1. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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Feigin, Valery L., Stark, Benjamin A., Johnson, Catherine Owens, Roth, Gregory A., Bisignano, Catherine, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abedi, Vida, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Abushouk, Abdelrahman, I, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Salih, Yusra Ahmed, Aji, Budi, Akbarpour, Samaneh, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Salman, Rustam Al-Shahi, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Ansar, Adnan, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Arabloo, Jalal, Arnlov, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Aryan, Zahra, Asgari, Samaneh, Ashraf, Tahira, Athar, Mohammad, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Marcel, Baig, Atif Amin, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Banach, Maciej, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara, Basu, Sanjay, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Beghi, Ettore, Beheshti, Mahya, Bejot, Yannick, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M., Boloor, Archith, Bonny, Aime, Brauer, Michael, Brenner, Hermann, Bryazka, Dana, Butt, Zahid A., dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cantu-Brito, Carlos, Carrero, Juan J., Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catapano, Alberico L., Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Colozza, David, Costa, Vera Marisa, Costanzo, Simona, Criqui, Michael H., Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Gela, Jiregna Darega, Davletov, Kairat, De La Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, Desai, Rupak, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Diaz, Daniel, Dichgans, Martin, Dokova, Klara, Doshi, Rajkumar, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B., Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Nahas, Nevine, Elgendy, Islam Y., Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa, I, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Erku, Daniel Asfaw, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farooque, Umar, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feroze, Abdullah Hamid, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flood, David, Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gheshlagh, Reza Ghanei, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Ghozali, Ghozali, Ghozy, Sherief, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Giampaoli, Simona, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gnedovskaya, Elena, V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goulart, Alessandra C., Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Gyanwali, Pradip, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J., Hargono, Arief, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Treska S., Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon, I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed, I, Herteliu, Claudiu, Holla, Ramesh, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, Junjie, Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iacoviello, Licia, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iso, Hiroyasu, Isola, Gaetano, Iwagami, Masao, Jacob, Louis, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jang, Sung-In, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Johnson, Walter D., Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Nitin, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jurisson, Mikk, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Karch, Andre, Katoto, Patrick D. M. C., Kayode, Gbenga A., Keshavarz, Pedram, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Imteyaz A., Khan, Maseer, Khan, Moien A. B., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimaki, Mika, Kolte, Dhaval, Koolivand, Ali, Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Krishnamurthi, Rita, V, Kumar, G. Anil, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lak, Hassan Mehmood, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lavados, Pablo M., Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Lin, Ro-Ting, Liu, Xuefeng, Lo, Warren David, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Saute, Ricardo Lutzky, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martini, Santi, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Atte, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Jonasson, Junmei Miao, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Mokhayeri, Yaser, Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Al Montasir, Ahmed, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morawska, Lidia, Morze, Jakub, Muruet, Walter, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Kandel, Sandhya Neupane, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Olagunju, Andrew T., Orru, Hans, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pana, Adrian, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Cheol, Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh, Pathak, Mona, Peres, Mario F. P., Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pham, Truong-Minh, Piradov, Michael A., Podder, Vivek, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Pourshams, Akram, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajai, Nazanin, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R., Rao, Sowmya J., Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reitsma, Marissa B., Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Rezapour, Aziz, Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Rynkiewicz, Andrzej, Sacco, Simona, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salah, Rehab, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shawon, Md Shajedur Rahman, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Siabani, Soraya, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Stortecky, Stefan, Stranges, Saverio, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Teuschl, Yvonne, Thrift, Amanda G., Tonelli, Marcello, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathi, Manjari, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Ullah, Anayat, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vakilian, Alireza, Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vervoort, Dominique, Vo, Bay, Volovici, Victor, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wafa, Hatem A., Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodward, Mark, Wu, Jason H., Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Xu, Xiaoyue, Yadav, Lalit, Yadollahpour, Ali, Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Bin Zaman, Sojib, Zamanian, Maryam, Zand, Ramin, Zandifar, Alireza, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H., Murray, Christopher J. L., Feigin, Valery L., Stark, Benjamin A., Johnson, Catherine Owens, Roth, Gregory A., Bisignano, Catherine, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abedi, Vida, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Abushouk, Abdelrahman, I, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Salih, Yusra Ahmed, Aji, Budi, Akbarpour, Samaneh, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Salman, Rustam Al-Shahi, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Ansar, Adnan, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Arabloo, Jalal, Arnlov, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Aryan, Zahra, Asgari, Samaneh, Ashraf, Tahira, Athar, Mohammad, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Marcel, Baig, Atif Amin, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Banach, Maciej, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara, Basu, Sanjay, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Beghi, Ettore, Beheshti, Mahya, Bejot, Yannick, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M., Boloor, Archith, Bonny, Aime, Brauer, Michael, Brenner, Hermann, Bryazka, Dana, Butt, Zahid A., dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cantu-Brito, Carlos, Carrero, Juan J., Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catapano, Alberico L., Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Colozza, David, Costa, Vera Marisa, Costanzo, Simona, Criqui, Michael H., Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Gela, Jiregna Darega, Davletov, Kairat, De La Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, Desai, Rupak, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Diaz, Daniel, Dichgans, Martin, Dokova, Klara, Doshi, Rajkumar, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B., Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Nahas, Nevine, Elgendy, Islam Y., Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa, I, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Erku, Daniel Asfaw, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farooque, Umar, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feroze, Abdullah Hamid, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flood, David, Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gheshlagh, Reza Ghanei, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Ghozali, Ghozali, Ghozy, Sherief, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Giampaoli, Simona, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gnedovskaya, Elena, V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goulart, Alessandra C., Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Gyanwali, Pradip, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J., Hargono, Arief, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Treska S., Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon, I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed, I, Herteliu, Claudiu, Holla, Ramesh, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, Junjie, Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iacoviello, Licia, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iso, Hiroyasu, Isola, Gaetano, Iwagami, Masao, Jacob, Louis, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jang, Sung-In, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Johnson, Walter D., Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Nitin, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jurisson, Mikk, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Karch, Andre, Katoto, Patrick D. M. C., Kayode, Gbenga A., Keshavarz, Pedram, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Imteyaz A., Khan, Maseer, Khan, Moien A. B., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimaki, Mika, Kolte, Dhaval, Koolivand, Ali, Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Krishnamurthi, Rita, V, Kumar, G. Anil, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lak, Hassan Mehmood, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lavados, Pablo M., Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Lin, Ro-Ting, Liu, Xuefeng, Lo, Warren David, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Saute, Ricardo Lutzky, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martini, Santi, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Atte, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Jonasson, Junmei Miao, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Mokhayeri, Yaser, Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Al Montasir, Ahmed, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morawska, Lidia, Morze, Jakub, Muruet, Walter, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Kandel, Sandhya Neupane, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Olagunju, Andrew T., Orru, Hans, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pana, Adrian, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Cheol, Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh, Pathak, Mona, Peres, Mario F. P., Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pham, Truong-Minh, Piradov, Michael A., Podder, Vivek, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Pourshams, Akram, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajai, Nazanin, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R., Rao, Sowmya J., Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reitsma, Marissa B., Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Rezapour, Aziz, Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Rynkiewicz, Andrzej, Sacco, Simona, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salah, Rehab, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shawon, Md Shajedur Rahman, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Siabani, Soraya, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Stortecky, Stefan, Stranges, Saverio, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Teuschl, Yvonne, Thrift, Amanda G., Tonelli, Marcello, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathi, Manjari, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Ullah, Anayat, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vakilian, Alireza, Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vervoort, Dominique, Vo, Bay, Volovici, Victor, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wafa, Hatem A., Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodward, Mark, Wu, Jason H., Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Xu, Xiaoyue, Yadav, Lalit, Yadollahpour, Ali, Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Bin Zaman, Sojib, Zamanian, Maryam, Zand, Ramin, Zandifar, Alireza, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H., and Murray, Christopher J. L.
- Abstract
Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates
- Published
- 2021
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