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This paper reports the proton response function for solution-grown trans-stilbene scintillator from 1 to 25 MeVee and its application for unfolding neutron spectra of Cf-252 and AmBe sources. Low energy proton response was measured by the Time-of-Flight technique at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science. In contrast, high energy response was investigated using a 45 MeV proton beam at the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences. The photomultiplier tube nonlinearity effect was studied and corrected for high-energy measurement. Several energy calibration functions were examined to minimize the effects of the light yield nonlinearity of the scintillator, which was observed as nonnegligible in the measurement. A new approach was applied to obtain 1.3 ns full width at half maximum timing resolution in the Time-of-Flight experiment when using a 500 Mega samples per second analog to digital converter. The unfolding was performed using the iterative Bayesian method without any constraints, smoothness, or assumption of prior knowledge of original spectra. For the first time, we achieved one of the best unfolding results for both Cf-252 and AmBe spectra. Results from this study are promising for fast neutron spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of functionally related genes encoding proteins which, among other functions, mediate immune system activation. While the MHC of many vertebrates has been extensively studied, less is known about the amphibian MHC. This represents an important knowledge gap because amphibians mark the evolutionary transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle and often maintain a biphasic lifestyle. Hence, they tend to be exposed to both aquatic and terrestrial pathogen communities, providing opportunities to gain fundamental insights into how the immune system responds to different environmental challenges. Moreover, amphibians are globally threatened by invasive pathogens and the MHC may play a role in combating population decline. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the amphibian MHC and identify the major differences with other vertebrates. We also review how the number of MHC gene copies varies across amphibian groups and how MHC-based variation relates to amphibian ontogeny, behaviour, disease, and phylogeography. We conclude by identifying knowledge gaps and proposing priorities for future research., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2025. The Author(s).)