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Najznačajniji put dospevanja radionuklida i toksičnih elemenata u organizam životinja je ingestija hrane i vode. U životnoj sredini prirodni radionuklidi i toksični elementi su prisutni u stenama, zemljištu i vodi odakle se uključuju u lanac hrane i na taj način dospevaju i do čoveka. Fosfatni aditivi monokalcijum i dikalcijum fosfat, koji se koriste kao izvor neorganskog fosfora u obrocima životinja, mogu predstavljati značajan izvor uranijuma-238 i radijuma-226, ali i toksičnih elemenata kao što su olovo, kadmijum, hrom i arsen. Dodavanje fosfatnih aditiva u obrok započinje u najranijem periodu života životinje i obično traje do klanja, pa se može govoriti o hroničnoj izloženosti radionuklidima i toksičnim elementima. Cilj sprovedenog istraživanja je bio da se ispita da li je fosfatni aditiv, monokalcijum fosfat, koji se koristi u ishrani životinja kao izvor neorganskog fosfora, ujedno i glavni izvor kontaminacije obroka za svinje u tovu prirodnim radionuklidima (40K, 238U i 226Ra) i toksičnim elementima (Pb, Cd, Cr i As). Pored toga određivan je i sadržaj rezidua ispitivanih elemenata u krvi, jetri, bubrezima, kostima i fecesu svinja u tovu, kao i njihov uticaj na proizvodne rezultate (telesna masa i prirast). Pre početka ogleda određen je sadržaj prirodnih radionuklida (40K, 238U i 226Ra) i toksičnih elemenata (238U, Pb, Cd, Cr i As) u monokalcijum fosfatu koji je potom upotrebljen za pripremu smeša za ishranu svinja u tovu. U ogled je uključeno 30 muških tovnih svinja, starosti 63 dana, rase veliki jorkšir, telesne mase od 24 kg do 37 kg, podeljenih u tri ogledne grupe, sa po 10 jedinki u svakoj grupi. Ogledni period je trajao 110 dana. Kontrolna (K) grupa svinja je hranjena kompletnom krmnom smešom za čiju pripremu je korišćen monokalcijum fosfat iz uvoza sa prosečnim sadržajem 238U od 47,1 Bq/kg, dok su svinje u oglednoj 1 grupi (O1) hranjene smešom za čiju je pripremu korišćen monokalcijum fosfat dobijen mešanjem monokalcijum fosfata kontrolne i ogledne 2 (O2) grupe u odnosu 50:50, sa prosečnim sadržajem 238U od 1193,5 Bq/kg, a u O2 grupi smešom sa dodatkom monokalcijum fosfat iz domaće proizvodnje sa prosečnim sadržajem 238U od 2295,5 Bq/kg. Uzorci fecesa su uzeti 100. dana tova sa poda objekta u kojem su držane ogledne svinje. Nakon završenog tovnog perioda, životinje su 110. dana ogleda upućene na komercijalno klanje gde su od svake jedinke uzeti uzorci krvi, jetre, bubrega i kosti zadnje leve noge (tibia i fibula). Uzorci su analizirani metodom gama spektrometrije u cilju određivanja specifične aktivnost radionuklida, dok je sadržaj toksičnih elemenata određen metodom induktivno-kuplovane plazme sa masenim spektrometrom (eng. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS). Studija je pokazala da u monokalcijum fosfatu sa porastom specifične aktivnosti 238U raste i sadržaj kadmijuma, hroma i arsena, dok sadržaj 40K i olova opada. Utvrđeno je da su monokalcijum fosfati korišćeni u ishrani svinja O1 i O2 grupa predstavljali glavni izvor kontaminacije kompletnih krmnih smeša 238U, hromom i arsenom, ali ne i 226Ra, olovom i kadmijumom. Pored toga ustanovljeno je da je sadržaj 238U u monokalcijum fosfatu O1 i O2 grupa bio iznad izvedenih koncentracija radionuklida u hrani, ali da nije doveo do povećanja sadržaja ovog radionuklida u smešama iznad izvedene koncentracije radionuklida u hrani... Ingestion of contaminated food and water is the most important pathway through which radionuclides and toxic elements enter the animal's body. In the environment, natural radionuclides and toxic elements are present in the rocks, soil, and water, wherefrom they are included in the food chain and thus reach humans. Phosphate additives monocalcium and dicalcium phosphate, which are used as a source of inorganic phosphorus in animal diet, might pose as a significant source of 238U and 226Ra, as well as toxic elements such as lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic. Since the addition of phosphate additives to the meal begins very early in the animal's life and usually lasts until slaughter, the animal is subjected to a chronic contamination with radionuclides and toxic elements. The aim of the study was to examine whether the phosphate additive, monocalcium phosphate, used in animal nutrition as a source of inorganic phosphorus, is also the main source of feed contamination for fattening pigs with natural radionuclides (40K, 238U and 226Ra) and toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Cr and As), with a focus to the presence of residues of the tested elements in the blood, liver, kidneys, bones and feces of fattening pigs, as well as their impact on production results (weight and gain). The first step in this study was to determine the content of natural radionuclides (40K, 238U and 226Ra) and toxic elements (238U, Pb, Cd, Cr and As) in monocalcium phosphate used for preparation of complete feed mixtures for fattening pigs. The experiment included 30 male fattening pigs, aged 63 days, breed great Yorkshire, body weight from 24 kg to 37 kg, divided into three experimental groups, with 10 individuals in each group. The trial period lasted 110 days. The control group of pigs (K) was fed a complete feed mixture with the addition of imported monocalcium phosphate with an average content of 47,1 Bq/kg 238U, while the pigs in the experimental group 1 (O1) were fed a complete feed mixture with monocalcium phosphate made by mixing the monocalcium phosphate from K group and experimental 2 group (O2) in 50:50 ratio, with average 238U content of 1193,5 Bq/kg. Finally, in the O2 group, the pigs were fed a complete feed mixture with monocalcium phosphate from domestic production containing an average 238U content of 2295.5 Bq/kg. On the 100th day of fattening, samples of feces were taken from the floor of the facility where the experimental pigs were kept. After the end of the fattening period, on the 110th day, the animals were sent to the commercial slaughter, where samples of the blood, liver, kidneys, and bones (tibia and fibula) were taken from each experimental individual. The samples were analysed by gamma spectrometry to determine the specific activity of the radionuclides, while the content of the toxic elements was determined using the method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study showed that the content of cadmium, chromium, and arsenic in monocalcium phosphate increases with the increase of specific activity of 238U, while the content of 40K and lead decreases. Further, monocalcium phosphates used in the diet of the O1 and O2 group pigs were the main source of contamination of complete feed mixtures with 238U, chromium and arsenic, but not 226Ra, lead and cadmium. In addition, the content of 238U in monocalcium phosphate from the O1 and O2 groups was above the derived concentrations of radionuclides in food...

Dodavanje masti u krmne smeše povećava energetsku vrednost hrane, apsorpciju liposolubilnih vitamina, smanjuje rastur hrane, pojačava palatabilnost hrane, usporava pasažu hrane kroz digestivni trakt životinja i na taj način poboljšava apsorpciju hranljivih materija i iskorištavanje metaboličke energije hrane. Masnokiselinski sastav masti hrane brojlera ima direktan uticaj na masnokiselinskom sastav masnih rezervi kod brojlera. Osnovni cilj istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se ispita uticaj različitih izvora masti u hrani brojlera na proizvodne rezultate, zdravstveni status, masnokiselinski sastav mesa brojlera i kvalitet i prinos mesa brojlera. Za ogled je korišćeno 240 brojlera Cobb 500 provenijencije oba pola, koji su podeljeni u 4 eksperimentalne grupe. Brojleri sve četiri eksperimentalne grupe (K, O-I, O-II i O-III) dobijali su hranu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava za datu provenijenciju (potpuna smeša za tov piladi I od 1. do 10. dana; potpuna smeša za tov piladi II od 11. do 21. dana i potpuna smeša za tov piladi III od 22. do 42. dana). Laneno ulje i svinjska mast dodavani su u hranu za ishranu oglednih grupa u različitim količinama. U hranu ogledne grupe O-I potpune smeše za tov piladi I dodato je 1 % svinjske masti, u potpunoj smeši za tov piladi II 2,5 %, a u potpunu smešu za tov piladi III 5 %. U hranu ogledne grupe O-II potpune smeše za tov piladi I dodato je 1 % lanenog ulja, u potpunu smešu za tov piladi II 2,5 %, a u potpunu smešu za tov piladi III 5 %. U hranu ogledne grupe O-III potpune smeše za tov piladi I dodato je 0,5 % svinjske masti i 0,5 % lanenog ulja, u potpunu smešu za tov piladi II 1,25 % svinjske masti i 1,25 % lanenog ulja i u potpunu smešu za tov piladi III 2,5 % svinjske masti i 2,5 % lanenog ulja. Na kraju svake faze tova, životinje su merene, merena je potrošnja hrane i određivana konverzija hrane i prirast. Na polovini ogleda kao i na kraju ogleda uzeti su uzorci krvi iz krilne vene, po 7 uzoraka po grupi i poslati na analizu biohemijskih parametara u krvi (holesterol i trigliceridi). Tokom trajanja ogleda praćeno je zdravstveno stanje životinja. Na kraju ogleda trupovi rasečeni na glave delove: grudi, batak sa karabatakom, krila, vrat i leđa. Delovi trupa su nakon toga izvagani. Iz svake eksperimentalne grupe uzeto je po 6 bataka sa karabatakom za hemijske i senzorne analize. U toku klanja uzeti su i uzorci krvi za analizu biohemijskih parametara (holesterol i trigliceridi). Uzorci mesa su čuvani na temperaturi – 20 °C u trajanju od 6 meseci, a analize za određivanje TBK-broja rađene su nultog dana, kao i nakon 3 i 6 meseci skladištenja... Adding fat to feed increases the energy value of food, absorption of liposoluble vitamins, reduces food breakdown, increases food palatability, slows down the passage of food through the digestive tract of animals and thus improves the absorption of nutrients and utilization of food metabolic energy. The fatty acid composition of broiler feed fat has a direct effect on the fatty acid composition of broiler fat reserves. The main goal of the research within this doctoral dissertation was to examine the influence of different fat sources in broiler food on production results, health status, fatty acid composition of broiler meat and quality and yield of broiler meat. For this experiment 240 broilers of Cobb 500 provenance of both sexes were divided into 4 experimental groups. Broilers of all four experimental groups (K, OI, O-II and O-III) received food of standard raw material and chemical composition for a given provenance (complete mixture for fattening chickens I from 1 to 10 days; complete mixture for fattening chickens II from 11 to 21 days and complete mixture for fattening chickens III from 22 to 42 days). Flaxseed oil and lard were added to the diet food of the experimental groups in different amounts. 1% of lard was added to the food of the experimental group O-I of the complete mixture for fattening chicken I, 2.5% in the complete mixture for fattening chicken II, and 5% to the complete mixture for fattening chicken III. 1% of flaxseed oil was added to the food of the experimental group O-II of the complete mixture for fattening of chickens I, 2.5% to the complete mixture for fattening of chickens II, and 5% to the complete mixture for fattening of chickens III. 0.5% of lard and 0.5% of linseed oil were added to the food of experimental group O-III of the complete mixture for fattening of chicken I, 1.25% of lard and 1.25% of flaxseed oil were added to the complete mixture for fattening of chicken II an finally to complete mixture for fattening chicken III 2.5% lard and 2.5% linseed oil. At the end of each phase of fattening, the weights of the animals were measured, food consumption was measured and food conversion and growth were determined. At half of the experiment, as well as at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from the wing vein, 7 samples per group and sent for analysis of biochemical parameters in the blood (cholesterol and triglycerides). The health condition of the animals was monitored during the experiment. At the end of the examination, the carcasses were cut into main parts: chest, drumstick, wings, neck and back. Parts of the hull were then weighed. From each experimental group, 6 drumsticks were taken for chemical and sensory analyzes. During slaughter, blood samples were taken for analysis of biochemical parameters (cholesterol and triglycerides). Meat samples were stored at a temperature of - 20 ° C for 6 months, and analyzes to determine the TBK number were performed on day zero, as well as after 3 and 6 months of storage...

Osnovni cilj istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se ispita uticaj ishrane brojlera obrocima sa dodatkom različitih količina purifikovane lignoceluloze na zdravstveno stanje, proizvodne rezultate (tjelesna masa, prirast, konzumacija i konverzija hrane), fizičke karakteristike (težina digestivnog trakta), vlažnost stelje, mikrobiološke i morfološke karakteristike pojedinih segmenata crijeva, kao i opravdanost korištenja lignoceluloze u ishrani brojlera. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 400 brojlera provenijencije Cobb 500, podijeljenih u 4 grupe po 100 jedinki u svakoj. Sve jedinke hranjene su smješama standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava po preporuci proizvođača hibrida, s tim što su se grupe jedino razlikovale u tome što su ogledne grupe u starter i grover smješi za ishranu imale dodate različite količine purifikovane lignoceluloze ( O-I grupa je dobijala purifikovanu lignocelulozu u količini od 4 g/kg hrane, O-II grupa u količini od 6 g/kg purifikovane lignoceluloze , dok je u hranu za O-III grupu brojlera dodato 6 g/kg purifikovane lignoceluloze uz smanjenje učešća sojine sačme za 0,6%. Smješe za ishranu bile su formulisane tako da u potpunosti zadovolje potrebe brojlera u svim fazama tova. Za vrijeme trajanja ogleda praćeno je zdravstveno stanje i proizvodni parametri (tjelesna masa, prirast, konzumacija i konverzija hrane). Kontrolna mjerenja tjelesne mase i konzumacije hrane vršena su svakodnevno i na kraju svake nedelje tova. Na kraju tova brojleri su izmjereni, izračunata je potrošena količina hrane, a u klaonici je izvršeno mjerenje težine digestivnog trakta i uzimanje uzoraka crijeva za mikrobiološke i histološke analize. Korišćenjem purifikovane lignoceluloze postignuti su bolji proizvodni rezultati oglednih grupa u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu brojlera. Tjelesne mase brojlera oglednih grupa bile su veće od kontrolne grupe u svim fazama tova. U periodu tova od 1-21. dana utvrđena je statistički manja tjelesna masa brojlera kontrolne u odnosu na brojlere O-II grupe, s tim da je isti trend nastavljen i u drugoj fazi tova (22-42. dan) gdje su utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između O-II grupe u odnosu na kontrolnu, ali i ostale ogledne grupe. U svim fazama tova, kao i za cijeli period tova ogledne grupe brojlera ostvarile su veći prosiječni prirast od kontrolne grupe... The main goal of this doctoral dissertation was to investigate the effect of broiler’s nutrition on meals with the addition of various amounts of purified lignocelluloses on health condition, production results (body weight, growth, food consumption and conversion), physical characteristics (the weight of the digestive tract), litter moisture microbiological and morphological characteristics of certain segments of the intestine, as well as the justification for the use of lignocellulose in feeding of broilers. The experiment was performed on total of 400 broilers on provenance Cobb 500 divided into 4 groups with 100 individuals in each of them. All individuals were being fed with mixture of standard raw material and chemical composition as recommended by the hybrid manufacturer, the only thing was that groups differed in that the experimental groups in starter and grower mixture had different added amounts of purified lignocellulose (the OI group received purified lignocellulose in 4 g / kg of feed, O-II group in the amount of 6 g / kg of purified lignocellulose, while 6 g / kg of purified lignocellulose was added to the feed for O-III group of broilers with a 0.6% reduction in soybean meal content. Nutritional mixture were formulated to fully satisfy needs of borilers in all stages of fattening. During of the experiment health status and production parameters (body weight, growth, food consumption and conversion) were monitored daily and at the end of each week of fattening. At the end of fattening boilers were measured, the amount of consumed food was calculated and in the slaughterhouse the digestive tract weigh was measured and it was taken sample gut for microbiological and histological analysis. The use of purified lignocellulose achieved better production results of the experimental groups than the control group of broilers. The broiler body weights of experimental group were larger than the control group at all stages of fattening. In the fattening period 1-21 it was determined statistically lower body mass of control broiler than O-II group broilers. The same trend was continued in the second stage of fattening (22-42 days) where were determined statistically significant differences between O-II group compared to control, but also other experimental group. At all stages of fattening as for the whole fattening period experimental groups of broilers achieved higher average increment than control group...

Izoflavoni su difenolična jedinjenja male molekulske mase koja spadaju u grupu fitoestrogena i mogu se naći u različitim biljkama, naročito iz familije Fabaceae. Jedan od glavnih izoflavona prisutnih u soji je genistin, koji nakon deglikolizacije prelazi u metabolit genistein, jedinjenje sa estrogenom aktivnošću koje ostvaruje različite antioksidativne, antiinflamatorne, imunomodulatorske, hipolipidemične i antibakterijske efekte. Osnovni cilj istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se ispita uticaj genisteina u hrani tokom završne i produžene faze tova na proizvodne performanse, zdravstveni status, antioksidativni kapacitet, histomorfološke parametre, mikrobiotu digestivnog trakta i kvalitet i prinos mesa brojlera.Za ogled su korišćeni brojleri Cobb 500 provenijencije, prosečne inicijalne mase 44,11±4,25 g, koji su do 21. dana bili hranjeni potpunim smešama standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava za ishranu piladi u prvoj (starter) i drugoj (grover) fazi tova. Na početku treće faze tova (finišer) ukupno 360 brojlera je podeljeno u pet grupa (po 72 jedinke) sa po šest bokseva u kojima je bilo raspoređeno po 12 brojlera. Tokom završne faze tova brojleri su bili hranjeni potpunom smešom za tov piladi III na bazi kukuruza i sojine sačme, s tim da kontrolna grupa (K) nije u hranu dobijala preparat genisteina, ogledna grupa I (O-I) je dobijala 200 mg/kg, ogledna grupa II (O-II) 400 mg/kg, ogledna grupa III (O-III) 600 mg/kg i ogledna grupa IV (O-IV) 800 mg/kg hrane preparata 99,6% čistog ekstrakta genisteina. Eksperiment se sastojao iz dva dela: prvi period koji je trajao 21 dan (od 21. do 42. dana tova) i drugi period produženog tova koji je trajao 37 dana (od 21. do 58. dana tova).Pre početka svake faze tova izvršena su hemijska ispitivanja hrane, dok je za potpunu smešu za ishranu piladi III određen i antioksidativni kapacitet. Nakon oba eksperimentalna perioda (42. i 58. dan) praćeni su proizvodni rezultati (telesna masa, prirast, konzumacija, konverzija), određene su mase unutrašnjih organa, biohemijske analize krvi, aktivnost enzima antioksidativne zaštite u jetri, histomorfometrijska ispitivanja segmenata tankog creva, broj Lactobacillus spp. u cekumu, hemijski sastav tibije, parametri prinosa, kvaliteta i održivosti mesa brojlera, kao i ekonomičnost proizvodnje.Potpuna smeša za ishranu brojlera kontrolne i oglednih grupa bila je istog hemijskog sastava, izoenergetska i izoproteinska, dok u hrani oglednih grupa brojlera analitički sadržaj genisteina je bio manji od teoretski dodate količine. FRAP testom nije utvrđena razlika u antioksidativnoj aktivnosti metanolnih uzoraka hrane kontrolne i oglednih grupa brojlera (P>0,05), dok značajno manju sposobnost inhibiranja lipidne peroksidacije su pokazali uzorci hrane u kojoj je dodato 200mg/kg genisteina (P

U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitivan je uticaj komercijalnog preparata Aromabiotika® koji sadrži četiri srednjelančane masne kiseline na zdravstveno stanje, proizvodne rezultate, parametre prinosa i kvalitet mesa brojlera. Ispitivanja su obavljena na tri grupe brojlera (Cobb 500), od kojih je kontrolna grupa hranjena u zavisnosti od uzrasta sa tri različite smeše hrane. Ogledne grupe su hranjene sa identičnim smešama kao i kontrolna grupa, ali sa dodatkom aromabiotika u količini koju je preporučio proizvođač. Razlika između hrane oglednih grupa bila je samo u tome što je ogledna grupa dva do 35. dana tova sadržavala i kokcidiostatik. Tov je trajao 42 dana. Rezultati doktorske disertacije odnose se na ispitivanje hemijskog i masnokiselinskog sastava aromabiotika i potpunih smeša za ishranu brojlera (starter, grover, finišer), na proizvodne rezultate (masa brojlera, prirast, konzumacija, konverzija) za pojedine faze i za ceo tov. U toku tova praćeno je i zdravstveno stanje brojlera. Posle završenog tova i klanja brojlera ispitivana je pH vrednost pojedinih segmenata creva (duodenuma, ileuma, cekuma) i njihove morfometrijske osobine. Izračunata je i korelaciona zavisnost između mase brojlera i morfometrijskih osobina pojedinih segmenata digestivnog trakta. Ispitivana je i mikrobiota digestivnog trakta i utvrđena je korelaciona zavisnost između završne mase brojlera i mikrobiote pojedinih segmenata digestivnog trakta. Analizirana je i koncentracija holesterola i triglicerida u krvi brojlera. Od parametara prinosa mesa izvršena su merenja trupova pre i posle hlađenja, izračunat je randman klanja. Posle rasecanja trupa merene su mase osnovnih delova (grudi, batak sa karabatakom, krila, vrat, leđa sa karlicom) i izračunato je njihovo učešće u masi trupa. Merena je i masa jetre. Urađena je i senzorna ocena mesa grudi i mesa bataka sa karabatakom. Za sva ispitivanja korištene su standardne i priznate metode sa dovoljnim brojem ponavljanja za statističku obradu podataka. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da srednjelančane masne kiseline, odnosno komercijalni preparat Aromabiotik® može da se koristi u ishrani brojlera kao promoter rasta u zamenu za antibiotike, da utiče na očuvanje zdravlja brojlera, poboljša proizvodne rezultate brojlera u tovu, parametre prinosa i kvaliteta mesa brojlera. Within this PHD thesis the influence of the commercial preparation Aromabiotik® containing four medium chain fatty acids on the health condition, production results, yield parameters and quality of broilers meat was examined. The tests were carried out in three groups of broilers (Cobb 500), of which the control group was fed by three different foods which are age-dependent. The review groups are fed with identical mixtures as well as a control group, but with the addition of aromatic substances in the amount that are recommended by the manufacturer. The difference between feed of the experimental groups was only that the experimental group consisted of coccidiostatic from two to 35 days. This study lasted for 42 days. The results of the doctoral dissertation refer to the examination of the chemical and fatty acid composition of aromatic and complete mixtures for broiler feeding (starter, grower, finisher), on production results (weight of broilers, increase, consumption, conversion) for individual phases and for the whole fattening. During the fattening the health condition of broilers was also monitored. After completion of fattening and slaughtering broilers, the pH value of individual segments of the intestine (duodenum, ileum, caecum) and their morphometric properties was examined. The correlation dependence between the weight of the broiler and the morphometric properties of certain segments of the digestive tract was also calculated. The microbiota of the digestive tract was also examined and the correlation dependence between the final weight of the broiler and the microbiota of certain segments of the digestive tract was determined. The concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in the broiler blood count was also analyzed. Measuring parameters of the carcasses before and after cooling were made from the parameters of meat yield, the slaughter yield was calculated. After clearing the carcass, the masses of the basic parts were measured (breast, thigh and drumstick, wings, neck, back with pelvis) and their participation in the weight of the carcase was calculated. The weight of the liver was measured. A sensory evaluation of meat of the breast and thigh and drumstick been made. For all tests, standard and recognized methods with sufficient repetition rates were used for statistical data processing. The obtained results indicate that medium chain fatty acids, or commercialized preparations Aromabiotik® can be used in nutrition of broilers as a promoter of growth in exchange for antibiotics, to affect the health of broilers, improve the production results of broilers in fattening, yield parameters and quality of broiler meat.

Cilj rada je bio da se ispita uticaj i stimulativno dejstvo proizvoda na bazi natrijum butirata u ishrani zalučene prasadi na proizvodne parametre i zdravstveno stanje životinja. Ogled je organizovan u kontrolisanim uslovima po ogledno kontrolnim grupama na komercijalnoj farmi svinja Vladimirovac koja posluje u sklopu kompanije Delta Agrar. Ogled na zalučenim prasadima je trajao 54 dana. Prasad korišćena u ogledu podeljena su u 3 grupe (dve ogledne i jedna kontrolna grupa) po 16 prasadi, ukupno 48 životinja. Prasad iz ogleda su bili hibridi rasa veliki jorkšir, danski landras i durok. Prasad su odbijena sa starošću 24±1 dan. Kontrolna grupa prasadi je hranjena smešom bez dodatka oglednog preparata na bazi natrijum butirata. Ogledne grupe (O-I i O-II) su dobijale hranu sa dodatkom natrijum butirata u količini od 3 kg/t odnosno 5 kg/t gotove smeše. Tokom trajanja ogleda praćeni su proizvodni rezultati i zdravstveno stanje prasadi. Ispitivanja su urađena na prasadima oba pola. Na početku ogleda izvršeno je merenje mase zalučene prasadi. Početna masa prasadi je bila 6,56±0,02 kg. U toku trajanja ogleda izvršena su četiri kontrolna merenja i izmerena je utrošena količina hrane. Izvršena je hemijska analiza uzoraka hrane i izračunati su proizvodni rezultati. Na kraju ogleda iz svake grupe je zaklano po 6 prasadi, ukupno 18 životinja, a prilikom klanja uzeti su uzorci creva, sadržaja creva, kao i uzorci jetre i bubrega. U toku trajanja ogleda prasad kontrolne i oglednih grupa bila su klinički zdrava, vitalna i uobičajenog ponašanja. Prosečne telesne mase kao i prirasti prasadi bili su ujednačeni kod kontrolne i oglednih grupa do 33. dana ogleda. Na kraju ogleda prosečne telesne mase, odnosno prosečni prirasti prasadi oglednih grupa bili su statistički značajno veći od prosečnih telesnih masa, odnosno prosečnih prirasta prasadi kontrolne grupe. Ukupna i dnevna konzumacija hrane bila je veća kod kontrolne grupe prasadi u odnosu na ukupnu, odnosno dnevnu konzumaciju oglednih grupa prasadi. Najbolju konverziju imala su prasad O-I grupe, zatim prasad O-II grupe, a najlošiju konverziju su imala prasad kontrolne grupe. Prosečna masa trupa, kao i prosečni randman klanja bili su statistički značajno veći kod oglednih grupa prasadi u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Prosečne mase, odnosno prosečne dužine pojedinih segmenata creva, kao i prosečna ukupna masa, odnosno prosečna ukupna dužina creva oglednih grupa bile su statistički značajno veće u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu prasadi, sa izuzetkom prosečne mase kolona i prosečne dužine duodenuma koje su bile statistički značajno veće kod kontrolne grupe prasadi. Između pH vrednosti intestinalnog sadržaja tankog, odnosno debelog creva ispitivanih grupa prasadi nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike. U uzorcima sadržaja ileuma, odnosno cekuma kontrolne i oglednih grupa prasadi nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između prosečnih vrednosti ukupnog broja aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija, vrsta Enterococcus i vrsta Lactobacillus... The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the stimulating effect of products based on sodium butyrate in the diet of weaned piglets on performance and health of the animals. Experiment was organized in controlled conditions (experimental and control groups) on a commercial pig farm Vladimirovac that operates within the company Delta Agrar. Experiment on weaned piglets lasted 54 days. Piglets used in the experiment were divided into 3 groups (two experimental and one control group) of 16 piglets, a total of 48 animals. Piglets in the experiment were hybrids of breeds Large White, Danish Landrace and Duroc. Piglets were weaned at the age of 24±1 day. A control group of piglets was fed with the mixture without the addition of preparation based on sodium butyrate. Experimental groups (O-I and O-II) were fed with the addition of sodium butyrate in an amount of 3 kg/t and 5 kg/t of feed mixture. During the experiment, health and performance of piglets were monitored. Examinations were conducted on piglets of both sexes. At the beginning of the experiment weight of weaned piglets were measured. Starting weight of piglets was 6.56±0.02 kg. During the experiment, it was performed 4 control measurements and a measure of the consumed feed. Chemical analysis of feed samples was conducted and the production results were calculated. At the end of the experiment 6 piglets from each group were slaughtered, a total of 18 animals. After slaughter samples of intestines, intestinal contents, as well as samples of liver and kidney were taken. During the experiment, piglets from control and experimental groups were clinically healthy, vital and with normal behaviour. Average body weight and weight gain of piglets were uniform in the control and experimental groups to 33. day of experiment. At the end of the experiment the average body weight and average weight gain of piglets in experimental groups were significantly higher than the average body weight, and average weight gain of piglets in the control group. The total and daily feed intake were higher in the control group of piglets compared to the total and daily feed intake of the experimental groups of piglets. The best conversion had piglets of O-I group, then piglets of O-II group and the worst feed/gain ratio had piglets of the control group. The average carcass weight and average carcass yield was statistically significantly higher in the experimental groups of piglets compared to the control group. Average weight and average length of individual segments of intestine, as well as the average total weight and average total length of the intestine in the experimental groups of piglets were significantly higher than the control group of piglets, with the exception of the average mass of the colon and the average length of the duodenum, which were significantly higher in the the control group of piglets. Intestine content pH values of the small and large intestine of piglets in examined groups showed no statistically significant differences. In the samples of the content in the ileum and cecum of the piglets in the control group compared to the samples of the content in the ileum and cecum of the piglets in experimental groups were no statistically significant differences between the average values of the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterococcus species and Lactobacillus species...

Mineralne materije su neophodne za odvijanje bioloških funkcija i izgradnju tkiva biljaka, životinja i ljudi. Do sada je u živoj prirodi otkriveno ukupno 89 hemijskih elemenata, od koji su 27 esencijalni, a 16 ima značajnu ulogu u normalnim fiziološkim funkcijama organizma. Prirodni faktori životne sredine kao i različiti antropogeni zagađivači, utiču na funkcije reproduktivnog trakta i na kvalitet sperme životinja i ljudi. Termin „metali u tragovima“ podrazumeva koncentraciju u tkivima nižu od koncentracije gvozđa. Toksično dejstvo teških metala se zasniva na stimulaciji formiranja slobodnih radikala i reaktivnih kiseoničnih vrsta u organizmu što uzrokuje oksidativni stres i dovodi do lipidne peroksidacije membrane. Na taj način, oni mogu da izazovu oštećenja ćelija, poremećaje funkcija enzima ili genetskog materjala (DNK). U organizam se unose hranom, vodom ili dospevaju preko vazduha. Teški metali koji su toksični za spermu su Pb, Cd, Hg i Ni. Najmanje količine ovih elemenata oštećuju spermatozoide i dovode do smanjenja njihove pokretljivosti i broja. Oni negativno utiču na proces kapacitacije i akrozomsku reakciju, smanjuju aktivnost enzima koji učestvuju u odbrani od oksidativnog stresa i dovode do promena u tkivu testisa. Cilj naših istraživanja je bio određivanje koncentracija cinka, olova, žive i kadmijuma u hrani i vodi za priplodne bikove, vodi korišćenoj za izradu razređivača kao i u sadržaju otopljenih pajeta i analiza njihovog mogućeg uticaja na parametre kvaliteta sperme. Koncentracija spermatozoida i broj spermatozoida po dozi su bili u zadovoljavajućem opsegu kao i prosečne vrednosti procenta ukupno pokretljivih spermatozoida, ukupnog broja pokretljivih spermatozoida u dozi, procenta i broja progresivno pokretljivih spermatozoida i između grupa bikova nisu dokazane statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Prosečan broj brzih spermatozoida u dozi je bio manji u odnosu na standardne vrednosti u svim grupama bikova. Srednje prosečne vrednosti procenta živih spermatozoida u dozi, živih spermatozida sa inaktnim akrozomom, ukupnog broja oštećenih ćelija u dozi, spermatozoida sa protoplazmatskom kapljicom, primarno i sekundarno abnormalnih formi ćelija i ukupno patološki promenjenih spermatozoida su bile u prihatljivim granicama. Između grupa bikova nisu dokazane statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Prosečne vrednosti procenta živih spermatozoida sa oštećenim akrozomom su takođe bile u prihvatljivom opsegu, ali su između pojednih grupa bikova utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Srednje vrednosti procenta spermatozoida sa neoštećenim hromatinom su bile nešto niže, a sa oštećenim hromatinom nešto više u odnosu na utvrđene standardne vrednosti. Između pojedinih grupa su utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Prosečne vrednosti procenta živih spermatozoida u dozi i procenta živih spermatozoida sa intaktnim akrozomom su bile zadovoljavajuće u grupama B i D, a značajno manje u grupama A i C... Minerals are necessary for maintaining biological functions and also are incorporated in plants, animals and human tissues. So far, presence of 89 chemical elements is documented in live organisms, and out of it, 27 are essential, while 16 plays significant role in normal physiological functions. Environmental factors and also antropogenic pollutants influence functions of the reproductive tract and quality of the human and animals semen. Term „trace elements“ is used for those with lower concentration than the iron has. Toxic effects of so called „heavy metals“, are based on their ability to stimulate free radicals and reactive oxygen species formation in the body. This leads to oxidative stress and membrane lipid peroxidation. By this mechanism, they can cause cells damage, enzyme dysfunction and DNK damage. These elements may reach live organisms by food, water and air. Toxic heavy metals are: Pb, Cd, Hg and Ni. Vary small amounts of theese metals in ejaculates can damage sperm cells lower their number and motility. They also exert negative effects on the capacitation process and acrosomal reaction, decrease activity of enzymes involved in antioxidative defense causing changes in testicular tissue. The aim of our investigations was to determine concentrations of zinc, lead, mercury and cadmium in feed and water for breeding bulls, water used for extender preparation and in the content of thawed straws and to analyse their possible influence on the semen quality parametrs. In the all examined samples of feed and water, concentrations of heavy metals were below the acceptable levels, as regulated by appropriate adapted roles and regulations. Sperm concentration and number of sperm cells in a dose were in the satisfactory range as were mean values of the total motile sperm cells, total number of motile cells in a dose and percent and number of cells showing progressive motility. Between groups no statistically significant differences were noted. Mean number of the fast sperm cells was lower in comparison with standard values in all tested groups. Mean values of the percentage of live sperm cells, live cells with intact acrosome, total number of damaged cells per dose, sperm cells with protoplasmic droplet, cells with primary and secondary abnormal forms and total number of pathologically changed spermatozoa were within the acceptable limits. Between groups no statistically significant differences were noted. Mean values of live sperm cells with damaged acrosomes were also in acceptable range but between groups we were able to note statistically significant differences. Mean percentage of the sperm cells with intact chromatin were lower and, with damaged chromatin, were higher in comparison to standard values. We were able to note statistically significant differences between groups...

Osnovni cilj istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj konjugovane linolne kiseline (conjugated linoleic acid-CLA) na proizvodne rezultate (potrošnja hrane, prirast, konverzija), parametre mesnatosti (pocenat mesa u trupu) i kvalitet mesa brojlera (hemijski sastav, senzorne osobine, masnokiselinski sastav, uključujući sadržaj CLA, sadržaj malondialdehida). Za ogled su korišćeni brojleri Cobb 500 provenijencije podeljeni u četiri grupe po 30 životinja i hranjeni standardnim smešama po preporuci proizvođača, s tim što su se grupe razlikovale jedino u tome što su ogledne grupe imale u obroku dodat komercijalni preparat konjugovane kiseline, u preporučenoj količini od 2% u smeši u različitim fazama tova (O-I grupa 2% CLA od početka tova, O-II grupa 2% CLA od 11. dana tova, O-III grupa 2% CLA od 22. dana tova) i kontrolna grupa (K grupa) bez dodatka CLA. Smeše su bile izbalansirane i u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe životinja u svim fazama tova. Na kraju tova životinje su izmerene, izračunata je potrošena količina hrane, a na klanici uzeti uzorci masnog tkiva i mesa za hemijske analze (hemijski sastav mesa, MDA i masnokiselinski sastav) i senzorne analize. Uzorci mesa bataka sa karabatakom za određivanje sadržaja MDA zamrznuti su pri -18oC. Na klanici su posle rasecanja izmerene mase osnovnih delova (grudi, batak sa karabatakom) trupa. Kod izoenergetskih i izoproteinskih smeša za ishranu brojlera utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između prosečnih sadržaja zasićenih, mononezasićenih, polinezasićenih, n-3 i n-6 masnih kiselina. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između odnosa n-3 i n-6 masnih kiselina. Prosečan ukupan sadržaj konjugovane linolne kiseline u smeši za ishranu oglednih grupa brojlera bio je 4,43 %. U hrani za kontrolnu grupu brojlera nije utvrđeno prisustvo konjugovane linolne kiseline. Na početku tova, a zatim na kraju prve i druge faze tova, kao i na kraju tova nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između prosečnih masa ispitivanih grupa brojlera. Prosečan prirast za ceo period tova bio je najveći kod O-I grupe a najmanji kod K grupe brojlera, dok je ukupna konzumacija bila najveća kod K grupe a najmanja kod O-I grupe. Konverzija hrane bila je najbolja kod O-I grupe a najlošija kod kontrolne grupe brojlera. Prosečne mase trupova pre i posle hlađenja, zatim prosečne mase grudi i prosečne mase bataka sa karabatakom kao i njihova zastupljenost u masi trupa nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale između poređenih grupa brojlera. Takođe nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između prosečnih masa, odnosno učešća mesa u grudima, odnosno bataku sa karabatakom ispitivanih grupa brojlera. Između prosečnih pH vrednosti, odnosno prosečnih temperatura mesa merenih nakon 45 minuta, odnosno posle 24 sata od klanja nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike... The main objective of research under this doctoral thesis was to investigate the influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on performance (feed consumption, weight gain, conversion), the parameters of leanness (pocenat meat in the carcass) and meat quality of broilers (chemical composition, sensory characteristics, fatty acid composition including the content of CLA and content of malondialdehyde). For the experiment used broilers Cobb 500 provenience divided into four groups of 30 animals and fed standard diets as recommended by the manufacturer, provided that the groups differed only in the fact that the experimental group had a meal added to a commercial preparation of conjugated acid, the recommended amount of 2% in the mixture at different stages of production (O-I group 2% CLA since the beginning of the fattening period, O-II group 2% CLA of 11. days of fattening, O-III group 2% CLA of 22.days of fattening) and control (K group) without the addition of CLA. Mixtures were balanced and fully meet the needs of animals in all stages of this. At the end of fattening animals are weighed, calculated the amount of food consumed, and at the slaughterhouse sampled fat and meat for chemical analze (chemical composition of meat MDA and fatty acid composition) and sensory analysis. Samples of drumstick with thigh for determination of MDA were frozen at -18°C. At the slaughterhouse, the meat preservation after the measured weight of the basic parts (breast, drumstickwith thigh) carcass. In meal for broilers, balanced on the energy and protein content,were found statistically significant differences between average content of saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. There was a statistically significant difference between the ratios of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Average total content of conjugated linoleic acid in the mixture for feeding experimental group of broilers was 4.43%. The feed of the control group was not detected conjugated linoleic acid. At the beginning of this, and then at the end of the first and second phases of fattening, as at the end of fattening there were no statistically significant differences between the average mass of examined groups of broilers. Average growth for the whole fattening period was highest in O-I group and the lowest in K group of broilers, while the total consumption was highest in K group and the lowest in O-I group. Feed conversion was the best in O-I group and the worst in the control group of chickens. Average carcass weight before and after cooling, then the average breast weight and the average weight of drumsticks with thighs as well as their representation in carcass weight did not significantly differ between the examined groups of broilers. There was also no statistically significant difference between the average weight and participation in breast meat and drumsticks with thighs examined groups of broilers. Between average pH value and the average temperature of meat measured after 45 minutes and after 24 hours of slaughter were no statistically significant differences...

The aim of examination within this doctoral dissertation is determination of the contetn of heavy metals and metalloids (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Fe, Zn and As) in the muscle tissue of fish from the Danube (two locations Zemun and Grocka) and seven lakes around the city of Belgrade (Rabrovac, Markovac, Bečmen, Očaga, Veliko blato, Grabovac and Mokri Sebeš) and in various organs of fish (liver, digestive tract and gills) that can serve as an indicator of the safety of fish as food but also as an indicator of environmental pollution. For the purposes of examination from professional fishermen were taken 246 samples of fish meat, as well as 108 samples of fish organs (liver, digestive tract and gills) in two locations of the Danube (Zemun and Grocka) and seven lakes with areas of the city of Belgrade. For testing we used the microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometar. The highest average content of lead, cadmium, mercury, iron and arsenic in samples of fish caught in both place of the Danube (Zemun and Grocka), was found in the muscle tissue of carp and bream (omnivores type of fish), copper in the muscle tissue of catfish (carnivorous fish species) while the highest average zinc content was determined in muscle tissue of prussian carp (herbivorous fish species). Between the average content of heavy metals and metalloids in the muscle tissue of herbivorous fish (prussian carp) in the location Zemun and Grocka was a statistically significant difference between all investigated elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, iron, zinc and arsenic), provided that the location Grocka determined higher content of lead, mercury, copper, arsenic or in the location Zemun higher content of cadmium, iron and zinc. In muscle tissue omnivores fish (bream, barbel, carp) caught on the Danube locations Grocka average content of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic was significantly higher than the average content of these elements in muscle tissue of the omnivores fish (bream, barbel, carp) caught on the Danube locations Zemun. The average content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury and copper) and metalloids (arsenic) in the muscle tissue of carnivorous fish species (pikeperch, catfish) in location Grocka was statistically significantly exceeds the average this elements in the muscle tissue of carnivorous fish species (pikeperch, catfish) in the location with the exception of the average cadmium content (catfish) where there were no statistical differences. The study of heavy metals and arsenic in muscle tissue of fish landed at the site of seven different lakes around Belgrade (Rabrovac, Markovac, Grabovac, Očaga, Veliko blato, Mokri Sebeš and Bečmen) highest average content of mercury and arsenic was found in the muscle tissue of carp (omnivores fish species) from the lake Veliko blato... Cilj ispitivanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je utvrđivanje sadržaja teških metala i metaloida (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Fe, Zn i As) u mišićnom tkivu riba iz Dunava (dve lokacije Zemun i Grocka) i sedam jezera oko grada Beograda (Rabrovac, Markovac, Bečmen, Očaga, Veliko blato, Grabovac i Mokri Sebeš) kao i u različitim organima riba (jetra, digestivni trakt i škrge) što može da posluži kao pokazatelj bezbednosti ribe kao namirnice ali i kao pokazatelj zagađenja životne sredine. Za potrebe ispitivanja od profesionalnih ribara uzeto je 246 uzoraka mesa ribe, kao i 108 uzoraka organa ribe (jetra, digestivni trakt i škrge) na dve lokacije reke Dunav (Zemun i Grocka) i sedam jezera sa područja grada Beograda. Za ispitivanja korišćena je mikrotalasna peć i atomski apsorpcioni spektrometar. Najveći prosečan sadržaj olova, kadmijuma, žive, gvožđa i arsena u uzorcima ribe izlovljene na oba lokaliteta Dunava (Grocka i Zemun), utvrđen je u mišićnom tkivu šarana i deverike (svaštojedna vrsta ribe), bakra u mišićnom tkivu soma (mesojedna vrsta ribe), dok je najveći prosečan sadržaj cinka utvrđen u mišićnom tkivu babuške (biljojedna vrsta ribe). Između prosečnog sadržaja teških metala i metaloida u mišićnom tkivu biljojednih vrsta riba (babuška) na lokaciji Zemun i Grocka utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između svih ispitivanih elemenata (olovo, kadmijum, živa, bakar, gvožđe, cink i arsen), s tim da je na lokaciji Grocka utvrđen veći sadržaj olova, žive, bakra i arsena, odnosno na lokaciji Zemun veći sadržaj kadmijuma, gvožđa i cinka. U mišićnom tkivu svaštojednih vrsta riba (deverika, mrena, šaran) izlovljene u Dunavu na lokaciji Grocka prosečan sadržaj olova, kadmijuma, žive i arsena bio je statistički značajno veći od prosečnog sadržaja ovih elemenata u mišićnom tkivu svaštojednih vrsta riba (deverika, mrena, šaran) izlovljene u Dunavu na lokaciji Zemun. Prosečan sadržaj teških metala (olovo, kadmijum, živa i bakar) i arsena u mišićnom tkivu mesojednih vrsta riba (smuđ, som) na lokaciji Grocka bio je statsitički značajno veći od prosečnog sadržaja ovh elemenata u mišićnom tkivu mesojednih vrsta riba (smuđ, som) na lokaciji Zemun sa izuzetkom prosečnog sadržaja kadmijuma (som) gde nije uočena statistička značajnost. Ispitivanjem sadržaja teških metala i arsena u mišićnom tkivu riba izlovljenih na lokalitetu sedam različitih jezera oko Beograda (Rabrovac, Markovac, Grabovac, Očaga, Veliko blato, Mokri Sebeš i Bečmen) najveći prosečan sadržaj žive i arsena je utvrđen u mišićnom tkivu šarana (svaštojedna vrsta ribe) sa lokaliteta Veliko blato...

Rezime: U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani prasadi na proizvodne rezultate i zdravstveno stanje organizovan je ogled po grupnokontrolnom sistemu na farmi registrovanog gazdinstva u Malim Radincima. Ogled je trajao 40 dana, a podeljen je u dve faze od po 20 dana. Za ogled je korišćeno 48 prasadi, melezi švedskog landrasa i pietrena, odbijenih od krmače u starosti od 35 dana. Ispitivanja su izvedena na prasadima oba pola, prosečne telesne mase 8,61±1,59 kg koja su odmah nakon odbijanja raspoređena u jedan od četiri hranidbena tretmana. Kontrolna grupa prasadi hranjena je smešom bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu, dobijale hranu sa dodatkom preparata probiotika, prebiotika ili fitobiotika u količinama preporučenim od strane proizvođača. Tokom ogleda praćeno je zdravstveno stanje i proizvodni rezultati prasadi. Na početku i kraju svake faze ogleda izvršeno je merenje telesne mase životinja, utrošak hrane kao i uzimanje uzoraka potpunih smeša za analizu a iz dobijenih podataka vršeno je izračunavanje ostalih proizvodnih rezultata. Na kraju druge faze ogleda izvršeno je planirano žrtvovanje po 6 jedinki iz svake grupe, a prilikom žrtvovanja uzeti su uzorci creva i crevnog sadržaja za fizičko-hemijska, mikrobiološka i histološka ispitivanja. Tokom ogleda nije došlo do poremećaja zdravstvenog stanja i/ili ispoljavanja kliničkih znakova oboljenja. Kontrolna grupa prasadi hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postgla je uobičajenu telesnu masu, dnevni prirast, konzumaciju i konverziju hrane za datu rasu, starost i uslove držanja. Korišćenjem stimulatora rasta postignuti su bolji proizvodni rezultati u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu, s tim da je upotreba probiotika rezultirala najboljim proizvodnim rezultatima zasnovanim na najvećoj postignutoj telesnoj masi (27,98±4,76 kg), najvećem ostvarenom prosečnom dnevnom prirastu (0,49±0,09 kg) i najboljoj konverziji hrane (1,959). Upotrebom stimulatora rasta smanjen je ukupan broj bakterija u ispitivanim delovima digestivnog trakta, čime je povećana dostupnost hranljivih materija domaćinu. Pozitivan uticaj dodatih stimulatora rasta na morfometrijske karakteristike sluznice creva ostvaren je povećanjem dužine i širine crevnih resica u jejunumu, kao i dubine kripti u cekumu čime je povećan resorptivni kapacitet crevne sluznice... Summary: In order to investigate the influence of different growth promoters in pigs nutrition on the performance and health status trial was organized by a groupcontrol system on the registered farm in Mali Radinci. The experiment lasted 40 days and was divided into two phases, 20 days of each. For the experiment 48 piglets were used, Swedish Landrace and Pietrain, weaned at the age of 35 days. Examinations were carried out on pigs, with an average body weight of 8.61±1.59 kg, which were arranged immediately after weaning into the one of the four feeding treatments. The control group was fed a mixture without growth promoters, while the experimental groups, in order, had a diet containing product of probiotics, prebiotics or phytobiotics in the amounts recommended by the manufacturer. During the experiment, health status and prerformances of pigs have been observed. At the beginning and at the end of each phase of the experiment, animal body weight and feed consumption were evaluated, as well as sampling of complete mixtures for analysis and with obtained data was performed calculating of other production items. At the end of the second phase of the experiment planned sacrifice was carried out on the 6 animals in each group, and samples of intestine and intestinal content were taken for the physico-chemical, microbiological and histological examination. During the experiment, there was no disturbance of health and manifestation of clinical signs of disease were not recorded. The control group of pigs fed a diet without added growth stimulators achieved normal body weight, daily gain, feed consumption and feed conversion for a given race, age and housing conditions. Using the growth stimulators led to the better performances compared to the control group, with the probiotics resulted in the best production results based on the maximum achieved body weight (27.98±4.76 kg), the largest average daily gain (0.49±0.09 kg) and the best feed conversion (1.959)...

U radu su ispitivani efekti dodavanja povećanih količina organskog oblika selena obroku brojlera, na proizvodne karakteristike, kvalitet mesa i sadržaj selena u fecesu. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 275 jedinki i trajao je 42 dana. Podeljen je u dve faze. U prvoj fazi (do 21. dana) su pilad podeljena na kontrolnu, K (bez dodatka Se), oglednu O-I grupu (do 21. dana brojleri su dobijali u hrani 0,3 mg/kg organskog oblika Se) i oglednu O-II grupu (brojleri su kroz hranu dobijali od 1. dana 0,9 mg/kg organskog oblika Se do kraja ogleda). U drugoj fazi ogleda, od 21. do 42. dana, ogled je imao pet grupa: K, O-II ogledna grupa (koja je nastavila i posle 21. dana da dobija 0,9 mg/kg Se) a od grupe O-I formirane su O-Ia (dobijala je hranom 0,3 mg/kg Se), O-Ib (0,6 mg/kg Se) i O-Ic grupa (0,9 mg/kg Se). Za vreme trajanja ogleda su praćeni proizvodni parametri (telesna masa, prirast, konverzija hrane) i zdravstveno stanje. Brojleri su hranjeni potpunim smešama za ishranu piladi u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava. Kontrolna merenja telesne mase i konzumirane hrane vršena su na kraju svake faze ogleda. Prvog dana ogleda kod brojlera uzet je zbirni uzorak krvi radi utvrđivanja aktivnosti glutation peroksidaze (GPx) i sadržaja selena u plazmi. Na kraju prve faze ogleda (21. dana) kao i na kraju ogleda (42. dana), uzeti su uzorci krvi za određivanje aktivnosti GPx i sadržaja selena u plazmi. Uzorci fecesa su uzeti na polovini ogleda (21. dana) kao i na kraju ogleda (42. dana) iz svih oglednih grupa za određivanje sadržaja selena u fecesu. Na kraju ogleda, 42. dana, brojleri su transportovani u klanicu i posle pojedinačnog merenja obavljeno je klanje, primarna obrada, hlađenje, merenje ohlađenih trupova, utvrđivanje randmana, rasecanje na osnovne delove i uzimanje uzoraka grudi i bataka sa karabatakom za ispitivanje kvaliteta mesa. Sa povećanjem sadržaja selena u hrani povećava se i aktivnost GPx u krvnoj plazmi brojlera kao i sadržaj selena u krvnoj plazmi i fecesu i 21. i 42.dana tova. Telesna masa brojlera 21. dana, kao i na kraju tova bila je veća kod brojlera kod kojih je sadržaj selena u hrani bio veći (0,9 mg/kg). Na kraju ogleda prosečan dnevni prirast bio je najveći kod oglednih grupa koje su u hrani dobijale povećanu količinu selena... This paper examined the effects of broilers diet supplementation with higher quantities of organic selenium on performances, meat quality and content of selenium in the feces. The trial was conducted on a total of 275 broilers and lasted 42 days. It was divided into two phases. In the first phase (up to 21 days) broilers were divided into control, K (without added selenium), O-I experimental group (up to 21st day chickens were fed with 0.3 mg/kg of organic Se) and experimental group II-O (broilers were fed from the first day with 0.9 mg/kg of organic form to the end of the experiment). In the second phase of the trial, from 21st to 42nd days, the trial had five groups: K, O-II treatment group (who continued after 21st days to receive 0.9 mg/kg Se) and from O-I group were formed O-Ia (supplemented 0.3 mg/Se kg in the diet), O-lb (0.6 mg/kg Se) and O-Ic group (0.9 mg/kg Se). During the trial were monitored health status and performances (body weight, daily gain, feed intake, feed gain ratio). Broilers were fed a complete feed for broilers: these feed were of standard ingredients and chemical content. Control measurements of body weight and feed intake were carried out at the end of each phase of the trial. On the first day of the trial in broiler composite sample of blood was taken to determine the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and selenium content in blood plasma. At the end of the first phase of the trial (21st day) and at the end of the experiment (42nd day), blood samples were taken for determination of GPx activity and selenium content in blood plasma. Faecal samples were taken in the middle (21st day) and at the end of the trial (42nd day) from all experimental groups to determine the selenium content in feces. At the end of the trial (42nd day), broilers are transported to the slaughterhouse after a single measurement was performed slaughtering and primary processing, refrigeration, measurement of cooled carcass yield determination, cutting the main parts of the sampling breasts and drumsticks with thighs to examine the quality of meat. With increase of selenium content in diet increases the activity of GPx activity in blood plasma of broilers and selenium content in blood plasma and feces at 21st and 42nd day of trial. Body weight of broilers 21st day, and the end of the experiment was higher in broilers where the selenium content in feed was higher (0.9 mg/kg)...