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The effects of the irreversibility and the compression ratio of the two isochoric processes on the performance of the Bose-Otto engine and optimization of some important performance parameters are discussed on the basis of the thermodynamic properties of ideal Bose gas. The evaluation and determination of the optimal operating regions including those for the power output, efficiency, and the temperatures of the cyclic working substance at two important state points are also discussed.

The quantum boundary effect of gas particles is considered as a working substance of cycle in order to calculate the work output (W) and efficiency ([eta]) of a Carnot cycle in micro-/nanoscale. The studies have shown that under the quantum boundary effect conditions, the work output cycle has depended sensitively on the surface area of the system and is not predicted by the classical approximate result, while the efficiency of cycle is independent of the surface area of the system and equals the Carnot efficiency.

The cycle model of a micro-/nanothermosize refrigerator composed of two isothermal and two isobaric processes is described, which is based on the so-called thermosize effects similar to thermoelectric effects. The results have provided theoretical guidance for designing of a micro-/nanoscaled refrigerator.