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Solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology is regarded as a promising strategy for global freshwater shortage owing to its green and sustainable desalination process. Graphene aerogel (GA) is widely utilized in the design of solar-driven steam generation systems due to its excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and broad spectral absorption. Given the significant impact of hydrophilicity and thermal insulation on the performance of evaporators, nitrogen doping in the graphene structure not only effectively enhances its wettability but also allows for moderate tuning of its thermal conductivity, thereby optimizing the overall performance of the evaporator. Therefore, graphene oxide (GO) and ethylenediamine were used to prepare nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel (NGA) via a one-step hydrothermal method. Experimental investigations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to explore the effects of varying nitrogen-doping concentrations on the thermal conductivity and wettability of NGA. The results revealed that as the nitrogen-doping concentration increased, the aerogel exhibited enhanced wettability, while the thermal conductivity initially decreased and then increased. This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that improved wettability can hinder heat convection, resulting in reduced heat transfer efficiency. However, further enhancement in wettability reduces the solid-liquid interfacial thermal resistance, thereby boosting heat transfer performance. Consequently, NGA-2, with an optimal nitrogen-doping concentration, demonstrated superior evaporation performance, achieving a high evaporation rate of 1.64 kg m -2 h -1 and an outstanding evaporation efficiency of 92.2% under one-sun irradiation. This study highlights the improved performance of solar evaporators through the synergistic effects of heat and mass transfer, underscoring their significant potential in seawater desalination applications.

High-efficiency flotation of low-rank coal slime is an urgent problem to be solved in the comprehensive recycling and utilization of coal resources. The flotation results presented that the flotation effect of a single collector on low-rank coal slime was poor, which made it difficult to improve its flotation index. When dodecamine was added alone, the yield and ash of cleaned coal were higher at 79.15 and 18.74%, respectively. With dodecane added alone, the yield and ash were only 30.57% and 12.85%, respectively. When diesel oil was added alone, the yield and ash content were 47.25 and 14.68%, respectively. The compound collector can significantly improve the flotation effect of coal slime. The compound collector of diesel oil and dodecane can obtain a flotation index of 66.32% yield and 11.53% ash, and the compound collector of dodecane and dodecane can obtain a flotation index of 74.01% yield and 13.27% ash. The surface potential test revealed that the positive shift with the compound collector of dodecane-dodecamine and diesel-dodecane was greater than that with the compound collector of diesel-dodecamine, resulting in a better flotation effect. Meanwhile, the contact angle test found that the contact angle of coal slime with diesel-dodecane and dodecane-dodecamine was increased from 45.46 to 68.52 and 63.95°, respectively, which greatly increased the surface hydrophobicity and floatability of coal slime. Thus, an efficient flotation method of low-grade slime with a compound collector as the core is provided., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The ability to identify unknown risks is the key to improving the level of food safety. However, the conventional nontargeted screening methods for new contaminant identification and risk assessment remain difficult work. Herein, a toxic-oriented screening platform based on high-expression epidermal growth factor receptor HEK293 cell membrane-coated magnetic nanoparticles (EGFR/MNPs) was first used for the discovery of unknown contaminants from food samples. The EGFR served as a bait to bind the risk compounds, considering that the abnormal activation of EGFR was related to the incidence of numerous chronic inflammatory diseases. The cell membranes were specifically covalently immobilized on magnetic carriers through metabolic glycoengineering and strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) to ensure the stability and bioactivity of the EGFR/MNPs. The synthesized EGFR/MNPs possessed an excellent receptor loading amount and were used to screen potential risk substances from thermally processed food. Finally, two compounds, harman and norharman, were rapidly identified. The toxicological experiments confirmed that the screened compounds could promote EGFR phosphorylation and further activate downstream signaling pathways, thereby inducing cellular oxidative damage. The proposed method provided a toxic-oriented method for identifying risk compounds from food samples.

Supramolecular protein assemblies have been used as intelligent drug delivery systems that can encapsulate drugs and transport them to specific tissues or cells. However, the known methods for designing supramolecular protein assemblies for transportation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remain challenging and inefficient. Herein, we report that the supramolecular recombinant-protein-based strategy enables the biosynthesis and production of a supramolecular protein assembly that is intrinsically capable of crossing the BBB. The recombinant protein constituting the essential part of apolipoprotein A1 can self-assemble into a supramolecular protein assembly known as a nanodisc. The nanodisc could efficiently enter the brain of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model, recognize Aβ 1-42 , eliminate amyloid plaques, promote neurogenesis, and ameliorate cognitive impairment. This work opens a new field for supramolecular protein assemblies and offers a new avenue for designing versatile and intelligent supramolecular biomaterials.

Estrogens play a crucial role in regulating various biological responses during the early stages of neurodevelopment. Benzophenone-2 (BP2), a widely used organic ultraviolet (UV) filter, has been proven as an estrogenic compound, whereas the estrogenic effects of BP2 on neurodevelopment remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the neurodevelopmental toxicity of BP2 by exposing zebrafish embryos from 2 to 120 h postfertilization (hpf) at environmentally relevant concentrations. We demonstrated that early life exposure to BP2 induced multiple concentration-dependent impairments in the nervous system, including hypoactivity, abnormal brain morphology, impaired neurocyte proliferation, shortened axon, and increased neurocyte apoptosis. Moreover, metabolomic profiling revealed a decrease in dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in BP2-treated larvae. Using E2 treatment and morpholino knockdown assays, we provided strong genetic evidence that the BP2-induced behavioral disorders were associated with estrogen-dependent signaling, especially estrogen receptors 2a and 2b ( esr2 ). Subsequently, transcriptomic profiling indicated that the activation of esr2 further inhibited the expression of LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 β a ( lmx1ba) , which is vital for normal neurodevelopment. Consistently, the overexpression of lmx1ba and inhibition of esr2 obviously alleviated BP2-caused neurotoxicity, uncovering a seminal role of esr2 and lmx1ba in BP2-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity. Our findings provide the first evidence in fish that BP2 can induce neurodevelopmental deficits and brain dysfunction and offer novel insights into the mechanisms of toxicity of BP2 as well as other emerging benzophenones.

The hospitalization and mortality rates of patients gradually increase following the onset and progression of liver cirrhosis (LC). We aimed to help define clinical stage and better target interventions by detecting the expression of specific metabolites in patients with different stages of LC via Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive) technology. This noninterventional observation case-control study involved 139 patients with LC or acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in a Chinese hospital between October 2022 and April 2023. Serum specimens were analyzed for multiple metabolite levels using UPLC-Q-Exactive. Data were processed to screen for differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Short time-series expression miner (STEM) analysis and enrichment analysis were performed to assess cirrhosis progression biomarkers. Following univariate and multivariate analyses, a Venn diagram indicated nine significant DAMs in common among groups. STEM analysis showed 8'-hydroxyabscisic acid, HDCA, pyruvate-3-phosphate, indospicine, eplerenone, and DEHP as significant; their levels first peaked [Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class B peaked] and then decreased with CTP grade aggravation. Significant differences among 8'-hydroxyabscisic acid, eplerenone, and DEHP were observed among LC comorbidities and between subgroups. Therefore, serum levels of six DAMs may characterize metabolomic changes, determine the severity of LC, and predict the development of ACLF.

The blockers of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway have achieved great clinical success. However, the limited efficacy and low tumor response rate of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy limit the clinical application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), a novel checkpoint regulator, exhibits potential synergy with PD-1/PD-L1 in enhancing antitumor immunity. Herein, we report the discovery of benzo[ d ]oxazole B3 as novel dual small-molecule inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and VISTA with high PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory activity and VISTA binding affinity. B3 rescues the immunosuppression of T-cells mediated by PD-L1 and VISTA and activates antitumor immunity effectively. Moreover, B3 could induce degradation of PD-L1 and VISTA in tumor cell. Furthermore, B3 displays significant in vivo antitumor efficacy in a CT26 mouse model. Our results discover B3 as a promising dual PD-1/PD-L1 and VISTA inhibitor, providing a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome the limitations of current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.

Toward commercialization of carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs), it is crucial to innovatively design inorganic hole transport layer materials that excel in extracting and transporting charge carriers to promote their photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). In this work, a novel and high-connectivity CuBi 2 O 4 -polyaniline nanofibrous (CuBi 2 O 4 -PN) reticular structure is created by integrating CuBi 2 O 4 hierarchical microspheres (CuBi 2 O 4 MS) with polyaniline nanofibrous. The introduction of CuBi 2 O 4 -PN as a hole transport layer (HTL) notably enhances the contact quality of the devices and substantially reduces the surface defects of C-PSCs. In a comparative analysis under identical experimental conditions, MAPbI 3 devices incorporating CuBi 2 O 4 -PN HTL demonstrated a PCE of 14.79%, achieving a 44.3% increase over the reference device (10.25%). CuBi 2 O 4 -treated C-PSCs retained 89.9% of their original PCE after 45 days in storage, and they demonstrated improved stability over a longer time frame. This remarkable improvement in device performance can be attributed to the effective suppression of nonradiative recombination and the enhancement of the carrier transfer process in the device. Additionally, the unique interconnected reticular structure of CuBi 2 O 4 -PN provides efficient pathways for hole transfer, significantly contributing to the enhanced efficiency of the device.

The development of aqueous absorbents for CO 2 capture is significantly important to reduce global industrial gas emissions through high regeneration efficiency and low energy consumption. Herein, we newly designed and prepared a dihydroxylated ionic liquid (IL) bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium 1,2,4-triazole ([N 1,1,2OH,2OH ][T Z ]) for highly efficient CO 2 absorption through anion-cation cooperative interactions. A superior capacity of 1.33 mol of CO 2 per mol of IL and excellent reversibility have been achieved by the introduction of dihydroxy sites on the ammonium-based Tz IL. 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, and quantum chemical calculations demonstrate bihydroxyl-cooperative absorption of CO 2 via hydrogen bond interaction between the cation and anion of the IL. The theory calculation shows that IL displays a superlow reactive absorption enthalpy, favorable to the reversible CO 2 absorption, which can maintain an initial absorption capacity of 98.5% with the cycle numbers of 100, implying the facile regeneration and superlow energy consumption. Thus, the functionalized ILs toward group cooperative gas absorption and excellent reversibility may open a door to designing new materials for enhancing CO 2 absorption and utilization.

Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking microsized cell carriers featuring a semi-isolated chamber facilitate the study of cellular heterogeneity as well as intercellular communication. However, the semiopen shaping of the designated gel mixture remains unattainable with current methods. We report an oil-phase freeze-shrink self-molding mechanism for generating size- and composition-tunable cradle-shaped microgels (microcradles) from water-in-oil droplets. The universality of this shape transition principle is demonstrated with six types of polysaccharides dispersed in a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) or methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) matrix. By doping the microcradles with the major ECM component, hyaluronic acid sodium, we demonstrate a label-free selective culture of CD44 receptor-rich cells and the formation of cell spheroids within 3 days. This cryo-induced cradle-shaping strategy enables the functionalization of microcarriers for selective cell culture, thereby allowing them to be used for intercellular communication, drug delivery, and the construction of structural units for osteogenesis and 3D printing.

PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ plays critical roles in exerting immunosuppression by targeting regulatory T cells and myeloid cells. Dual inhibition of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer immunotherapy. We herein report a series of pyrazolopyridine derivatives with distinct scaffolds as potent and selective dual inhibitors of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ. Among them, 20e ( IHMT-PI3K-315 ) displays an IC 50 value of 4.0 and 9.1 nM against PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ respectively in biochemical assays. Meanwhile, it potently inhibits PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ-mediated phosphorylation of AKT S473 with EC 50 values of 0.028 and 0.013 μM in cellular assays. In addition, 20e exhibits a favorable selectivity profile in protein kinases at 1 μM. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), 20e can repolarize the M2 phenotype to the M1 phenotype. In vivo, 20e demonstrates acceptable pharmacokinetic properties and suppresses tumor growth in a MC38 syngeneic mouse model.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology is a novel and efficient desalination process that helps alleviate the global shortage of freshwater resources. We developed a Janus evaporator assembled from cotton hydrogel, hydrophilic polyester fabric (PF), and Hydrophobic Wood (PW). By doping graphene oxide and TiO 2 as light-absorbing materials within the hydrogel, we achieved a high absorptivity of over 90% across the entire solar spectrum. The hydrophilically modified PF, combined with the PW substrate, provided robust water transport and reduced thermal losses. Subsequent optical path simulations using TracePro74 software verified that the sawtooth light-trapping design of the wood substrate increased multiple light reflections and absorption (compared to a flat structure), enhancing light absorption capabilities. The sawtooth interface also enlarged the evaporation area, further boosting evaporation performance. The cleverly designed evaporator exhibited an evaporation rate of 1.722 kg m -2 h -1 and an efficiency of 83.1% under 1 sun irradiation. Additionally, after applying polydimethylsiloxane to the single surface of the photothermal hydrogel for low surface energy treatment, the resulting Janus structure demonstrated asymmetric wettability that prevented salt ions from accumulating on the irradiated interface. After 8 h of continuous evaporation in saline water (10 wt %), only slight salt crystallization occurred at the edges. The evaporator maintained long-term stability during a 15 day cyclic test, and the produced freshwater fully met the relevant drinking water standards. The components of the evaporator are characterized by simple fabrication, low cost, and eco-friendliness, offering significant application potential in the global context of energy conservation and emission reduction initiatives.

China is confronting the dual challenges of air pollution and climate change, mandating the co-control of air pollutants and CO 2 emissions from their shared sources. Here we identify key sources for co-control that prioritize the mitigation of PM 2.5 -related health burdens, given the homogeneous impacts of CO 2 emissions from various sources. By applying an integrated analysis framework that consists of a detailed emission inventory, a chemical transport model, a multisource fused dataset, and epidemiological concentration-response functions, we systematically evaluate the contribution of emissions from 390 sources (30 provinces and 13 socioeconomic sectors) to PM 2.5 -related health impacts and CO 2 emissions, as well as the marginal health benefits of CO 2 abatement across China. The estimated source-specific contributions exhibit substantial disparities, with the marginal benefits varying by 3 orders of magnitude. The rural residential, transportation, metal, and power and heating sectors emerge as pivotal sources for co-control, with regard to their relatively large marginal benefits or the sectoral total benefits. In addition, populous and heavily industrialized provinces such as Shandong and Henan are identified as the key regions for co-control. Our study highlights the significance of incorporating health benefits into formulating air pollution and carbon co-control strategies for improving the overall social welfare.

Driven by the global popularity of electric vehicles and the shortage of critical raw materials for batteries, the spent lithium-ion power battery (LIPB) recycling industry has exhibited explosive growth in both quantity and scale. However, relatively little information is known about the environmental risks posed by LIPB recycling, in particular with regards to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In this work, suspect screening and nontarget analysis were carried out to characterize PFAS in soil, dust, water and sediment from a LIPB recycling area. Twenty-five PFAS from nine classes were identified at confidence level 3 or above, including 13 legacy and 12 emerging PFAS, as well as two ultrashort-chain PFAS. Based on the target analysis of 16 PFAS, at least nine were detected in each environmental sample, indicating their widespread presence in a LIPB recycling area. Perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonamide showed significant differences in the four phenotypic parameters (growth, movement, survival and fecundity) of Caenorhabditis elegans and were the most toxic substances in all target PFAS at an exposure concentration of 200 μM. Our project provides first-hand information on the existence and environmental risk of PFAS, facilitating the formulation of regulations and green development of the LIPB recycling industry.

Ferroptosis adversely affects the viability, differentiation, and metabolic integrity of C2C12 myoblasts, contributing to the decline in skeletal muscle health. The intricate mechanisms behind this process are not fully understood. In this study, we induced ferroptosis in myoblasts using targeted inducers and found a marked decrease in specific redox metabolites, particularly taurine. Taurine supplementation effectively reversed the deleterious effects of ferroptosis, significantly increased cellular glutathione levels, reduced MDA and ROS levels, and rejuvenated impaired myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, taurine downregulated HO-1 expression and decreased intracellular Fe 2+ levels, thereby stabilizing the labile iron pool. Using NMR metabolomic analysis, we observed that taurine profoundly promoted glycerophospholipid metabolism, which is critical for cell membrane repair, and enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics, thereby increasing the energy reserves essential for muscle satellite cell regeneration. These results suggest that taurine is a potent ferroptosis inhibitor that attenuates key drivers of this process, strengthens oxidative defenses, and improves redox homeostasis. This combined effect protects cells from ferroptosis-induced damage. This study highlights the potential of taurine as a valuable ferroptosis inhibitor that protects skeletal muscle from ferroptosis-induced damage and provides a basis for therapeutic strategies to rejuvenate and facilitate the regeneration of aging skeletal muscle.

Imbibition of fracturing fluid in deep shale nanopores has a significant effect on shale gas production. One of the key parameters affecting imbibition is the interfacial tension of the methane-water system. However, studies on the methane-water interfacial tension in nanopores are very limited, and obtaining the accurate value of the methane-water interfacial tension at the nanoscale is difficult and time-consuming. In this work, a dissipative particle dynamics simulation model was built to study the methane-water interfacial tension in nanopores. This model provides reliable access to methane-water interfacial tension for deep shales under high-temperature, high-pressure conditions at low computation cost. It can be easily used to compute the methane-water interfacial tension in nanopores or the confined space in wide application scenarios. A sensitivity study of methane-water interfacial tension on a variety of factors was conducted. Results demonstrate that under high-pressure conditions, the increase in pressure leads to the rise of interfacial tension. When pressure increases from 20 to 120 MPa, interfacial tension rises from 0.0275 to 0.12 N/m, which contributes to the severe imbibition of fracturing fluid in deep shales. The confinement effect was observed by investigating the influence of pore size. Interfacial tension almost remains unchanged in pores smaller than 7 nm because most of the confined space is occupied by interface layer molecules in these pores. When pore size increases from 7 to 15 nm, the confinement effect is reduced. The interfacial tension experiences a growth from 0.1155 to 0.27 mN/m. Compared with pressure and pore size, the effect of temperature on interfacial tension can be neglected during deep shale gas production., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

β-Ga 2 O 3 is an ultrawide-band gap semiconductor with excellent potential for high-power and ultraviolet optoelectronic device applications. Low thermal conductivity is one of the major obstacles to enable the full performance of β-Ga 2 O 3 -based devices. A promising solution for this problem is to integrate β-Ga 2 O 3 with a diamond heat sink. However, the thermal properties of the β-Ga 2 O 3 /diamond heterostructures after the interfacial bonding have not been studied extensively, which are influenced by the crystal orientations and interfacial atoms for the β-Ga 2 O 3 and diamond interfaces. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations based on machine learning potential have been adopted to investigate the crystal-orientation-dependent and interfacial-atom-dependent thermal boundary resistance (TBR) of the β-Ga 2 O 3 /diamond heterostructure after interfacial bonding. The differences in TBR at different interfaces are explained in detail through the explorations of thermal conductivity value, thermal conductivity spectra, vibration density of states, and interfacial structures. Based on the above explorations, a further understanding of the influence of different crystal orientations and interfacial atoms on the β-Ga 2 O 3 /diamond heterostructure was achieved. Finally, insightful optimization strategies have been proposed in the study, which could pave the way for better thermal design and management of β-Ga 2 O 3 /diamond heterostructures according to guidance in the selection of the crystal orientations and interfacial atoms of the β-Ga 2 O 3 and diamond interfaces.

The metal plasmonic nanostructure has the optical property of plasmon resonance, which holds great potential for development in nanophotonics, bioelectronics, and molecular detection. However, developing a general and straightforward method to prepare metal plasmonic nanostructures with a controllable size and morphology still poses a challenge. Herein, we proposed a synthesis strategy that utilized a customizable self-assembly template for shape-directed growth of metal structures. We employed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as connectors and DNA nanotubes as branches, customizing gold nanoparticle-DNA origami composite nanostructures with different branches by adjusting the assembly ratio between the connectors and branches. Subsequently, various morphologies of plasmonic metal nanostructures were created using this template shape guided strategy, which exhibited enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals. This strategy provides a new approach for synthesizing metallic nanostructures with multiple morphologies and opens up another possibility for the development of customizable metallic plasmonic structures with broader applications.

AlN/diamond heterostructures hold tremendous promise for the development of next-generation high-power electronic devices due to their ultrawide band gaps and other exceptional properties. However, the poor adhesion at the AlN/diamond interface is a significant challenge that will lead to film delamination and device performance degradation. In this study, the uniaxial tensile failure of the AlN/diamond heterogeneous interfaces was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations based on a neuroevolutionary machine learning potential (NEP) model. The interatomic interactions can be successfully described by trained NEP, the reliability of which has been demonstrated by the prediction of the cleavage planes of AlN and diamond. It can be revealed that the annealing treatment can reduce the total potential energy by enhancing the binding of the C and N atoms at interfaces. The strain engineering of AlN also has an important impact on the mechanical properties of the interface. Furthermore, the influence of the surface roughness and interfacial nanostructures on the AlN/diamond heterostructures has been considered. It can be indicated that the combination of surface roughness reduction, AlN strain engineering, and annealing treatment can effectively result in superior and more stable interfacial mechanical properties, which can provide a promising solution to the optimization of mechanical properties, of ultrawide band gap semiconductor heterostructures.

Gout flare-up, commonly resulting from monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) crystallization, has led to painful inflammatory arthritis among hundreds of millions of people. Herein, a kind of hydrogel nanoparticles (HNPs) with specific properties was developed, aimed at providing a promising pathway for MSUM crystallization control. The experimental and molecular dynamics simulation results synchronously indicate that the fabricated HNPs achieve efficient inhibition of MSUM crystallization governed by the mechanism of "host-guest interaction" even under very low-dose administration. HNPs as the host dispersed in the hyperuricemic model effectively lift the relative heterogeneous nucleation barrier of the MSUM crystal and hinder solute aggregation with strong electronegativity and hydrophobicity. The initial appearance of MSUM crystals was then delayed from 94 to 334 h. HNPs as the guest on the surface of the formed crystal can decelerate the growth rate by anchoring ions and occupying the active sites on the surface, and the terminal yield of the MSUM crystal declined to less than 1% of the control group. The good biocompatibility of HNPs (cell viability > 94%) renders it possible for future clinical applications. This study can guide the rational design of inhibitory nanomaterials and the development of their application in the control of relevant pathological crystallization.

Inhalation of fine particulate matter PM 2.5 -bound arsenic (PM 2.5 -As) may cause significant cardiovascular damage, due to its high concentration, long transmission range, and good absorption efficiency in organisms. However, both the contribution and the effect of the arsenic exposure pathway, with PM 2.5 as the medium, on cardiovascular system damage in nonferrous smelting sites remain to be studied. In this work, a one-year site sample collection and analysis work showed that the annual concentration of PM 2.5 -As reached 0.74 μg/m 3 , which was 120 times the national standard. The predominant species in the PM 2.5 samples were As (V) and As (III). A panel study among workers revealed that PM 2.5 -As exposure dominantly contributed to human absorption of As. After exposure of mice to PM 2.5 -As for 8 weeks, the accumulation of As in the high exposure group reached equilibrium, and its bioavailability was 24.5%. A series of animal experiments revealed that PM 2.5 -As exposure induced cardiac injury and dysfunction at the environmental relevant concentration and speciation. By integrating environmental and animal exposure assessments, more accurate health risk assessment models exposed to PM 2.5 -As were established for metal smelting areas. Therefore, our research provides an important scientific basis for relevant departments to formulate industry supervision, prevention and control policies.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Drug delivery to the brain through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a significant challenge in PD treatment. Exosomes, which can efficiently traverse the BBB, which many drugs cannot penetrate, are ideal natural carriers for drug delivery. In this study, the BBB shuttle peptide was modified on the exosome surfaces. Three types of exosomes were constructed, each modified with a distinct peptide (RVG29, TAT, or Ang2) and loaded with miR-133b. The safety and brain-targeting capabilities of these peptide-modified exosomes were then evaluated. Finally, the mechanism by which RVG29-Exo-133b regulates the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway was investigated. The findings indicate that the three peptide-modified exosomes were adequately tolerated, safe, and effectively assimilated in vivo and ex vivo, with RVG29 exhibiting superior targeting to the brain. Furthermore, RVG29-Exo-133b decreased the phosphorylation level of the Tau protein by targeting the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway. It also enhanced the motor function in mice with PD, thereby reducing the degree of depression, improving dopaminergic neuron function, and attenuating 6-OHDA-induced nerve damage. In this study, we developed a stable drug delivery mechanism that targets the intracerebral region using exosomes. Furthermore, a novel strategy was developed to manage PD and can potentially serve as a preclinical basis for utilizing exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive attention in photovoltaic applications owing to their superior efficiency, and the buried interface plays a significant role in determining the efficiency and stability of PSCs. Herein, a plant-derived small molecule, ergothioneine (ET), is adopted to heal the defective buried interface of CsPbIBr 2 -based PSC to improve power conversion efficiency (PCE). Because of the strong interaction between Lewis base groups (-C═O and -C═S) in ET and uncoordinated Pb 2+ in the perovskite film from the theoretical simulations and experimental results, the defect density of the CsPbIBr 2 perovskite film is significantly reduced, and therefore, the nonradiative recombination in the corresponding device is simultaneously suppressed. Consequently, the target device achieves a high PCE of 11.13% with an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 1.325 V for hole-free, carbon-based CsPbIBr 2 PSCs and 14.56% with a V OC of 1.308 V for CsPbI 2 Br PSCs. Furthermore, because of the increased ion migration energy, the detrimental phase segregation in this mixed-halide perovskite is weakened, delivering excellent long-term stability for the unencapsulated device in ambient conditions over 70 days with a 96% retention rate of initial efficiency.

Bacterial infections are the second leading cause of death around the world, especially those caused by delayed treatment and misdiagnosis. Therefore, rapid discrimination and effective elimination of multiple bacteria are of great importance for improving the survival rate in clinic. Herein, a novel colorimetric sensor array for bacterial discrimination and elimination is constructed using programmable DNA-encoded iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as sensing elements. Utilizing differential interactions of bacteria on DNA-encoded IONPs, 11 kinds of dental bacteria and 6 kinds of proteins have been successfully identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Moreover, the developed sensing system also performs well in the quantitative determination of individual bacteria and identification of bacterial mixtures. More importantly, the practicability of this sensing strategy is further verified by precise differentiation of blind and artificial saliva samples. Furthermore, the sensor array is used for efficiently killing multiple bacteria, demonstrating great potential in clinical prophylaxis and therapy.

Extensive research has been conducted on Camellia oleifera Abel., a cultivar predominantly distributed in China, to investigate its phytochemical composition, owning to its potential as an edible oil crop. Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, as essential active constituents, play a significant role in contributing to the pharmacological effects of this cultivar. The saponins derived from C. oleifera (CoS) offer a diverse array of bioactivity benefits, including antineoplastic/bactericidal/inflammatory properties, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, as well as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the isolation and pharmacological properties of CoS. Specially, we attempt to reveal the antitumor structure-activity relationship (SAR) of CoS-derived triterpenoids. The active substitution sites of CoS, namely, C-3, C-15, C-16, C-21, C-22, C-23, and C-28 pentacyclic triterpenoids, make it a unique and highly valuable substance with significant medicinal and culinary applications. As such, CoS can play a critical role in transforming people's lives, providing unique medicinal benefits, and contributing to the advancement of both medicine and cuisine.

Dihydro-β-ionone is a common type of ionone used in the flavor and fragrance industries because of its characteristic scent. The production of flavors in microbial cell factories offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to accessing them, independent of extraction from natural sources. However, the native pathway of dihydro-β-ionone remains unclear, hindering heterologous biosynthesis in microbial hosts. Herein, we devised a microbial platform for de novo syntheses of dihydro-β-ionone from a simple carbon source with glycerol. The complete dihydro-β-ionone pathway was reconstructed in Escherichia coli with multiple metabolic engineering strategies to generate a strain capable of producing 8 mg/L of dihydro-β-ionone, although this was accompanied by a surplus precursor β-ionone in culture. To overcome this issue, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was identified as having a conversion rate for transforming β-ionone to dihydro-β-ionone that was higher than that of E. coli via whole-cell catalysis. Consequently, the titer of dihydro-β-ionone was increased using the E. coli - S. cerevisiae coculture to 27 mg/L. Our study offers an efficient platform for biobased dihydro-β-ionone production and extends coculture engineering to overproducing target molecules in extended metabolic pathways.

Epidemiology has associated fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure with an increased cardiovascular risk. However, the underlying mechanism, particularly from the liver perspective, remains unclear. Here, the influence of chronic PM 2.5 exposure on cardiovascular risk in mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) was studied by using a real-world PM 2.5 exposure system. Results showed that PM 2.5 exposure elevated the serum levels of nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in HFCD-fed mice, demonstrating increased cardiovascular risk. To investigate the molecular mechanism, lipidomics and metabolomics analyses were conducted and revealed that PM 2.5 exposure enhanced lipid accumulation and disturbed purine metabolism and glutathione metabolism in the liver of HFCD-fed mice, contributing to the elevated non-HDL-C levels and intensified oxidative stress. Moreover, PM 2.5 exposure increased total cholesterol levels by upregulating Hmgcr expression and downregulating Cyp7a1 expression in the livers of HFCD-fed mice. The HDL-C level was reduced by inhibiting the hepatic Abca1 and Abcg1 expression and decreasing the levels of ApoA-I and LCAT. Additionally, the PM 2.5 -induced pro-oxidative environment impeded the oxLDL clearance and further triggered inflammation, in turn exacerbating oxidative stress and oxLDL production. This study demonstrated a synergy of PM 2.5 and HFCD on cardiovascular risk and illuminated the molecular mechanism in PM 2.5 -susceptible populations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Co-published by Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and American Chemical Society.)

A pair of novel chiral 1-phenylethylamine-modified twistarenes ( 4 and 11 ; compound 4 = 9,14-di- tert -butyl-7,16-diphenyl-2-(1-phenylethyl)-1 H -benzo[8',9']triphenyleno[2',3':6,7]fluoreno[2,1,9- def ]isoquinoline-1,3(2 H )-dione) have been synthesized and characterized, and how the solvent component affects the chirality transfer of their self-assembled processes is investigated in mixtures with THF and H 2 O. The ordered assembly of 11 exhibits circular dichroism response. In addition, both 11a and 11b display positive photoconducting behavior.

The unique physicochemical properties, flexible structural tunability, and giant chemical space of ionic liquids (ILs) provide them a great opportunity to match different target properties to work as advanced process media. The crux of the matter is how to efficiently and reliably tailor suitable ILs toward a specific application. In this regard, the computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) approach has been widely adapted to cover this family of high-profile chemicals, that is, to perform computer-aided IL design (CAILD). This review discusses the past developments that have contributed to the state-of-the-art of CAILD and provides a perspective about how future works could pursue the acceleration of the practical application of ILs. In a broad context of CAILD, key aspects related to the forward structure-property modeling and reverse molecular design of ILs are overviewed. For the former forward task, diverse IL molecular representations, modeling algorithms, as well as representative models on physical properties, thermodynamic properties, among others of ILs are introduced. For the latter reverse task, representative works formulating different molecular design scenarios are summarized. Beyond the substantial progress made, some future perspectives to move CAILD a step forward are finally provided.

Antisolvent engineering is routinely used to modulate the crystallization of perovskite films as they can offer an additional driving force for nucleation. Actually, the intervention of antisolvent into nucleation is thought to involve some relatively fast and complex processes, which, however, are not fully understood so far. Here, the diffusion of the organic amine cation FA + (one dominated precursor) and its distribution in a spin-coating process in different antisolvents is simulated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. It is suggested that a moderate diffusion rate (like that in the case of toluene as an antisolvent) not only enables to form a very uniform distribution of FA + ions on the substrate, beneficial to the uniform nucleation of the intermediate phase, but also can balance the nucleation and growth rates of the intermediate phase, thereby suppressing undesired heterogeneous nucleation and growth. Results show that the perovskite film fabricated using toluene as an antisolvent has a high quality, based on which higher power conversion efficiencies of up to 24.32% are achieved for perovskite solar cells.

Infant formula is intended as an effective substitute for breast milk but is the main source of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) to nonbreastfed infants. We performed target and nontarget analyses to determine PCNs and identify other organic contaminants in infant formula. The mean PCN concentrations in infant formula, milk powder, and bovine milk were 106.1, 88.8, and 78.2 μg kg -1 of dry weight, respectively. The PCN congener profiles indicated that thermal processes and raw materials were probably the main sources of PCNs in infant formula. A health risk assessment indicated that PCNs in infant formula do not pose health risks to infants. Using gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry, 352, 372, and 161 organic chemicals were identified in the infant formula, milk powder, and bovine milk samples, respectively. Phthalate esters were detected in all four plastic-packed milk powder samples. The results indicated milk becomes more contaminated with organic chemicals during manufacturing, processing, and packaging.

Tumor cells can evade immune surveillance through overexpressing programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to interact with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Besides, tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 is involved in tumor progression without interaction with PD-1, which provides more challenges for the discovery of PD-L1 inhibitors. Herein, we report the discovery of novel PD-L1 inhibitors using the fragment coupling strategy. Among them, B9 was found to inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with the best IC 50 value of 1.8 ± 0.7 nM. Beyond the blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, B9 promotes the dimerization, internalization, and degradation of PD-L1. Furthermore, B9 displayed high in vivo antitumor efficacy in the CT26 mouse model and activated the immune microenvironment and induced PD-L1 degradation of PD-L1 in the tumor. These results show that B9 is a promising lead PD-L1 inhibitor through the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and functional inhibition of the PD-L1 signal pathway.

Co-controlling the emissions of air pollutants and CO 2 from automobiles is crucial for addressing the intertwined challenges of air pollution and climate change in China. Here, we analyze the synergetic characteristics of air pollutant and CO 2 emissions from China's on-road transportation and identify the co-drivers influencing these trends. Using detailed emission inventories and employing index decomposition analysis, we found that despite notable progress in pollution control, minimizing on-road CO 2 emissions remains a formidable task. Over 2010-2020, the estimated sectoral emissions of VOCs, NO x , PM 2.5 , and CO declined by 49.9%, 25.9%, 75.2%, and 63.5%, respectively, while CO 2 emissions increased by 46.1%. Light-duty passenger vehicles and heavy-duty trucks have been identified as the primary contributors to carbon-pollution co-emissions, highlighting the need for tailored policies. The driver analysis indicates that socioeconomic changes are primary drivers of emission growth, while policy controls, particularly advances in emission efficiency, can facilitate co-reductions. Regional disparities emphasize the need for policy refinement, including reducing dependency on fuel vehicles in the passenger subsector and prioritizing co-reduction strategies in high-emission provinces in the freight subsector. Overall, our study confirms the effectiveness of China's on-road control policies and provides valuable insights for future policy makers in China and other similarly positioned developing countries.

C13-apocarotenoids are naturally derived from the C9-C10 (C9'-C10') double-bond cleavage of carotenoids by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs). As high-value flavors and fragrances in the food and cosmetic industries, the sustainable production of C13-apocarotenoids is emerging in microbial cell factories by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) subfamily. However, the commercialization of microbial-based C13-apocarotenoids is still limited by the poor performance of CCD1, which severely constrains its conversion efficiency from precursor carotenoids. This review focuses on the classification of CCDs and their cleavage modes for carotenoids to generate corresponding apocarotenoids. We then emphatically discuss the advances for C13-apocarotenoid biosynthesis in microbial cell factories with various strategies, including optimization of CCD1 expression, improvement of CCD1's catalytic activity and substrate specificity, strengthening of substrate channeling, and development of oleaginous microbial hosts, which have been verified to increase the conversion rate from carotenoids. Lastly, the current challenges and future directions will be discussed to enhance CCDs' application for C13-apocarotenoids biomanufacturing.

Transition-metal-catalyzed cyclative coupling of 2-alkynylanilines provides a feasible routine for accessing functionalized indoles. Herein, a rhodium-catalyzed highly enantioselective addition of heteroarenium salts is presented, which is enabled by the nucleophilic cyclization of 2-alkynylanilines. It offers feasible protocols to access enantioenriched functionalized indoles tethered to 1,2-dihydropyridine and 1,2-dihydroquinoline motifs with excellent enantioselectivities.

Soybean seed hardness is a key trait that influences planting, nutritional quality, and postharvest processing, but its genetic and molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified. We used meta-analysis to detect 17 meta-quantitative trait locus (QTLs) for soybean seed hardness. We then identified a hard-seeded chromosome segment substitution line, R75, with fragments introduced from hard-seeded wild germplasm in four of the meta-QTL intervals. Observations of the seed coat ultrastructure revealed thicker palisade tissue in R75 than in its soft-seeded recurrent parent. Transcriptomics and proteomics of R75 and its recurrent parent revealed multiple candidate genes associated with seed hardness. Fifty-seven were located on homozygous introduced fragments, 26 in meta-QTL intervals, and one in both ( Glyma.02G268600 ). Five initial candidates were selected for KASP marker development on the basis of their predicted functions and nonsynonymous SNPs. The selection efficiency of the markers was as high as 90% for nonhard lines and 43% for hard lines in the chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population.

A protocol was developed to construct five- to seven-membered cyclic nitrones through the gold-catalyzed 1,3-azaprotio transfer of allenyloximes under photoirradiation. The photoisomerization of oximes was suggested to convert the inert stereoisomer to a reactive one. This photodriven and gold-catalyzed ring formation could be further extended to the thermodynamically stable aryl ketoximes with an E -configuration, which previously displayed chemical inertness in the absence of light irradiation.

Two pairs of isomers of heptagon-embedded helical arenes ( 3 / 6 and 10 / 13 ) have been strategically prepared, where the molecular structures of 3 and 13 have been identified through single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The effect of the heptagon unit on the physical properties of 3 , 6 , 10 , and 13 is investigated in a comparative manner, and the results indicate that the optical enantiomers of 13 obtained from HPLC exhibit promising chiroptical properties.

A simple and efficient Pd-catalyzed oxidative cyclization system is developed for the chemo- and regioselective synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides, which are formed through aminosulfonylation of ortho -iodoanilines with SO 2 . DABSO is utilized as the source of SO 2 , and the organic compound O 2 acts as an oxidant. This direct C-S, S-N, and C-N functionalization is highly efficient, and broad functional group tolerance is observed, resulting in moderate to excellent yields of 3,4-dihydro-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides. Furthermore, this method is amenable to gram-scale synthesis.

Spontaneous combustion characteristics are important issues for the safe operation of the wet-modified activated carbon drying process. The spontaneous combustion characteristics of activated carbon modified via liquid phase impregnation were fully investigated in this study. The modified activated carbon was prepared using columnar activated carbon and 4-amino-1,2-butanediol solution. Physical properties and surface functional group analyses were performed for activated carbon before and after modification. The ignition temperature of activated carbon before and after modification was then characterized using the methods of GB/T20450-2006, thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and TG-mass spectrometry (TG-MS). At the same time, the activation energy of activated carbon before and after modification was calculated by using thermodynamic analysis. Furthermore, a new self-designed test platform was introduced to investigate the spontaneous combustion characteristics of wet-modified activated carbon under the drying temperatures of 150, 175, 180, and 210 °C. The results show that the specific surface area of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) is decreased by 368 m 2 ·g -1 , the total volume of pore size is decreased by 0.17 cm 3 ·g -1 , and the content of oxygen-containing functional groups is decreased by 0.071 mmol/g compared with row activated carbon. The ignition temperatures of the sample before modification characterized by the three methods are 483, 596, and 599 °C, respectively. The ignition temperatures of the sample after modification are 489, 607, and 611 °C, respectively. The activation energy of the modified activated carbon is increased by 35 kJ/mol compared to the original activated carbon. It is concluded that the temperature that triggers the modified activated carbon combustion during the drying process is between 175 and 180 °C, and the heat is mainly gathered at the longitudinal center of the combustion chamber through the investigation of spontaneous combustion experiments. The results in this study can contribute to safe production to prevent combustion in the process of modifying activated carbon during the drying process., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

An oxidative 6- endo -trig cyclization and [2 + 2] cycloaddition of β,γ-unsaturated hydrazones/ketoximes and diazonium tetrafluoroborates for a synthetic strategy to pyridazin-4(1 H )-ones/oxazin-4(1 H )-ones under metal-free conditions is presented in a one-pot procedure. This protocol features excellent functional group tolerance and remarkable regioselectivity. A mechanistic study has been verified via 18 O labeling and the H 2 18 O labeling method, in which O 2 acts as both a reaction component and an oxidant.

Chiral allylic phosphines and gem -difluoroalkenes are both important structural motifs in various bioactive molecules, chiral ligands, and natural products. These two motifs are now integrated, and we herein report a straightforward and atom-economical enantioselective hydrophosphination of gem -difluoroallenes using disubstituted phosphines. A wide array of enantioenriched fluorinated allylic phosphines has been accessed with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity and high efficiency. Synthetic and catalytic applications of phosphine products have been demonstrated.

A direct arylsulfonylation of β,γ-unsaturated hydrazones method, in which sulfonated pyrazolines are accessed by a three-component reaction of β,γ-unsaturated hydrazones, DABSO, and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, has been developed without external oxidants or catalysts. This transformation is triggered by the formation of arylsulfonyl radicals in situ from the reaction of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates and DABSO, and is enabled by controllable generation of C center radical, in which DABSO was utilized as the sulfone source and an oxidant in this radical-mediated cascaded reaction. A wide range of substrates can be applied in this process to afford pyrazolines in good yield, and it is amenable for gram-scale synthesis.

Cobalt(III) and rhodium(III)-catalyzed regio- and chemoselective amidation of benzocyclobutenols has been realized using dioxazolone as the amidating reagent to afford three classes of C-N-coupled products via β-carbon elimination of the benzocyclobutenol. The Co(III)-catalyzed coupling initially afforded an isolable o -( N -acylamino)arylmethyl ketone, which could further cyclize to the corresponding indole derivatives under condition control. In contrast, efficient stepwise diamidation has been achieved under Rh(III) catalyst control. The chemoselectivities are jointly controlled by the catalyst and reactions conditions.

In recent years, cationic liposomes have been successfully used as delivery platforms for mRNA vaccines. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-lipid derivatives are widely used to enhance the stability and reduce the toxicity of cationic liposomes. However, these derivatives are often immunogenic, triggering the rise of anti-PEG antibodies. Understanding the role and impact of PEG-lipid derivatives on PEGylated cationic liposomes is key to solving the PEG dilemma. In this study, we designed linear, branched, and cleavable-branched cationic liposomes modified with PEG-lipid derivatives and investigated the effect of the liposome-induced accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon on photothermal therapy. Our study indicated that the linear PEG-lipid derivatives mediated the effect of photothermal therapy by stimulating splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells to secrete anti-PEG antibodies and increasing the level of IgM expression in the follicular region of the spleen. However, the cleavable-branched and branched PEG-lipid derivatives did not activate the complement system and avoided the ABC phenomenon by inducing noticeably lower levels of anti-PEG antibodies. The cleavable-branched PEGylated cationic liposomes improved the effect of photothermal therapy by reversing the charge on the liposome surface. This detailed study of PEG-lipid derivatives contributes to the further development and clinical application of PEGylated cationic liposomes.

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a special bioactive substance with lipid metabolism regulation functions; its molecular mechanisms, however, need further study. This study aimed to study the role of gut microbiota and liver metabolome in the anti-obesity effects of CS. The results demonstrated that CS significantly reduced body weight gain and alleviated insulin resistance and dyslipidemia induced by high-fat diet treatment. Moreover, CS interestingly increased the content of Firmicutes in intestinal microbiota. Further studies showed that there were 11 different metabolites involved in metabolic pathways, including the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. In addition, Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that the anti-obesity effect of CS is closely related to liver metabolic regulation. Overall, these results provide a possible molecular mechanism by which CS reduces body weight and lipid accumulation.

A simultaneous emission-detection phenomenon occurs when a quantum well (QW) diode is biased with a forward voltage and illuminated with a shorter-wavelength light beam. The diode is able to detect and modulate light emitted by itself due to its spectral emission-detection overlap. Here, two identical QW diode units separately function as a transmitter and a receiver to establish a wireless light communication system. In association with energy diagram theory, we explain the irreversibility between light emission and light excitation in the QW diode, which may help us deeply understand various expressions in nature., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Janus kinases (JAKs) are central components in cytokine signaling pathways. A number of small molecule JAK inhibitors have been approved to treat a wide range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Due to safety concerns of pan-JAK inhibition, the thrust of current research is toward the discovery of isoform-selective JAK inhibitors. Selective inhibition of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) has the potential to balance efficacy and safety. Substantial efforts have been made to develop selective TYK2 inhibitors: Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165) is a representative allosteric inhibitor that has been approved by the FDA, and ropsacitinib (PF-06826647) is an active site-directed inhibitor currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Herein, we outline the key roles of TYK2 in diseases, review the advances of selective TYK2 inhibitors, and finally discuss future perspectives and challenges in the development of TYK2 inhibitors.

Spinal cord injury (SCI), one of the most serious injuries of the central nervous system, causes physical functional dysfunction and even paralysis in millions of patients. As a matter of necessity, redressing the neuroleptic pathologic microenvironment to a neurotrophic microenvironment is essential in order to alleviate this dilemma and facilitate the recovery of the spinal cord. Herein, based on cell-sheet technology, two functional cell types─uninduced and neural-induced stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth─were formed into a composite membrane that subsequently self-assembled to form a bioactive scaffold with a spinal-cord-like structure, called a spinal cord assembly (SCA). In a stable extracellular matrix microenvironment, SCA continuously released SCA-derived exosomes containing various neurotrophic factors, which effectively promoted neuronal regeneration, axonal extension, and angiogenesis and inhibited glial scar generation in a rat model of SCI. Neurotrophic exosomes significantly improved the pathological microenvironment and promoted in situ centralis neuroplasticity, ultimately eliciting a strong repair effect in this model. SCA therapy is a promising strategy for the effective treatment of SCI based on neurotrophic exosome delivery.