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Purpose: The presentation of an unusual case of the tumor of ileum wall induced by pinworm infection in a 5-years-old child., Material and Methods: The record of a 4-years-old boy treated in the department of pediatric surgery was analyzed concerning the diagnostic difficulties. After 6 month from an episode of ileo-cecal intusussception successfully treated with a barium colon enema, the diagnosis of lymphoma was made and the resection of distant segment of small intestine was performed., Results: No clinical and laboratory features of oxyuriasis could be stated before the onset of disease, during hospitalization and in the follow-up period. The hypertrophied and activated lymphatic tissue with a non-specific inflammatory reaction to the pinworms were seen in the wall of ileum, appendix and mesenteric lymph nodes. No neoplastic cells were found in the microscopic study of ileum, appendix, mesenteric lymph nodes and peritoneal lavage fluid., Conclusions: The proper diagnosis of oxyuriasis may be difficult when the course is atypical. The enterobius vermicularis infestation as an etiologic factor should be taken into account in any case of abdominal pathology. However, the methods routinely used in "acute abdomen" including examinations of blood, urine and stool, repeated ultrasound and CT, are not reliable. As the infestation may mimic neoplasm, the surgical treatment and microscopic examination can be necessary for the final diagnosis in some cases.

The correlation was described between the ultrastructural picture and DNA mass content of MK nuclei in experimental haemorrhagic shock in rats. Significant disproportions were revealed between the morphological pictures and the ploidy of MK nuclei in the successive phases of the shock. Abnormalities of the maturation of marrow MK nuclei were found in the first hours of the shock, being most pronounced in the 24th hour.

The total cathepsin D activities in the intestinal wall and in venous mesenteric and arterial systemic blood were investigated on the rats in untreated hemorrhagic shock lasting 60 minutes. We observed a decrease in cathepsin D activity in homogenates of respective segments of small and large bowels and an increase in the enzyme activity in blood serum of both origin. The shock resulted in lowering protein concentration in the intestinal wall and its increase in the mesenteric blood. We found a negative correlation between cathepsin D activity in the intestinal wall and its morphological destruction. Molecules of the enzyme, after liberation from lysosomes due to hemorrhagic shock, are translocated to the circulation and probably to the gut lumen. Liberation of the intestinal cathepsin D may contribute to the local damage and multiorgan failure in hemorrhagic shock.

The authors presented the morphometrical evaluation of the bone marrow MK in rats in the acute stage of experimental hemorrhagic shock. The experiments used a semiautomatic computer programme. The total number of MK per 1 mm2 of the bone marrow was analysed with regard to various morphological forms of MK, their surface area, shape disorders, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and cluster forms. A considerable shift was observed in the MK parameters examined, suggesting a significant effect of hemorrhagic shock upon megakaryocytopoiesis.

The contribution of MK to the release of other marrow cells to the blood was evaluated in rats subjected to experimental hemorrhagic shock. The analysis was based on the frequency of emperipolesis phenomenon in megakaryocytes, which was evaluated in a light microscope on marrow smears and in ultrastructural examinations. A considerable increase was found in the number of marrow cells in the MK cytoplasm in the animals examined, which indicates a significant part of MK in the release of these cells to the blood and in the marrow-blood barrier formation by MK.

Megakaryocytes were evaluated in the blood of the caval vein of rats in the acute stage of hemorrhagic shock. The number and morphological types of MK were analysed. Millipore filters were used for the evaluation. MK were found to be a physiological element of the blood. An increase in the MK number leaving the bone marrow in rats with the acute stage of hemorrhagic shock was observed. A rise in the total MK number was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of mature and "naked nucleus" MK.

Production of the oxygen-derived free radicals in peritoneal lavage after one-hour hemorrhagic shock were investigated on a rat model. A statistically significant increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and an insignificant enhancement of concentration of -SH groups, comparing to the control animals was shown. There was no difference in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the peritoneal fluid from the bled animals and the control group. The results indicate an increased antioxidative potential of the peritoneal content in the early phase of hemorrhagic shock.

Degree of renal damage in experimental untreated and treated hemorrhagic shock was estimated in light microscopy. Histological preparations were scored with a semiquantitative scale concerning the changes which are typical for the acute renal failure. It was found that an early treatment with the PAF-receptor antagonist (ginkgolide BN 52021) considerably reduced morphological changes observed in rat kidney in hemorrhagic shock, comparing with untreated shock and in shock treated with a polyelectrolyte solution.

The mast cells and eosinophils washed out from rat peritoneal cavity after 75 minutes of untreated hemorrhagic shock were studied in light and electron microscope. A significantly increased total peritoneal cell (PC) number, an increased mast cell (MC) number, decreased eosinophil number, and features of activation of both MC and E were found: heterogeneity and combining of granules, evacuation of their content, build up and enlargement of endoplasmic reticulum, development of microtubular cytoplasmic system, multiplication of cell membrane microvilli, and contacts between MC and E. Ultrastructural examination revealed vesicle formation in Golgie apparatus. These vesicles created characteristic blebs on the cell surface and evacuated their contents outside. Morphological findings suggest that peritoneal mast cells and eosinophils are involved in mechanism of the intestinal injury in shock.

The morphology and functions of gastrointestinal mast cells (MCs) under physiological and pathological conditions were described. Special attention was paid to the MCs origin, differentiation and morphological and biochemical aspects of their degranulation. Mast cells are important component of normal architecture of the gastrointestinal tract. Many substances released from MCs during degranulation are biologically active and mediate numerous processes: blood flow regulation, epithelial and endothelial permeability, mucosal secretion, gastrointestinal tract motility, immunological events related to the antigens of various origin, angiogenesis, cancer development. Thus MC is often considered as an important agent in pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal diseases. The gastrointestinal diseases which was described in this paper are following: bacterial and parasitic infections, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, Leśniowski-Crohn's disease, inflammatory polyps, intestinal graft-versus-host reaction, neoplastic tumors, mastocytosis, intestinal ischemia.

Renal damage in rat hemorrhagic shock model was assessed by estimation of the reactive oxygen metabolites generation (malondialdehyde measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and antioxidative potential (activity of Cu-, Zn- superoxide dismutase, activity of glutathione reductase and level of sulfhydryl compounds). It was found that treatment with BN 52021 (a platelet-activating factor antagonist), and polyelektrolyte solution had had a beneficial effect in comparison with both the untreated shock and shock treated by reperfusion only.

Exoglycosidases catabolize glycoconjugates (proteoglycans, glycolipids and glycoproteins) at a rate depending on tissue and pathological changes. We determined exoglycosidase activity in successive sections of alimentary tract, spleen, liver and kidney of rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock. We found significant difference in exoglycosidase activity between alimentary tract segments in control animals and no significant changes in homologous tissues of the shocked rats comparing with control.

The activity of rat peritoneal cells were assessed by the phorbol mirystinian acetate (PMA)-induced luminol chemiluminescence (LCL). Results in control groups (0 - no manipulation, and I - carotid artery cannulation) were compared with those in the untreated hemorrhagic shock (group II), in the shock treated with the standard polyelectrolyte solution (PES) (group III), and in shock treated with PAF receptor-antagonist BN 52021 + PES (group IV). The maximal and the most rapid LCL was observed in the group treated with BN 52021 (group IV), while chemiluminescent response in the the untreated shock (group II) and in shock treated with PES was minimally expressed and late. The findings indicate for a rapid activation of peritoneal cells during ca 1 hour of hemorrhagic shock. This leads to exhausting their ability to the superoxide anion generation 15 minutes later. Peritoneal cells obtained from the group treated with the BN 52021 revealed a preserved ability to the respiratory burst. It can be concluded that BN 52021 effectively inhibits activation of the PC during hemorrhagic shock.