOMER and RETScreen. The result obtained are analyzed and discussed. The cost per kWh to generate electricity using the PVSS system to supply the average demand of 8.4 kWh/day ranges between RM 1.953/kWh to RM 3.872/kWh. It has been found that the PVSS gives the lowest cost of energy compared to the other proposed two technologies that have been simulated by using HOMER and RETScreen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the new provinces in Indonesia, West Papua Province needs the infrastructures for supporting its development, including electrical infrastructures. In this paper, system dynamics modeling has been built to investigate the readiness of electrical infrastructure, especially electricity generation, in facing the energy demand by the growth of population and other sectors in West Papua Province. The models have met the absolute mean error (AME) standard of validation. The simulation of the Business as Usual (BAU) model shows that the generation units are supported well in normal condition until 2050. In case no additional installed capacity for the generation units, the existing units may not support the population and energy growth by 2043 and 2047 in.the designed scenarios simulation. The lack of capacity is due to the upwards of energy demand in 2050, about 5012.09 GWh in scenario 1 and 7406.98 GWh in scenario 2, which is significantly increasing from 5012.09 GWh in BAU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological innovation with the use of three renewable energy sources is a renewable energy innovation that uses three energy sources as an energy source for electricity generation. The electricity generated from the accumulation of the three energy will be stored in a battery and then used to drive the fishing boat engine and generator as a power plant for the coastal community. The purpose of this paper is to find out the system design and usage concept of "Winner (Wind, Wave, and Solar Energy): Technological innovation by utilizing three renewable energy sources". We use research and development method with the ADDIE development model. With the application of technological innovation by utilizing these three renewable energy sources, it is expected to meet the needs of coastal community energy sources and be a solution to the scarcity of world fuel oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A microbial fuel cell generates electric current by using a high-energy oxidant and bacteria which copies the bacterial interactions that take place in the natural environment. In these cells, electrons are transported by bacteria like Listeria which passes through the cell wall into the surrounding environment by the use of Flavin molecules. The energy in these bacterial microbes is created by various biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, decomposition, and the establishment of mutual and symbiotic relationships. In this paper, we present a review how the microbes are used to generate electricity and their various applications in bio-recovery, wastewater treatment, biosensors, phototrophic biofilms, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the importance of contactless conversion and measurement of large direct currents using non-destructive magnetic modulation contactless ferromagnetic converters in the electric power industry. The results of their constructive development are presented. The developed converter differs from the known ones. It has increased accuracy and sensitivity, technological design and small weight and dimensions. The issues of sensitivity of magnetic modulation contactless converters are considered. The expression of the optimal static characteristic of the developed magnetic modulation contactless converter is determined and analyzed. Its maximum deviation from the calculated one does not exceed 6%. Expressions for the current, average sensitivity and sensitivity in terms of the magnitude of the excitation of a magnetic modulation contactless converter are obtained and investigated. At the same time, the maximum sensitivity of the converter reaches a value of 0.425 with an optimal excitation value of 1.65. It is recommended to take the permissible limit of the input value of the converter less than one. Its input value must be taken equal to 0.7. Then the current sensitivity of the converter is 0.47. The developed magnetic modulation contactless converter has increased sensitivity due to the use of longitudinal modulation. Due to its original design, it has low weight and size parameters. It can be widely used in monitoring and control systems in land reclamation and irrigation, in water supply, industry, metallurgy, railway transport, in science, technology, GIS technology, and, in particular, in digital coatings and database visualization, as well as for checking electric meters at the place of their installation for contactless monitoring of direct and alternating currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems are considered as the best available technology for heat to electricity conversion from low temperature heat sources, with continuous developments done to optimize performances by means of new working fluids, improved design and thermodynamic cycles. For electric power production from medium and high temperature heat sources, ORC and Steam Rankine Cycle solutions are competing in terms of electric efficiency, power production, investment, operation and maintenance costs to be selected as the best solution on a case-by-case basis. Commercially available ORC technology is typically limited to a maximum working fluid temperature of about 300°C. Turboden has developed a solution that may operate at temperatures close to 400 °C, improving the ORC technology competiveness in terms of efficiency, especially in Combined Heat and Power schemes with high temperature cogeneration to produce low and medium pressure steam. This High Temperature ORC solution allows ORC technology to be deployed in market segments traditionally belonging to other technologies (e.g. Steam Rankine Cycles, Otto Cycles, Bryton Cycles) to satisfy industrial steam heat users like paper production facilities, MDF plants, organic chemical production, textile, rubber, dairy, etc. This high temperature ORC solution results to be very economically attractive also with other fuels like biomass, waste, coal, etc. The paper will present the technical developments on High Temperature ORC systems and their integration to the complete energy plants, and will provide a general comparison to commercially available alternative technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For researchers working for electric utilities, using renewable energy sources to lessen the impact of various uncertainties on electric power networks is a hot topic. The usage of Photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation would become widely accessible in the future due to a number of anticipated cost savings. Enhancing Power Quality (PQ) becomes imperative for utility-grid connected systems. In this study, the Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) architecture, which is based on solar photovoltaic (SPV) as a DC (Direct Current) source, is used to examine the performance of a grid-connected system. Simulink/MATLAB software is used for the imitation model. Imitation models are carried out for SPV connected to CHB multilevel inverter (MLI) system. The paper analyzes various parameters including solar, grid and MLI output such voltage, current and power. In this study, a comparison of 7-level, 9-level and 11-level CHB MLI is presented. Different results are analyzed and based on a comparative analysis; the imitation model results are shown to be accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to use the heat energy generated during braking; TSs work from thermal energy converted into electrical energy. A thermoelectric generator consisting of semiconductor generator modules is used to master the concept of electricity generation. In a semiconductor thermoelectric power module, thermal energy is converted into electrical energy and stored in a battery. A thermoelectric open-circuit (OC) output voltage (OV) is designed to serve as a bridge between the thermoelectric generator and the temperature measuring sensor. The BD's thermal conductivity (ThC) and TEG output power and efficiency are also discussed. The general expressions of power and ability of the generator under internally and externally irreversible model are derived. The results showed that, power output to the TS and efficiency of the TEG increased with the disc thermal conductance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is needed to run almost everything we see around us, from cars to the electricity power generation plants and everything else. Fossil fuels produce harmful products on combustion. One such eco-friendly alternative is Di-Methyl Ether also known as DME. In this study, a DME plant of capacity 160 tons per day was designed. Methanol dehydration process has been adapted as the process of production. The purity of DME from this plant is 99.5% by weight. Distillation column T-202 and heat exchanger E-208 were designed in detail. The detail design results showed that T-202 needed 6 stages for separation and a column diameter of 1.28m, while the simulation results showed 7 stages and column diameter as 1.285m for the same separation process. Furthermore, E-208 is of type 1-2 shell & tube heat exchanger with 307 tubes and tube length of 5.5m, however the Aspen EDR simulation results were also in close agreement with 304 tubes and 5m length for the same heat exchanger. This paper presents the results of simulation results of the simulation of these equipment's and full plant done using Aspen plus V8.8 software and Aspen EDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solution of problem of changing the indicators of the regime reliability of the Azerbaijan power system, associated with the expansion of the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in the structure of electric power production, as well as an increase in the transit of electrical energy through inter-system power transmission lines is considered in the paper. As a solution of the problem, the modernization of the emergency control automatics (ECA) system of the electric power system based on the transition from analog to digital control systems (digital transformation) with the implementation of an integrated innovative- measuring system SCADA / EMS - WAMS using the multi-agent principle (MAS) is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimization model is proposed to manage a day-ahead optimal energy management strategy for economic operation of Microgrids. The model is based on a using particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) for scheduling four energy sources (grid, PV system, wind system, energy storage system) with 24 hours' time step, considering forecasted electrical demands, weather, and renewable energy generations. In this paper, the objective function is to minimize the cost of electricity generation and to manage delivering power from hybrid sources to the demand. The results showed that scheduling and controlling of different energy sources in efficient way reduce the total cost of power generation and ensure sustainable power flow. It is important to enhance the usage of solar and wind sources, optimize the operation of storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, renewable energy sources (RESs) from photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) play an important role in electricity generations. On the other hand, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been conventionally used to store and supply energy to help smooth power generation. However, the intermittent nature of the RES can cause variations in the power produced by PV and WT generations. The system voltage fluctuations resulting from the changes in electrical power led to voltage stability problems. The on-load tap changer (OLTC) installed on substation transformers to control the voltage level will be overloaded. This excessive operation affects the lifespan of the component, damage, maintenance cost, and system reliability. These problems can be mitigated by effectively controlling the operation of the BESS to reduce voltage oscillations and the OLTC operations. This paper presents the optimal real-time operation of BESS to control system voltages and reduce OLTC operations under the power fluctuations from PV and WT intermittency. The system voltage can be controlled by charging/discharging BESS's active and reactive power using the proposed approach. The optimal BESS operation is formulated as an optimization problem solved by particle swarm optimization (PSO) to minimize the OLTC operations. The PSO algorithm is created as an m-file script in MATLAB for evaluating the optimal solution. The power system modeling and power flow analysis are carried out using a DPL script in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The simulation case studies are performed using the IEEE 123-node test feeder, modified by BESS, PV, and WT installation. A comparative study is made between the conventional BESS operation for smoothing PV generation, and the proposed optimal BESS approach. The simulation test results show that the proposed approach significantly mitigates the system voltage fluctuation by 59.04% and reduces the number of OLTC operations by 50.0%, compared with those from the conventional BESS operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is very key constraints in all sectors for any country's wealth. The economic growth of any country is firmly linked with consumption of energy. The availability of renewable sources of energy are in restricted forms. These energy sources are important for electricity generation. Energy demand has grow as its consumption grow so proper energy conservation approach to be adopted. Energy Conservation avoids wasteful use of energy. A study of Electrical energy audit and conservation is bring out in many sectors like various industrial, Academic and commercial. Commercial sector is one of the major energy consuming sectors. The main focus is on identification of energy conservation in commercial sector. In this paper, Nagpur five star hotel energy audit was done. The Estimation of monthly energy consumption is studied through the analysis of electric bills. Energy conservation areas are identified. It will help to implement the energy efficient project for improving energy efficiency of hotel. Also, the electrical energy audit and safety audit was carried out to find the harmonics in voltage and current. Readings were taken under the power quality analyzer condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is the fundamental need of every living organism to carry out various processes internally (metabolic process) and externally. For years together sources like coal, diesel, petrol have been used to generate electrical energy. In the perspective of power generation need, focus on renewable energy sources has to be enhanced so as to suffice the future generation energy demand. During recent years, Microbial fuel cell technology seems to be the most emerging technology in the renewable field. It includes biological production of electricity in the presence of bacteria, substrates and some chemical solution. This paper fully focuses on different designs of fuel chamber and use of different combinations of materials such as bacteria, substrate material, and microbes to enhance the generation of electricity by using this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical energy is a vital resource and most commonly used type of energy in the world. It is an responsible for development of country's economy and it became a basic need for human life. To meet the growing demand many new developments and technologies in power generation plants are being installed, even then a space between demand and supply is continuously increasing due to depletion in conventional fuels and natural resources. Most of energy in today's world generated through conventional energy sources. Conventional energy sources are polluting and are responsible for global warming. Due to diminishing of conventional energy sources, many new methods of renewable electric power generation are evolving. to provide clean, environment friendly and sustainable energy, a novel methodology for electrical power generation is proposed by introduction of reciproscillator. This machine helps in conversion of oscillating motion of pendulums into rotational motion by intervention of reciprocating force. The couple of forces (restoring forces) drive the wheel providing constant angular speed. the obtained constant mechanical power serves as input to electrical generator. This paper describes the simulated characteristics of reciproscillator alone and combination of both reciproscillator and generator for power generation. Generation control during the dynamically varying electrical loads is described. Mathematical modeling and theoretical analysis of system are performed in order to prove the concept as usable form of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of electricity has got equal importance as the generation of electricity. The electricity has to be transferred over tens and hundreds of kilometers through forests, mountains and many, using transmission lines. Thus, transmission lines may be affected in many forms like sagging of transmission lines, breaks in transmission lines, rusting issues based on the metal used for transmission lines. In this paper we are concentrating on the breaks in transmission lines. The transmission line breaks will occur when there is any sudden change in the current or voltage rating. We are using a Raspberry-pi 3B, which controls the power in transmission lines when the current or voltage ratings are not in the threshold values pre-determined. These obtained ratings are auto-updated to the ThingSpeak, through which we can analyze the issues in the electricity transmission. If the ratings obtained are not in the threshold level the Raspberry-pi will turn off the power transmission from that transformer, under which the line has got change in threshold value. And also alerts the power control board by sending a message that mentions the transformer number, as given by power control board and the type of fault occurred. Thus, this project will help the employees of power control board in manually checking the faults occurring and also the important thing, time. This project has to be installed at each transformer, giving each system a unique number and login details. Thus, these details can be analyzed at branch level, assuming a tree. And all these transformers can be analyzed at sub-stations, as stem of the tree and generation station as the trunk of the tree. Thus, complete transmission of electricity can be analyzed from generation station to the household connections clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of solar photovoltaic panel for generating power to contribute the power demand is presented in this paper. The system is installed at the rooftop of Islamic Senior High School Daarul Echsan Muhammadiyah Sragen (Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah DIMSA). The purpose of this project is beside to contribute the power demand of the school, is also to be the learning tool for the students to understand how the power may be generated using the extensively available resources for free. The power so far used in the school is from the government electric utility company. The installed capacity is 23 kVA three-phase system. The photovoltaic panels placed on the roof is 8 x 545 Wp. The output of the panels is connected to 15 kW inverter and the output of the inverter is synchronized with the electricity grid. The produced energy is expected to contribute the electricity demand of the school. A number of measurements have been carried out relating the input parameter and the output voltage of the panels. This relation is essential for detail planning of development and operation of the generating system. The developed system is expected to sustainably operate for years therefore becoming a role model of fulfillment of energy demand in such way that is economical and environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A PV (Photovoltaic) system is considered an eco-friendly source of energy and widely used for the generation of electricity. In this paper, to obtain the maximum yield from PV systems different conventional algorithm techniques are being used. The main objective is to provide background knowledge, implementation topology of PV system including a brief understanding of all the methods to tackle output power of such systems based on the MPPT (maximum power point tracking) technique. After comparative study (based on parameters like monitoring and convergence time, algorithm and sophistication of hardware, capacity to maintain partial shading, etc. of various methods, findings suggested DC-P&O (direct controlling perturb and observe) with ARM microcontroller gives better results for MPPT. Furthermore, this paper is intended to give insight into different intelligent algorithm techniques to choose a constraint-free methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear Fresnel Reflector concentrators (LFR) are a potential solution for low-cost electricity production. Nevertheless in order to become more competitive with other CSP (Concentrated Solar Power) technologies, in particular with the Parabolic Trough concentrator, their overall solar to electricity efficiencies must increase. A possible path to achieve this goal is to increase the concentration factor, hence increasing the working temperatures for higher thermodynamic efficiency (more energy collection) and decrease the total number of rows of the solar field (less parasitic losses and corresponding cost reduction). This paper presents a dual asymmetric CEC-type (Compound Elliptical Concentrator) LFR (Linear Fresnel Concentrator) for evacuated tubular receivers. The concentrator is designed for a high concentration factor, presenting an asymmetric configuration enabling a very compact solution. The CEC-type secondary mirror is introduced to accommodate very high concentration values with a wide enough acceptance-angle (augmenting optical tolerances) for simple mechanical tracking solutions, achieving a higher CAP (Concentration Acceptance Product) in comparison with conventional LFR solutions. The paper presents an optical and thermal analysis of the concentrator using two different locations, Faro (Portugal) and Hurghada (Egypt). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the role of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in the newly emerging concept of energy internet. The modern world demands new solutions to face climate change and CSP technology integrated into the global internet of energy network could offer new venues to these challenges. The internet of energy is an ecosystem of energy producers and energy consumers, connecting the electric grid to the internet and integrating the information and power flows bi-directionally in a common infrastructure. The main role of the Internet of Energy is to balance the grid, while CSP technology is one of the least environmentally and ecologically harmful systems, which could provide a baseload electricity generation to meet electricity demand requirements. The aim of this paper is to identify the place of CSP in the deployment of the Internet of Energy, based on a thorough literature review, an assessment of current development trends and interviews with key sector stakeholders. The discussion is also based on the experience of the DESERTEC project, as well as on the overview of newly emerged GEIDCO initiative. We analysed political, economic and technical challenges and advantages of CSP integration into the internet of energy. The results has shown that despite already proven benefits and additional value of CSP to the grid, the technology is usually overlooked by many energy scenarios of further development of electricity sector. Therefore, we argue that further work is needed in this field to ensure the integration of CSP technology in the Internet of Energy and required public support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a study of embedded generation (EG) placement in radial distribution system by utilizing real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) technique. Several cases of EG models placements are studied in order to minimize the total power losses and to improve voltage profiles of the system. RCGA is a method that uses continuous floating numbers as representation which is different from conventional GA which is using binary numbers. The RCGA is used as a tool, which can determine the optimal location and size of EG in radial system concurrently. This method is developed in MATLAB. The IEEE-69 bus system is utilized as a test case in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the importance of upgrading power stations with numerical protection relays. We will study the gravity and the economic impact of a power system fault when it appears and it is not cleared by old protection devices. Also we will compare how an old protection scheme works when it clears a power fault with how modern numerical protection relays work. The trip decision and the actual circuit breaker open times will be compared and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is evaluating two power generation concepts based on hydrogen produced from bioethanol steam reforming at industrial scale without and with carbon capture. The power generation from bioethanol conversion is based on two important steps: hydrogen production from bioethanol catalytic steam reforming and electricity generation using a hydrogen-fuelled gas turbine. As carbon capture method to be assessed in hydrogen-based power generation from bioethanol steam reforming, the gas-liquid absorption using methyl-di-ethanol-amine (MDEA) was used. Bioethanol is a renewable energy carrier mainly produced from biomass fermentation. Steam reforming of bioethanol (SRE) provides a promising method for hydrogen and power production from renewable resources. SRE is performed at high temperatures (e.g. 800-900oC) to reduce the reforming by-products (e.g. ethane, ethene). The power generation from hydrogen was done with M701G2 gas turbine (334 MW net power output). Hydrogen was obtained through catalytic steam reforming of bioethanol without and with carbon capture. For the evaluated plant concepts the following key performance indicators were assessed: fuel consumption, gross and net power outputs, net electrical efficiency, ancillary consumptions, carbon capture rate, specific CO2 emission etc. As the results show, the power generation based on bioethanol conversion has high energy efficiency and low carbon footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources for power generation have gained popularity in recent years due to various advantages, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions and an inexhaustible supply. Geothermal energy is one of the most effective renewable energy sources for power generation due to its independent availability from weather conditions. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a major type of binary cycle, that generates power from low or medium temperature heat sources. The advantage of this technology is the generation of electricity from low enthalpy geothermal energy using ORC. There are several variables that influence the power generation and the efficiency of geothermal-based ORCs. ORC is unconventional yet promising small-scale technique for converting thermal energy at low and medium temperatures into electrical and/or mechanical energy. This paper studies the binary cycle technology for power production using low temperature geothermal resource of 92 °C for different working fluids. Two process parameters are taken into consideration namely geothermal temperature and geothermal flow rate to determine power plant output. The results show that pentane and R245fa are the best organic fluids from power production point of view when considering the geofluid temperature and mass flow rate, respectively. Finally, when considering the optimum performance of an ORC system, working fluid should be considered rigidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cantilevered beam with piezoelectric layers is known for its mechanical vibration-to-electricity conversion. This process is known as the direct piezoelectric effect, where electricity generation is under applied mechanical stress. To investigate a physical and intuitive explanation for the power characteristics of a strongly electromechanical coupled field, understanding the coupling process of the force and electric field in the cantilevered beam is of paramount importance. This paper presents the characterisation of the electric power output of the piezoelectric cantilevered beam. For that purpose, the modelling and simulation of piezoelectric cantilevers beam have been performed using the finite element method. The simulation results show that the deformation of the cantilevered beam influences the frequency attained by the model. The finding of these results may be used as a reference in the development of piezoelectric energy harvesters devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of electricity prompts you into re-scheduling your whole day and planning on how you can function without the means of simply plugging something in and lack of electricity results in a complete loss of normalcy. Life without electricity in the modern era is an adjustment and although it might not seem like it, there are many alternative sources of energies to choose from and install in your home to take care of our day to day electricity needs. Our Article aims to exploit this renewable source to provide an efficient way of electricity with the economically best energy and based on using rack and pinion mechanism coupled with a float, which when implemented on a large scale can prove to be extremely beneficial to communities lacking proper and provide a means of inexpensive electricity distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy provides great benefit as an alternative energy as it is a type of energy that will never run out. This classification of renewable energy includes wind energy. As Malaysia is a tropical country, most of the people have air-conditioning system in their houses. This leads to higher number of people owning a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system in their building. This paper is focused on the electrical power generation by HVAC system, conducted and tested in a MATLAB Simulink software. The wind turbine system consists of wind turbine, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PSMG), rectifier and lithium battery. The parameters proposed accordingly referring to previous research and datasheets. Results obtained has been observed and collected from the reduction of initial wind speed from 100%, 75% and 50%. Result shows the potential generation voltage based on the speed of the wind from the HVAC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the performance enhancement of multifunctional cooking stove with thermal energy storage. The stove consists of cooking pot and thermoelectric generator attached on wall the stove with thermal storage unit on the hot side. An experimental is conducted and found the efficiency of the biomass stove as 20% and combined mode 50%. It is concluded that the proposed system can be used as standalone power generation system to meet power demands at isolated rural house and it will reduce the burden to conventional grid suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decreasing installation costs and maturing of the technologies associated with concentrated solar power pave the way for new areas of application. One possible application could be district heating systems, which are especially common in Nordic countries. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the prospects of retrofitting an existing district heating plant located in Northern Europe with parabolic trough collectors. The study investigates the techno-economic feasibility of hybridization with parabolic trough collectors. For this purpose, a computer model of an existing district heating plant, located on the Danish island of Ærø, was developed. The model allows annual simulations of energy flows within the system. Validation of the model against measured data from the operational year of 2016 indicates agreement between simulated results and measured data within an accuracy of ±3.5 %. After validation, changes in the control strategy and the plant layout are implemented in the model. The sizing of the collector field is described and the results of annual simulations are presented in terms of electricity- and heat production. Due to a payback period of 31 years, it is concluded that such a hybridisation is economically infeasible under present conditions, but could become attractive when investment costs are lowered or a higher tariff for the electricity produced is granted. Furthermore, it is indicated that in a case, where the location of the plant is changed to Torino, Italy, the economic results increase significantly with the simple payback period lowered to 14 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]