Search

In this article, I will examine the role of risk in the risky nature sports. Risky nature sports are identified as nature sports where participants may reckon with the possibility of severe injury or death if things go wrong. The first part of the article identifies some evolutionary, historical, and conceptual characteristics of nature sports and risk. In the second part of the article, I discuss the concept of risk and its meaning in risky nature sports. Additionally, I address questions concerning the moral tone and context of risk-taking. In most academic disciplines, risk is typically understood as something negative that should always be avoided. But risk also includes positive possibilities, which may, such as in risk sports, outweigh the negative or can even be inherently positive and a value in itself. In the third part, I discuss how important risk is in nature sports. Is it a defining core or more peripheral? This leads to the question of the value. Does the risk element add to the value of the sport? I finally discuss how risk sports can be meaningful parts of the participants' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines gender differences in parental attitudes toward risky play for 5- to 11-year-old boys and girls in Britain. Methods: Analyses use data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative British Child Play Survey. Survey respondents were caregivers of primary-school-aged children living in Britain. Parent self-reported their risk tolerance in play via the Tolerance for Risk in Play Scale (TRiPS) and the Risk Engagement and Protection Survey (REPS). The REPS includes subscales that assess caregiver attitudes around "Protection from Injury" (PFI) and "Engagement with Risk" (EWR) in relation to children's play. Multiple linear regression compared caregiver gender differences in TRiPS, REPS-PFI, and REPS-EWR at the item level, and overall. Associations between child gender and these scales were also examined. Results: Among 1919 caregivers, no significant gender differences emerged in mean TRiPS (P =.72), REPS-EWR (P =.58), and REPS-PFI (P =.34) scores. Activity-specific differences were evident in caregivers' tolerance for individual risky play activities (15/31 activities). Parents of boys exhibited higher risk tolerance (B = −4.48, P <.01) and willingness for their child to engage in risky play (B = −0.63, P <.01) than parents of girls. Conclusions: While there was no difference between male and female caregivers overall attitudes, gender differences were prominent for specific play activities and attitudes, with male caregivers demonstrating higher tolerance for the riskiest activities. Parents of boys expressed more permissive attitudes toward engagement in risky play. Further work is needed to identify why there is gender-related variation in these attitudes and should be considered in interventions that support parents in enabling adventurous play opportunities for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and knowledge management (KM) on firm performance (PERF), as well as the mediating role of KM in the EO–PERF (EO-PERF relationship). In particular, this study aims to explain the impact of KM on the relationship between the EO dimensions and PERF; dimensions are risk-taking (RT), innovativeness (IN) and proactiveness (PR). Design/methodology/approach: This study uses structural equation modelling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methodologies to explore target relationships. The sample consists of 150 small furniture manufacturers operating in Poland (out of 1,480 in the population). Findings: The study findings show that KM partially mediates the IN–PERF relationship. Furthermore, fsQCA reveals that KM accompanied by IN is a core condition that leads to PERF. Moreover, the absence of KM (accompanied by the absence of RT and IN) leads to the absence of PERF. In addition, the results show that all the variables examined (RT, IN, PR and KM) positively impact PERF. Originality/value: This study explores the role of KM in the context of EO and its impact on PERF in the low-tech industry. The study uses simultaneously two methodologies that represent different approaches in the search for the expected relationships. The findings reveal that KM mediates the EO-PERF relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adolescence is a key developmental period characterized by increased maladaptive risky behaviors. Two related but distinct constructs, urgency (the tendency to act rashly in response to strong negative or positive emotions) and emotion dysregulation, are important risk factors for engaging in maladaptive risky behaviors. Thus far, research has largely agreed that these two risk factors are highly correlated. However, the causal direction between these constructs is less understood. The goal of the current study is to determine whether urgency predicts emotion dysregulation change among adolescents. Method: This project is an analysis of 544 youth (49.8% female, Mage=14.22, SD=0.52). We tested whether urgency at baseline predicts change in emotion dysregulation over a nine-week period, and whether that relationship differs across boys and girls. Results: Two multigroup latent change score path analyses found that negative, but not positive, urgency significantly predicted emotion dysregulation change (negative urgency: b= -0.57, p=0.001; positive urgency: b=0.22, p=0.06). There was no evidence of moderation by gender. Discussion: This work provides initial evidence of a temporal relationship between higher negative urgency and increased emotion dysregulation. The next step is to determine whether negative urgency imparts risk for maladaptive behaviors through its effect on emotion dysregulation. The long-term goal of this program of research is to design and test interventions to reduce the impact of negative urgency for adolescent risk-taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores risk-taking during a pandemic, a severe risk condition similar to terrorism and natural disasters. It examines differences in sociodemographics and psychographics between individuals who traveled during the COVID-19 Pandemic and those who stayed home. Conducted as an online survey in 2022, the study used a randomized experiment. T-tests revealed significant differences in only two sociodemographics and two risk-taking factors of probability neglect and proximity-to-self, but not in personality traits of risk-taking, thrill-seeking, or self-confidence. Travelers were more likely to have young children and higher income while non-travelers scored higher in neglecting the probability of bad events happening to them, potentially because they avoided travel as they perceived a high likelihood of bad events happening while traveling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Healthcare workers (HCWs) wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) experience physiological strain that can impair motor and psychological functions, potentially affecting patient care. We assessed the effects of heat exposure on maximal strength and risk-taking behavior among PPE-wearing HCWs and the efficacy of ice slurry to alleviate adverse effects. Methods: Seventeen HCWS completed two experimental trials in a crossover design, consuming 5 g·kg−1 of body mass of ambient drink (AMB) or ice slurry (ICE) before donning PPE and undergoing 2 h of simulated decontamination exercise (wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT): 25.9° C ± 0.8°C, PPE microenvironment WBGT: 29.1°C ± 2.1°C). Body core temperature (Tc), heart rate (HR), chest skin temperature (Tsk), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (RTS), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), risk-taking behavior (balloon analogue risk-taking task (BART)), and salivary cortisol were assessed. Results: Predrinking to postdrinking ΔTc was greater in ICE (−0.2°C ± 0.1°C) than AMB (−0.0°C ± 0.1°C, P = 0.003). Post-drinking RTS was lower in ICE (2.7 ± 1.2) than AMB (4.1 ± 0.4, P < 0.001). ICE and AMB had similar Tc and HR (both P > 0.05), but Tsk was lower in ICE than AMB (P = 0.049). A lower MVC (30.3 ± 6.7 vs 27.4 ± 4.9 kg, P = 0.001) and higher BART-adjusted total pump count (472 ± 170 vs 615 ± 174 pumps, P = 0.017) was observed pretrial to posttrial in AMB but absent in ICE (both P > 0.05). Salivary cortisol was similar between trials (P = 0.42). Conclusions: Heat-exposed PPE-wearing HCWs had impaired maximal strength and elevated risk-taking behavior. This may increase the risk of avoidable workplace accidents that can jeopardize HCWs and patient care. Ice slurry ingestion alleviated these heat-related impairments, suggesting its potential as an ergogenic aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared social identity and social norms are often un(der)recognized within mass gatherings health literature, yet they can increase infectious disease transmission by motivating people to engage in risk‐taking behaviours. Across three experiments (Ntotal = 1551), we investigated how shared social identities, perceived norms of resource‐sharing, and perceived riskiness of sharing interact to shape decisions that can lead to disease transmission. In Experiment 1 (N = 528), we examined how shared social identity and perceived descriptive norms affect the likelihood of crowd members sharing resources that may contribute to disease spread. We then replicated this in Experiment 2 (N = 511) using perceived injunctive norms. In Experiment 3 (N = 512), we explored how high shared social identity, perceived norms, and perceived health risks of resource‐sharing impact the likelihood of sharing that may, in turn, increase infectious disease transmission at mass gatherings. We found that high shared social identity interacts with perceived descriptive and injunctive norms, and low health risk perceptions, to increase the likelihood of accepting resources and giving resources at mass gatherings. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to build effective strategies to mitigate infectious disease transmission at mass gatherings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the effect of structural and individual factors on migration aspirations in a secondary migration context. Through an online survey experiment conducted with Syrian migrants (N = 551) living in Turkey, we unpack factors explaining aspirations to stay and move onward from the current country of residence. The findings indicate that open borders alone do not compel migrants to move onward. Instead, employment opportunities in their current residence play a crucial role in shaping aspirations to stay put. Moreover, individuals inclined to take risks are more likely to migrate, even when strict border controls are in place. By highlighting the question of what motivates migrants to stay as well as to move onward, this research emphasizes individual differences in forming migration aspirations and contributes to migration aspirations literature in the secondary migration context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding risk tolerance is crucial for predicting and changing behavior across various domains, including health and safety, finance, and ethics. This remains true during a crisis, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, and leads to a key question: Do current risk measures reliably predict risk‐taking in the drastically different context of a pandemic? The Domain Specific Risk‐Taking (DOSPERT) scale, one of the most widely used risk‐taking measures, assesses self‐reported risk‐taking in response to 30 risky situations across five domains. With the hypothetical risks of the DOSPERT being based on prepandemic circumstances, we estimate that three out of four of its risk‐taking situations were not possible due to preventive measures or did not reflect risk‐taking in times of COVID‐19. In addition, COVID‐19 brought forth new behaviors deemed risky. With an aim to better predict risk‐taking in times of a pandemic, we introduce the Pandemic DOSPERT (PDOSPERT). We summarize three preregistered online studies with 1254 UK participants to validate the scale against the original DOSPERT and three other common risk‐taking measures. We also test its ability to predict pandemic risk‐related behaviors at three points in time over 2 years. Overall, we find that the PDOSPERT scale significantly improves predictions for pandemic‐related risk behavior as compared to the original DOSPERT. In particular, the health/safety subscale is significantly and strongly associated with pandemic‐related risk behavior. We not only validate a pandemic‐specific risk task but also introduce a template for developing context‐ and domain‐sensitive measures for risk‐taking in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Healthcare students are expected to lead healthy lives yet they may engage in health risk behaviors (HRBs) like physical inactivity, poor diet, and substance use. These behaviors can have negative consequences for both the individual's health and well‐being, as well as their ability to perform their future roles as healthcare providers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HRBs and associated factors among medical and nursing students at Lumbini Medical College, Nepal. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 412 undergraduate healthcare students using a self‐administered questionnaire. HRBs across various domains were assessed. Validated scales screened for anxiety and depression. Regression analyses determined associations between mental health and HRBs. Results: Low physical activity was prevalent, with only 10.7% exercising ≥5 times/week. Inadequate fruit/vegetable intake (1–2 servings/day) was reported by 79.9% students. Short sleep duration (5–6 h) on weeknights (51.2%) was common. More than three quarter (76.5%) of students met the screening cutoff score for HRBs. The study highlighted that students with addiction, depression and anxiety are more likely to exhibit HRBs (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Multiple HRBs were highly prevalent among the students. A considerable proportion demonstrated a clustering of risky lifestyle factors, which were linked to poor mental health. Interventions should address academic burden, promote positive health behaviors, and target mental well‐being in this vulnerable group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses entrepreneurial competencies as a mediating element to explore the scope and pattern of influence of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on micro, small and medium entrepreneur (MSME) business success. The study's target population was small-scale business owners and employees from Rajasthan, India. A sample of 339 small companies was selected through the purposive sampling method. Data were gathered through a survey instrument designed given an appropriate theoretical context. The survey instrument was tested for its proper validity and reliability. Further, we used the structural equation modeling approach to test the hypotheses. Derived findings indicated that the direct impact of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on firm performance was significant. Additionally, the relationship between EO and MSME performance was partially mediated by entrepreneurial competencies. The conceptual framework and findings offer the MSME sector entrepreneur new directions for positioning their product in customers' minds and supporting the growth of an innovative and opportunistic mindset. The current research findings help to outperform the competition and take advantage of market opportunities. The organization must be able to correctly match what it delivers to the consumer with the needs and demands of the customer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the relationship between board structure and risk-taking, exploring how this association is influenced by advanced technologies in the banking sector. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a panel sample of 22 Pakistani banks from 2011 to 2018. To test the authors' hypothesis, the authors use regression analysis with two-way cluster robust standard errors. Further, the authors also check the robustness of the authors' findings using alternate proxies of board structure and bank risk-taking behavior. To address endogeneity concerns, the authors use the two-stage least square technique. Findings: In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Pakistani banks' digitalization is modeled by the presence of Temenos-T24/Oracle as their core banking system (software providing end-to-end operational integration). Its interactional effect with corporate governance is evaluated to implicate informed risk-taking by the board as a result of improved information access and analysis. The authors find that board size has a positive association with risk-taking, and the use of modern technology reshapes this association in the banking sector. Originality/value: The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, the impact of board structure on bank risk-taking has not been extensively researched in Pakistan – a highly volatile and unpredictable economy. Second, the evaluation of the role of technology on bank risk is being researched for the very first time – a uniqueness of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the behavioral responses and circadian rhythms of mice to both rapid and gradual increases in photoperiod, mimicking the transition from winter to summer, which is associated with a heightened prevalence of hospitalizations for mania and suicidal behavior. Behavioral tests were performed in C57BL/6 male mice exposed to a transitional photoperiod, from short to long durations. To determine if circadian rhythms are affected, we measured spontaneous locomotor activity and body temperature. Mice exhibited heightened exploratory and risk‐taking behaviors compared with equatorial and static long (16:8 h of light–dark cycle for several days) groups. These behaviors were prevented by lithium. Spontaneous locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms persisted and were effectively synchronized; however, the relative amplitude of activity and interdaily stability were diminished. Additionally, the animals displayed increased activity during the light phase. Photoperiodic transition modulates behavior and circadian rhythms, mirroring certain features observed in bipolar disorder patients. This study introduces an animal model for investigating mania‐like behavior induced by photoperiodic changes, offering potential insights for suicide prevention strategies and the management of mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk-taking in early childhood play is often associated with taking physical risks in outdoor settings. In this study, we explore the notion of "small risks" as a way to examine the how parents and children engage in intergenerational play at a series of informal, indoor pop-up play events that took place at community centers in a large, urban setting. We utilize auto-photography and small stories to examine participants' self-selected examples of the ways their family units typically engaged in play. Our findings suggest that risk-taking in play, when reenvisioned through the lens of small risks, is more complex and nuanced than previously thought, particularly for families from non-dominant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk-taking in early childhood play is often associated with taking physical risks in outdoor settings. In this study, we explore the notion of "small risks" as a way to examine the how parents and children engage in intergenerational play at a series of informal, indoor pop-up play events that took place at community centers in a large, urban setting. We utilize auto-photography and small stories to examine participants' self-selected examples of the ways their family units typically engaged in play. Our findings suggest that risk-taking in play, when reenvisioned through the lens of small risks, is more complex and nuanced than previously thought, particularly for families from non-dominant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narratives can influence risk-taking by shaping perceptions and emotions. In the present study we used first-person audio and video narratives describing either financial successes, failures, or neutral events devoid of any risk references in order to investigate how these types of stimuli affect risk-taking performance in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Audio narratives of different types did not significantly alter risk-taking in the BART. However, videos depicting neutral narratives and narratives about financial successes surprisingly had risk-demoting influence compared to videos about financial failures, indexed by the percentage of popped balloons. The underlying reason for this finding remains to be understood. Additionally, gender differences emerged by the adjusted pumps measure in interaction with stimuli condition. Specifically, female participants displayed riskier tendencies after audio narratives, and conversely, video narratives led to a slight increase in risk-taking among male participants. These results emphasize the significant role of stimuli modality and indexing measures in risk-related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the negative health impact of multiple risk-taking behaviors (RTBs), there is a lack of understanding of adolescents who are more prone to multiple RTBs. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic, mental, and physical health variables associated with increased susceptibility to multiple RTBs in each sex. Cross-sectional data from the 2020 and 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey was used. A total of 106,979 Korean adolescents (55,460 men and 51,519 women) were assessed on five RTBs (alcohol use, smoking, sexual intercourse, illicit substance use, no seat belt wearing). In comparison to no RTB group, odds ratios of the relevant covariate factors were calculated in one RTB or multiple RTBs groups. Male and female adolescents engaging in multiple RTBs were 6.4% and 3.8%, respectively. Increasing age, low subjective socioeconomic status, and living in rural areas were associated with multiple RTBs regardless of sex. All mental health variables except anxiety were associated with multiple RTBs in both sexes. Physical inactivity and obesity were associated with decreased odds of multiple RTBs in both sexes. This study identifies diverse factors associated with multiple RTBs of Korean adolescents and demonstrates existing sex differences. Age and mental health status are the most critical factors that distinguish multiple risk-taking groups from those involved in one or no RTB. • Adolescents' risk-taking behaviors include alcohol use, smoking, sexual intercourse, drug use, and not wearing seatbelts. • Identifying teens vulnerable to multiple risk-taking behaviors is important for promoting overall health of adolescents. • Poor mental health status and late teens are significant risk factors for multiple risk-taking behaviors. • Subtle sex differences in anxiety and living arrangements are significant only for female adolescents' risk-taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of entrepreneurs' improvisational behavior on business risk-taking and opportunity recognition, as well as to analyze its subsequent impact on firm performance. Moreover, this study examined whether the effect of entrepreneurs' improvisational behavior on business risk-taking and opportunity recognition could be moderated by firm size and the business experience of entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: Online survey data were collected from 304 firms in Thailand that were randomly selected from a business directory. The data were assessed using partial least squares structural modeling. Findings: The results confirmed that entrepreneurs who exhibited high levels of improvisational behavior tended to report that their firms engaged more actively in risk-taking and opportunity recognition. Moreover, risk-taking and opportunity recognition played a chain mediating effect in explaining the association between the improvisational behavior of entrepreneurs and firm performance. Regarding the moderating effects, this paper found that firm size negatively moderated the effect of improvisational behavior on risk-taking and opportunity recognition, while business experience of entrepreneurs only positively moderated the effect of improvisational behavior on risk-taking. Originality/value: This study provided new knowledge by showing that improvisational behavior of entrepreneurs should be integrated with other firm advantages determined by firm size and the business experience of entrepreneurs to strengthen the ability to be more effective at risk-taking and opportunity recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effect of the diversity of the board of directors (BOD) and the shariah supervisory board (SSB) on credit risk, insolvency, operations, reputation, rate of deposit return risk (RDRR) and equity-based financing risk (EBFR) of Islamic banks (IB). Design/methodology/approach: The study uses 68 IBs from 19 countries covering 2009 to 2019. BOD and SSB diversity attributes data were hand-collected from the annual reports. Financial data were collected from the bankscope database. The robustness test and two-step system generalized method of moment estimation technique were used to address potential endogeneity issues. Findings: This study provides evidence that diversity in the experience and cross-membership of board members decreases the risk. Gender diversity increases the risk, but the BOD's education level diversity has no relationship with risk. More interestingly, influences in the experience and cross-membership of the SSB's members positively influence risk. However, members' education levels and gender diversity have not been proven to affect risk. Practical implications: The paper recommends that Islamic banking authorities play a stronger role and make a greater effort in driving corporate governance reform. Also, determining individual characteristics of the board is a requirement to become a member of a BOD or an SSB. Originality/value: This paper expands the commitment literature through the diversity of the BOD's and the SSB's members in terms of their education levels, experience, cross-membership and gender. This study expands the list of potential risks for IBs, by including the RDRR and EBFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the impact of board attributes, ownership structures and other bank-specific factors on bank risk-taking. Using a sample of 220 banks in 16 sub-Saharan Africa countries for the years 2007–2018, the findings of the study are fourfold. First, the findings indicate that independent directors who are financial experts reduce bank risk-taking. Second, the study finds that the number of board meetings has a negative impact on bank risk-taking. Third, the estimation results suggest that government and foreign ownership encourage banks to take more risks. Finally, the study observes that institutional shareholder ownership influence bank risk-taking negatively. We observe that an increase in the ownership stake held by long-term institutional investors is associated with a decrease in risk-taking. Furthermore, we show that the predicted relationships vary across different periods. The findings are robust to different types of endogeneities and alternative measures of bank risk-taking. The study concludes that different corporate governance characteristics have different implications for banks' risk-taking in the region. The findings have key policy implications for banking practitioners, regulators, and policy makers in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the dynamics of entrepreneurial businesses, focusing on innovation and risk management as catalysts for economic development. Through a survey, we analyzed entrepreneurs' perceptions on creativity, opportunity identification, risk tolerance, management skills, and adaptability. Results indicate a strong recognition of creativity and innovation, with a majority considering their businesses highly innovative. Most respondents are confident in recognizing and seizing opportunities, though some acknowledge the need for improvement. Attitudes towards risk vary, with a segment willing to embrace significant risks for potential rewards. Generally, management skills are rated positively, but some see room for growth. The study highlights entrepreneurs' capability to navigate complex business landscapes, emphasizing the importance of entrepreneurial traits in promoting economic vitality.

The Indonesian agricultural sector still has considerable potential for growth, but this is not currently being realised due to a lack of adequately trained human resources, particularly among the younger generation. It is anticipated that the younger generation will assume leadership roles within this sector. However, there is a dearth of interest among this demographic in pursuing careers in this field. The issue can be addressed by fostering an entrepreneurial mindset among millennial farmers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the entrepreneurial characteristic effect on millennial farmers’ business performance. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and observations using a questionnaire. Additionally, the sample size was 120 millennial farmers in Central Java within ten selected regencies. Snowball sampling was determined based on data from millennial farmers designated as ambassadors by the Ministry of Agriculture and data analysis used Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLSSEM). The results showed that the business performance of millennial farmers was measured based on four key indicators: turnover, source of capital financing, production capacity, and marketing reach. The findings indicated that entrepreneurial characteristics, as measured by individual features, risk-taking courage, and self-confidence, had a positive and significant effect on business performance. In this context, the business performance of millennial farmers could be enhanced by leveraging their individual characteristics, including a strong commitment, a mature evaluation of risk, and high confidence in their capabilities. Individual characteristics play a pivotal role in business performance. To build their brand in developing businesses, millennial farmers receive capacity-building training

This study aims to evaluate the impact of individual entrepreneurial orientation on the entrepreneurial intention of Algerian university students. Specifically, it focuses on three dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation: risk-taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness. To achieve the main purpose of the study and test its hypotheses, the researchers employed a descriptive-analytical method, and a survey was conducted using a questionnaire on a sample of 333 second-year master’s students at the Faculty of Economics, Commercial and Management Sciences in Jijel University. The questionnaire consists of 15 statements: 3 – regarding risk-taking, 3 – innovativeness, 3 –proactiveness, and 6 – individual entrepreneurial orientation. The opinions of the sample (students) were measured using a five-point Likert scale. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was applied to test the reliability of the study instrument. To test internal consistency, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the correlation between each questionnaire item and the dimension to which it belongs. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and the Durbin-Watson test were also relied upon to ensure the independence of the independent variables and the absence of multiple linear correlation or autocorrelation between the residuals. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables to test the study hypotheses accurately. The predictive capacity of the regression model is confirmed by the results of the ANOVA regression analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS, version 28. The findings indicate that both risk-taking and proactiveness have a direct and positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. However, innovativeness does not demonstrate any statistically significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. In light of the obtained results, a set of recommendations meant to foster the individual entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intention of university students was proposed.

The commercial operations of insurance firms are based on assumptions for the future. Expectations are greatly impacted by uncertainty, which is directly tied to the operational risks that insurance businesses encounter. Theoretically, this study describes a detrimental relationship observed in Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and the propensity for risk among insurance firms. Then, to impartially confirm the adverse effects of EPU on insurance companies' risk acceptance, it makes use of operational data from Chinese insurance companies from 2009 to 2022. The study discovered that the market concentration rate and managerial confidence index play a mediating effect between EPU and insurer risk-taking and the fluctuations in economic policy greatly affect multiple insurance firms. The analysis demonstrates that increased EPU has reduced the risk-taking capacity of insurers. Studies have shown that the level of competition in the insurance market and the assurance levels of insurance company leaders are impacted by Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), subsequently shaping the risk appetite of insurance firms. By detailing the specific effects of EPU on insurers' risk-taking, proving that EPU influences insurers' risk exposure indirectly through the level of insurance market competition, showing that foreign-invested insurers are less affected by EPU than domestic insurers, and offering helpful guidance for risk-taking insurers, this research presents a noteworthy and original addition to the domain of EPU studies. The analysis reveals that Foreign-invested insurance companies are less affected by EPU than domestic insurance companies due to their capacity for cash management and risk management. The final endogeneity test demonstrated the stability of the study's findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adequately evaluating risk and making decisions is vital but understudied for older adults living independently but with compromised cognition, as seen in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), specifically those with amnestic MCI (aMCI) which is associated with higher risk of conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Objective: We propose to comprehensively evaluate risk-taking behaviors across domains important for everyday activities between an aMCI group and their cognitively healthy counterparts (HC). Methods: A case-control study design. Data on risk-taking behaviors via the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT), and candidate confounding mental health factors (i.e., neurodegeneration, depression, and fatigue) were collected. Analyses on group difference and interaction between group and confounding factors on risk-taking behaviors were conducted. Results: The aMCI group showed a higher likelihood of risk-taking than HC (t = 4.38, df = 73, p < 0.001). Moderation analysis showed fatigue (F = 5.91, p = 0.018) and presence of depression (F = 4.52, p = 0.037), but not neurodegeneration, as significant moderators for group and DOSPERT total score, controlling for sex. In post-hoc analyses, there was a significant relationship between both fatigue (B = –7.83, SE = 3.65, t = –2.14, p = 0.036), and presence of depression (B = –20.80, SE = 9.97, t = –2.09, p = 0.041), with DOSPERT total score for HC but not for aMCI. There were no significant relationships between neurodegeneration, fatigue, or depression with any specific risk-taking domains after correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions: Our results show differences in risk-taking behavior between older adults with and without intact cognition, and overall decision-making is affected by fatigue and depression in HC but not aMCI, together suggesting the importance of cognition in the ability to adjust risk-taking behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the level of risk-taking is an important measure for enterprises to realize sustainable development; in this context, commercial credit financing has become an important type of transaction and an indispensable short-term financing method. In this work, we use a sample of A-share-listed companies listed from 2007 to 2021 to test the impact of commercial credit financing on corporate risk-taking. Research shows that commercial credit financing has a U-shaped relationship with corporate risk-taking, i.e., when there is a low level of commercial credit financing, it has an inhibitory effect on corporate risk-taking, and when the level of commercial credit financing is high, it has a promotional effect on corporate risk-taking. The main reason for this, based on substitute financing and buyer market theories, is that commercial credit financing has a "double-edged sword" effect. Further research has found that corporate financialization, debt default risk, and ownership form all have moderating effects on this U-shaped relationship. Heterogeneity analysis results show that among enterprises with good cash flow conditions, low financing constraints, and a low supply of commercial credit, commercial credit financing has a significant U-shaped impact on enterprise risk-taking. However, among enterprises with poor cash flow conditions, high financing constraints, and a high supply of commercial credit, commercial credit financing shows a solely inhibitory effect on enterprise risk-taking. This research innovatively clarifies the dual role of commercial credit financing in corporate risk-taking from the perspective of the supply chain, and these findings are pivotal in guiding enterprises to rationally allocate commercial credit financing and make informed risk investment decisions to realize the simultaneous sustainable development of enterprises and supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of group discussions with text‐based conversational agents on risk‐taking decision‐making, which has been under‐researched. We also focused on the influence of opinion patterns presented by the agents during discussions and attitudes toward these agents. Through an online experiment, 430 participants read a decision‐seeking scenario and expressed the degree of risk they were willing to take. After viewing the text‐based opinions of six agents and having a discussion with the agents, participants expressed the degree of risk they were willing to take for the same scenario. The result showed that participants' risk‐taking decisions shifted toward the agents' group opinions, regardless of whether the agents' opinions tended to be risky or cautious. Additionally, when the agents' group opinions were more risk‐biased and included a minority opinion, a significant association existed between the degree of the participants' shift to a riskier decision and their positive attitudes toward the agents. The agents' group opinions guided participants toward both risky and cautious decisions, and participants' attitudes toward the agents were associated with their decision‐making, albeit to a limited extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cannabis use and misuse is known to be associated with a variety of negative health, academic, and work-related outcomes; therefore, it is important to study the factors that contribute to or moderate its use. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether risky behavior, belongingness and social support as clustering variables play a role in cannabis use frequency. Method: In a university student sample, participant data on risky behavior, belongingness and social support were used to generate vulnerability profiles through cluster analysis (low vulnerability with low risk, low vulnerability with high belonging, moderate vulnerability, and high vulnerability). Using an analysis of variance, the vulnerability profiles were compared with respect to cannabis use frequency and quantity. Through chi-square tests we assessed whether these profiles are overrepresented in certain demographics. Results: The cluster analysis yielded four groups, which differed in their vulnerability for cannabis use. The most vulnerable cluster group had higher cannabis use frequency relative to the two least vulnerable groups. Low income vs. high income was also associated with high vulnerability group membership. International students were overrepresented in the low vulnerability with high belonging group relative to the low vulnerability with low-risk group. The opposite was observed for domestic students. Conclusions: This research adds to the expanding body of literature on cannabis use and misuse in Canada, which may contribute to public health policy and the prevention and treatment of cannabis addiction by providing new insight on who may be at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this paper, we explore the potential of games to collect empirical data for informing agent-based simulation models of migration. To examine the usefulness of game-based approaches, we conducted a simple, yet carefully designed psychological experiment. Methods: In a preregistered study, we used a novel, immersive experimental setting to investigate the risky migration decisions made by migrants and non-migrants. Participants (284 migrants and 284 non-migrants) played a choice-based interactive fiction game—a fully text-based game where players progress by selecting from a list of possible actions—that involved making three risky migration decisions. In one condition, participants were shown a non-linear progress bar and explicit acknowledgements of the choices they made to promote perceived agency: the feeling that one's actions have a non-trivial impact on the game. In the other condition, the progress bar was linear, and the explicit acknowledgements were omitted. Results: Our experimental manipulation was successful; participants in the former condition self-reported higher perceived agency than participants in the latter condition, as did migrants compared to non-migrants. Nevertheless, condition and migrant status did not meaningfully affect the risky migration decisions participants made in the game. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the results of generic studies on risky migration decisions conducted on non-migrants can potentially inform simulation models of migration. However, these findings were obtained from a single experiment, and thus warrant replication and further research before definitive conclusions can be drawn. Furthermore, a simple text-based game may be too superficial to allow deep insights into the idiosyncrasies of migration decision-making. This suggests a possible trade-off between clear interpretability of the results and the usefulness for informing simulation models of complex social processes, such as migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study pioneered the analysis of hazard prediction and risky decision-making of non-hemineglect stroke drivers. • Experienced drivers with a left-side strokes had a lower hazard prediction accuracy than drivers with a right-sided strokes and healthy drivers. • The accuracy of drivers in the hazard prediction test was greater in the familiar videoclips filmed in Spain. • Drivers demonstrated a greater disposition to assume risks in the English video clips (unfamiliar driving situation) The stroke survivor's independence is severely limited if they are prevented from driving, and regaining this ability could be vital to their recovery. Our pioneering study analysed hazard prediction and risky decision-making among drivers who had suffered non-hemineglect strokes. Two groups of experienced drivers were recruited with one group comprising 37 healthy drivers (M = 54.5 years old, SD = 6.59) and the other consisting of 37 drivers who had had non-hemineglect strokes (M = 55.1 years old, SD = 13.7). In terms of lesion location, 59 % (n = 22) had suffered a left-hemisphere injury, 35 % (n = 13) a right-hemisphere injury, and 5 % (n = 2) a bilateral injury. Hemineglect patients were excluded. Participants were shown naturalistic driving video clips which had been recorded from the driver's point of view. These were filmed both in the participants' familiar home country (Spain) and also in an unfamiliar country (England). The hazard prediction test showed a number of hazardous situations which were caused by another road user (e.g. an oncoming car invading the lane). Each video clip ended as the hazard began to unfold, and participants had to choose the correct response to identify the hazard, where it occurred, and the likely outcome in that particular traffic situation (situation awareness). In the risky decision-making test, participants were shown video clips whereby the hazards were possibly caused by risky driving behaviour (e.g. driving through a junction with an amber traffic light). The participants were also shown video clips which set up the potential for risky behaviour and they were asked how likely they were to proceed with that risky manoeuvre (e.g. to overtake a cyclist or drive through a junction with an amber traffic light) on a 6-point Likert scale. In the hazard prediction test, a statistically significant group effect was found, with healthy drivers attaining greater accuracy compared to drivers who had suffered a stroke. More specifically, drivers with left-sided strokes had lower hazard prediction accuracy (M = 59.1 %, SD = 16.7) than drivers with right-sided strokes (M = 64.6 %, SD = 11.8) and healthy drivers, who had the highest accuracy percentage (M = 68.6 %, SD = 13.1). Moreover, a significant effect was found regarding familiarity, and driver accuracy in the hazard perception test was found to be greater in the video clips filmed in Spain than those filmed in England. However, the interaction between these factors was not significant. Regarding the risky decision-making test, the only statistically significant effect was with the familiarity of the video clips, whereby drivers displayed a greater disposition to assume risks in the English video clips (unfamiliar driving environment) than in the Spanish clips. Hazard prediction training would be particularly helpful for drivers who had suffered left-hemisphere strokes since it is more difficult for such drivers to process details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships with parents and friends may work together to increase the risk of adjustment problems in emerging adulthood. However, it is still undetermined if social relationships act in an additive (i.e., serve as unique predictors) or moderating (i.e., interact with other predictors) fashion. In a cross-sectional sample of 859 female college students (M age = 19.53, SD = 1.49; 73.9% White) from a large university in the south-central United States, we assessed how parents and best friends impact emerging adult internalizing symptoms, risky behavior, and health problems. We found that low levels of best friend risky behavior attenuated the links between father-emerging adult relationship quality and risky behavior and internalizing symptoms, and high levels of father-emerging adult relationship quality magnified the association between mother-emerging adult relations and internalizing symptoms. Ultimately, these results indicate that relationships with parents and friends served as additive or unique predictors of emerging adult health and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial orientation including innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking on the business performance of MSMEs in Bekasi City. Using a quantitative approach, a structured survey was conducted among 383 MSME owners. Data were analyzed through covariancebased structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS 29.0 software. The results showed that entrepreneurial orientation has a positive and significant effect on MSME performance. The findings underscore the key factors for business success, namely innovation, proactivity, and risk-taking. This research offers valuable insights for business owners and stakeholders to encourage entrepreneurial attitudes, thereby enhancing the growth and sustainability of MSMEs. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide practical guidance and strategies for more effective MSME development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Technology Economics is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Past experiences play a key role in shaping risk preferences. Several experimental studies have found that the impact of antecedent risk exposure on subsequent risk-taking behaviour varies across domains, but a gap still exists in the literature with respect to how this dynamic is shaped by gains and losses. This paper experimentally reveals that exposure to a higher level of risk in the gain domain makes individuals more risk-taking in the subsequent loss domain and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-harm is a conscious behavior in which a person damages his/her body tissues, but this behavior is not done with the intention of suicide. The present study compared cognitive fusion, risk-taking, and fathers' communication style between adolescents with and without self-harm. Methods: The population of this study included all adolescents with a history of self-harm who were referred to treatment centers in Shiraz, Iran, from April to September 2023. The research sample included 200 subjects (100 healthy people and 100 adolescents with a history of self-harm) who were selected using the convenience and purposeful sampling method. The participants completed the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ; Gillanders et al., 2014), Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale (IARS; Zadeh Mohammadi, Ahmadabadi, & Heidari, 2011), and Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS; Fine, Moreland, & Schwebel, 1983). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software with a two-tailed 5% level of significance. Results: The results showed a significant difference between adolescents with and without self-harm in terms of cognitive fusion (F = 41.38; P < 0.050), cognitive defusion (F = 45.09; P < 0.050), cognitive fusion (F = 29.37; P < 0.050), risk-taking (F = 47.72; P < 0.050), and communication style with their father (F = 31.86; P < 0.001). Moreover, the group of adolescents with self-harm scored higher in cognitive fusion, risk-taking, and communication style with the father. Conclusion: According to the results, adolescents with self-harm have higher cognitive fusion and risk-taking and an unfavorable communication style with their father compared to adolescents without self-harm, so these variables are crucial in clinical interventions for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian agricultural sector still has considerable potential for growth, but this is not currently being realised due to a lack of adequately trained human resources, particularly among the younger generation. It is anticipated that the younger generation will assume leadership roles within this sector. However, there is a dearth of interest among this demographic in pursuing careers in this field. The issue can be addressed by fostering an entrepreneurial mindset among millennial farmers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the entrepreneurial characteristic effect on millennial farmers' business performance. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and observations using a questionnaire. Additionally, the sample size was 120 millennial farmers in Central Java within ten selected regencies. Snowball sampling was determined based on data from millennial farmers designated as ambassadors by the Ministry of Agriculture and data analysis used Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLSSEM). The results showed that the business performance of millennial farmers was measured based on four key indicators: turnover, source of capital financing, production capacity, and marketing reach. The findings indicated that entrepreneurial characteristics, as measured by individual features, risk-taking courage, and self-confidence, had a positive and significant effect on business performance. In this context, the business performance of millennial farmers could be enhanced by leveraging their individual characteristics, including a strong commitment, a mature evaluation of risk, and high confidence in their capabilities. Individual characteristics play a pivotal role in business performance. To build their brand in developing businesses, millennial farmers receive capacity-building training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Progress in agriculture significantly relies on the adoption of innovative farm practices by farmers. Being proactive and risk-taking catalyses this innovativeness. Progressive farmers in general are proving to be effective in developing their farms along entrepreneurial lines. The paper aims to examine the relationship between the entrepreneurial traits of risk-taking, proactiveness, innovativeness and entrepreneurial intention (EI) of progressive farmers in Kashmir. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative research approach was used to evaluate how innovativeness, risk-taking and proactiveness affect EI. The data was collected from registered progressive farmers using a structured questionnaire via both online and offline means. 203 useable responses were received. The data was then analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings: The results reveal that progressive farmers' EI is influenced by innovativeness, risk-taking and proactiveness. As hypothesized, a significant and positive relationship was found between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) traits of risk-taking, proactiveness and innovativeness and EI. Research limitations/implications: The study adds to the existing body of knowledge on agri-entrepreneurship by conceptualizing EO traits influencing EI of progressive farmers and offering insightful advice to policymakers on how to improve progressive farmers' entrepreneurial abilities and in turn convert their EI into agro venture establishment in Kashmir. Originality/value: This study makes advancements in the field of farming-related EO by examining the EI of progressive farmers. This study covers a knowledge gap as there aren't many empirical studies on agricultural entrepreneurship that concentrate on the EO of progressive farmers and how it influences the EI in general in India and the Kashmir valley in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalist chief executive officers (CEOs) have accumulated transferrable general skills by working in multiple firms or industries. Recent decades have witnessed an increasing demand for generalist CEOs, which has resulted in a favorable job market for them. Favorable outside job opportunities reduce generalist CEOs' career concerns and increase their agency problems and risk‐taking incentives. We examine the relation between generalist CEOs and conditional conservatism. On the one hand, conditional conservatism could be positively associated with generalist CEOs because debtholders and shareholders often demand conservatism to alleviate heightened agency problems. On the other hand, a negative association could obtain because generalist CEOs can (1) create better information environments for firms, reduce information asymmetry and lessen stakeholders' demand for conservatism and (2) have greater bargaining power and reduce the supply of conservatism. We document a positive association between generalist CEOs and conditional conservatism and show that the relationship is more pronounced in firms with a higher demand for conservatism. Our results are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the role of digital technologies in tourism entrepreneurship. In particular, the main objective of this research is to examine the relationships among proactiveness, innovativeness, digitalization, and firm performance and growth in the hotel industry. Design/methodology/approach: The data for this investigation were collected from 110 one- or two-star hotels that were operating in Poland during the time of this research. This study employs PLS-SEM to analyze the relationships among the examined variables. Findings: The results show that digitalization has a significantly positive impact on a hotel's performance. Moreover, digitalization mediates the impact of entrepreneurial behaviors on performance. In particular, digitization is a full mediator for the impact of proactiveness on firm growth and innovation on market performance. Additionally, there is a partial complementary mediation effect of digitalization in the case of impact of innovativeness on firm growth; digitization is not a mediator for the impact of proactiveness on firm growth. Originality/value: Previous studies have not captured the relationships among entrepreneurship, digitalization, and performance; this study helps to fill the gap and examine these associations in the hospitality industry. The outcome of this study provides valuable insights for hoteliers for understanding the role (and importance) of digitalization in the context of proactiveness and innovativeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Question: Disputes over the corporate governance impacts of common ownership continue. Differentiating from existing studies, we focus on the Chinese stock market, exploiting the Top 10 Shareholding File, which includes various investors besides institutional investors, to study the impact of common ownership built through blockholders on corporate risk‐taking behavior. Research Findings: We find that firms with higher common ownership are less likely to engage in corporate risk‐taking, with concomitant decreases in future growth rates. Mechanism analysis shows that blockholders' common ownership exerts its influence through increasing market concentration, with concomitant lessening of market competition. Interestingly, further analyses indicate that, in contrast to blockholders, ownership connectedness built by mutual fund families significantly raises corporate risk‐taking along with growth. However, individual investors' common ownership does not show the significant statistical relationship with corporate risk‐taking. Theoretical Implications: We add to the debate on common ownership on corporate governance. Consistent with the anti‐competition stream of literature, the risk‐taking‐reduction role we identify for blockholder common ownership supports the theory of anti‐competition. Our results highlight the need to consider the heterogeneity of common ownership. Policy Implications: While blockholder common ownership is evidenced to have a negative effect on corporate risk‐taking, with, by extension, a negative impact on economic development, our results also suggest that efficient monitoring mitigates these effects. We also document an interesting heterogeneity in investor types. Mutual fund common ownership, in contrast to blockholder common ownership, is associated with higher risk‐taking and more robust firm growth. This suggests the positive role of institutions in corporate governance and the necessity of considering the heterogeneity of common ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defaults are powerful nudges to shape individuals' behavior: In three experiments, including a large experiment using representative samples from five European countries (n = 4207), we show that they can significantly affect risk‐taking by medium to large effect sizes. We also show that implementing a default nudge leads to a lower rating of the advice delivered by the wealth manager compared to no default, an effect that has a medium to large effect size. In addition, defaults the targeted individuals refuse result in lower advice ratings. These side effects call for caution before applying nudges and individualized defaults rather than a one‐size‐fits‐all approach. Additionally, we find evidence pointing to two small effects of framing in default presentation. First, asking how much individuals want to invest in the risky asset emphasizes risk. It reduces investment in the risky asset compared to asking them how much they want to leave on the safe account, particularly for more risk‐averse individuals. Second, asking individuals if they want to change a default allocation of 100% in the risky asset leads to more investment in the risky asset than asking them whether they accept such an allocation. Perceived wealth manager honesty appears to mediate the relationship between the default nudge and the rating of the advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Economic Science is the property of Modern Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BD and AI are now transforming the banking and finance industry at a very fast pace, which is leading to change in the banking and finance institutions. This change is making them better, customeroriented and financially rewarding organizations. Big data and AI have been useful in the banking and financial institutions to assess and manage the risks. Through the analysis of big amounts of unstructured data in real time, AI algorithms are capable of identifying risks. This makes it easy to put preventive measures in place to avert the risks. In addition, big data and AI have come a long way in solving the problem of fraud in banking and finance. This paper showed how big data and AI improve risk management, Cyber threat, and fraud in banking and finance by using data analysis and data pattern identification in real-time. That is why our work emphasizes the importance of implementing secure privacy and explaining the AI algorithm to eliminate ethical and Cyber security issues. Using analytical approaches, AI can identify the transactions with the help of comparison with the previous data and the behavioral characteristics related to the fraud. This approach to fraud prevention has been effective in reducing losses while at the same time improving the customer's confidence in the company. On the other hand, there are disadvantages of big data and AI such as privacy, security, and ethical issues. Measures that can be used to safeguard customer information have to be employed in order to effectively safeguard the consumer data. Furthermore, transparency and accountability of the AI algorithms are crucial in order to avoid unfair decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the board's role in shaping insurers' risk-taking using data of 49 Indian insurance firms from 2014 to 2021. We captured the insurer's risk using four proxy measures: underwriting, investment, insolvency and total risks. To address potential endogeneity concerns in the relationship with board attributes, we employ a two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. Robustness checks are conducted using the panel quantile estimation approach. The empirical analysis reveals that life insurers face greater underwriting risk than non-life insurers. A larger board with duality appears to mitigate insurers' risk, particularly in the case of life insurers. The presence of independent directors on insurer boards, along with an optimal frequency of board meetings, effectively mitigates risk among Indian insurers. The study concludes that dual regulations erode regulatory discipline among public insurers, leading to an inadequate governance structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial risk aversion and financial risk tolerance are sometimes considered to be 'opposite sides of the same coin', with the implication being that risk aversion (a term describing the unwillingness of an investor to take risks based on a probability assessment) and risk tolerance (an investor's willingness to engage in a behavior based on their subjective evaluation of the uncertainty of the outcomes) are inversely-related substitutes. The purpose of this paper is to present an alternative way of viewing these constructs. We show that risk aversion and risk tolerance act as complementary factors in models designed to describe the degree of risk observed in household investment portfolios. A series of multivariate tests were used to determine that financial risk aversion is inversely related to portfolio risk, whereas financial risk tolerance is positively associated with portfolio risk. When used in the same model, the amount of explained variance in portfolio risk was increased compared to models where one, but not the other, measure was used. Overall, financial risk tolerance exhibited the largest model effect, although financial risk aversion was also important across the models analyzed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our recent research has demonstrated that social comparison orientation of ability (SCO-ability) is an antecedent of trait competitiveness (TC), and TC mediates the relation between SCO-ability and domain-specific risktaking. TC is a multi-dimensional trait, therefore we sought to expand on prior research by examining whether SCO-ability predicted two distinct dimensions of TC: hypercompetitive orientation (HCO) and self-development competitive orientation (SDCO). Methods: We investigated how these different dimensions of TC mediated the relation between SCO-ability and both overall and domain-specific risk-taking in two correlational studies of 622 college students (313 males, mean age = 22.10, SD = 2.35) and 717 adult workers (368 males, mean age = 27.92, SD = 5.11). Results: We found that SCO-ability positively predicted HCO. Together, SCOability and HCO predicted overall risk-taking and risk-taking in the recreational and ethical domains in both samples. HCO mediated the relation between SCOability and both overall risk-taking and risk-taking in the recreational and ethical domains. Additionally, SCO-ability positively predicted SDCO. SCO-ability and SDCO mainly predicted risk-taking in the recreational domain in both studies. SDCO mediated the relation between SCO-ability and risk-taking only in the recreational domain. Discussion: Collectively, the findings above advance our understanding of the relation between competition and risk-taking by using differentiated measures of TC (HCO and SDCO). Our findings suggest that HCO is more strongly related to risk-taking than SDCO, thereby refining the possible role of SCO-ability and TC in predicting overall risk-taking and domain-specific risk-taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Chinese A-share listed companies from 2006 to 2013 as the research sample, this paper empirically examines the impact and mechanism of the mandatory CSR disclosure policy on Chinese firms' risk-taking by combining the difference-in-differences (DID) approach. This study finds that the implementation of the policy increases firms' operating costs and leads to an increase in their financing constraints, which ultimately creates a disincentive for firms to take risks. Second, we also find that, relative to firms that do not disclose CSR reports, the sales revenues, R&D investment and investment levels of firms subject to CSR disclosure are significantly reduced, which may be the result of firms' tendency to operate conservatively. In addition, heterogeneity analyses suggest that the dampening effect of mandatory CSR disclosure policies on risk-taking is stronger for firms with higher financing costs and for non-state-owned firms. This study further explores the mechanism of the impact of mandatory CSR disclosure on firms' risk-taking, which will help the government to formulate and improve the information disclosure policy regarding driving the transformation of corporate development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]