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Abstract Perionyx excavatus, an indigenous earthworm possesses exceptional regeneration capacity. Their anterior regeneration features wound closure, regeneration induction and morphogenesis of damaged organs. This study involved a complete analysis of their transcriptomic dataset, with an emphasis on identifying the genes expressed during regeneration and predicting their implications in the process of regeneration and morphogenesis. Control (first ten segments) and test (5th day blastema) RNA samples of biological replicates were isolated and sequenced on NovaSeq. 6000 using PE150 read length. An average of 98.64% of high-quality data was retained with assembly showing better continuity with the average transcript length with 823 bp and N50 value of 1,858 bp. This is the first report on the comparative transcriptome of P. excavatus during anterior regeneration and this study will shed light on the complexity of annelid regeneration.

Purpose The aim of this study was to recycle and reuse the enormously available unutilized lignocellulosic solid organic waste resource, cashew leaf litter (CLL) admixed with various animal dungs, cowdung, sheepdung and horsedung by employing predominantly available indigenous epigeic earthwormâPerionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) and produce quality vermifertilizer. Methods Four different combinations of each [(100 % dung alone, 3:1 (75 % dung ? 25 % CLL), 2:2 (50 % dung ? 50 % CLL) and 1:3 (25 % dung ? 75 % CLL)] vermibeds were allowed for vermicomposting process under laboratory conditions. After 60 days, the worm worked vermicompost and worm unworked normal compost were harvested and characterized. The earthworm activityâgrowth, reproductive performance (cocoon production and hatchling number) and recovery of vermicompost was also studied. Results The obtained results clearly showed that vermicompost from CLL admixed with cowdung at 2:2 ratio had lower pH, organic carbon, CâN ratio, CâP ratio, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and phenol content, and higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium dehydrogenase and humic acid content than the raw substrates and worm unworked normal compost. In addition, pronounced and better earthworm activity was found in the above combination. Conclusion Through vermitechnology way of producing agronomic valid vermicompost using natural waste resources like CLL and animal dungs can be used as bioorganic fertilizer. These vermiresources have vast and diversified potential for maintaining sustainable soil health, fertility, productivity, waste degradation, soil reclamation, land restoration practices and environment health.

Perionyx excavatus, an indigenous earthworm possesses exceptional regeneration capacity. Their anterior regeneration features wound closure, regeneration induction and morphogenesis of damaged organs. This study involved a complete analysis of their transcriptomic dataset, with an emphasis on identifying the genes expressed during regeneration and predicting their implications in the process of regeneration and morphogenesis. Control (first ten segments) and test (5 th day blastema) RNA samples of biological replicates were isolated and sequenced on NovaSeq. 6000 using PE150 read length. An average of 98.64% of high-quality data was retained with assembly showing better continuity with the average transcript length with 823 bp and N50 value of 1,858 bp. This is the first report on the comparative transcriptome of P. excavatus during anterior regeneration and this study will shed light on the complexity of annelid regeneration., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Abstract Fetal bovine serum (FBS) plays a pivotal role in animal cell culture. Due to ethical and scientific issues, searching for an alternative, comprising the three R’s (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) gained global attention. In this context, we have identified the heat inactivated coelomic fluid (HI-CF) of the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus as a potential alternative for FBS. Briefly, we formulated HI-CF (f-HICF) containing serum free medium which can aid the growth, attachment, and proliferation of adherent cells, similar to FBS. In this study, we investigated the biochemical characterization, sterility, stability, formulation, and functional analysis of HI-CF as a supplement in culturing animal cells. Notably, vitamins, micronutrients, proteins, lipids, and trace elements are identified and compared with FBS for effective normalization of the serum free media. HI-CF is tested to be devoid of endotoxin and mycoplasma contamination thus can qualify the cell culture grade. The f-HICF serum free media was prepared, optimised, and tested with A549, HeLa, 3T3, Vero and C2C12 cell lines. Our results conclude that f-HICF is a potential alternative to FBS, in accordance with ethical concern; compliance with 3R's; lack of unintended antibody interactions; presence of macro and micronutrients; simple extraction; cost-effectiveness and availability.

Haryana is primarily an agrarian state. The existing studies of earthworm diversity in Haryana are restricted mostly to the trans-Gangetic plains of eastern Haryana. To explore the diversity in central Haryana, the present study was conducted at six different sites of Tehsil Gohana of District Sonipat in Haryana, India. A total of eight species belonging to three different families were recorded from six different sites. Metaphire posthuma, Metaphire planta, Lampito mauritii and Perionyx excavatus belong to the family Megascolecidae. Three species viz., Eutyphoeus orientalis, Eutyphoeus incommodus, and Octochaetona beatrix, belong to the family Octochaetidae and Pontoscolex corethrurus belongs to the family Glossoscolecidae. Pontoscolex corethrurus, Perionynx excavitus and Eutyphoeus orientalis are the first record. Present findings reveal the first record of three species, namely, Pontoscolex corethrurus, Perionynx excavitus and Eutyphoeus orientalis, belonging to the family Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae and Octochaetidae, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is a trace element in plants and animals whose importance can be understood due to its role in different essential metabolic processes. Anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and mining are potential sources of pollution due to the emission of copper into the environment. Brazilian legislation ties soil quality to guideline values, among which the Prevention Value indicates the critical environmental limit for trace elements. The aim of this study was to obtain PVs for copper for two subtropical soils (Cambisol and Nitisol), given that the pedological richness was not considered when deriving the PVs contained in the federal normative. Reproduction assays followed ISO guidelines with the earthworm species Eisenia andrei and Perionyx excavatus, the enchytraeids Enchytraeus crypticus and Enchytraeus bigeminus and the springtails Folsomia candida and Proisotoma minuta. Results showed that the sensitivity of the organisms was greater in Cambisol. The most sensitive species were the earthworms, especially Perionyx excavatus (EC50 = 67.83 in Cambisol; EC50 = 264.96 in Nitisol). The springtails, on the other hand, were the least sensitive to contamination. These findings reinforce the need to include organisms from different ecological groups in ecotoxicological assessments. It was also observed that the PV adopted in federal legislation (= 60 mg kg−1) is in fact protective for the species and soils we evaluated, since the PVs we obtained based on the EC50 were 346.74 mg kg−1 in Nitisol and 134.05 mg kg−1 in Cambisol. It is important to note that our results do not exclude the need for evaluations with other subtropical soils, given the influence of their properties on the toxicity and bioavailability of copper to soil organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate earthworm diversity in the Kumaun region of Uttarakhand, India. Earthworm sampling was made from 1,409-2,224 m from the foothills of the Kumaun Himalaya to higher altitudes monthly from April 2019 to April 2021, covering the major monsoon season in India. Earthworms were collected from twelve different sites using the hand sorting method and preserved in 10% formalin. We recorded 14 earthworm species representing four families: Megascolecidae (Amynthas corticis, Amynthas morrisi, Amynthas alexandri, Metaphire anomala, Metaphire houlleti, Metaphire birmanica, & Perionyx excavatus); Lumbricidae (Aporrectodea caliginosa trapezoides, Aporrectodea rosea rosea, Eisenia fetida, Octolasion tyrtaeum, & Dendrodrilus rubidus); Moniligastridae (Drawida japonica); and Octochaetidae (Eutyphoeus nainianus). Drawida japonica from the family Moniligastridae is being reported for the first time from the Kumaun Himalaya. Moniligastrids are an important, yet often ignored, earthworm group commonly found in cultivated soils of higher altitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) plays a pivotal role in animal cell culture. Due to ethical and scientific issues, searching for an alternative, comprising the three R's (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) gained global attention. In this context, we have identified the heat inactivated coelomic fluid (HI-CF) of the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus as a potential alternative for FBS. Briefly, we formulated HI-CF (f-HICF) containing serum free medium which can aid the growth, attachment, and proliferation of adherent cells, similar to FBS. In this study, we investigated the biochemical characterization, sterility, stability, formulation, and functional analysis of HI-CF as a supplement in culturing animal cells. Notably, vitamins, micronutrients, proteins, lipids, and trace elements are identified and compared with FBS for effective normalization of the serum free media. HI-CF is tested to be devoid of endotoxin and mycoplasma contamination thus can qualify the cell culture grade. The f-HICF serum free media was prepared, optimised, and tested with A549, HeLa, 3T3, Vero and C2C12 cell lines. Our results conclude that f-HICF is a potential alternative to FBS, in accordance with ethical concern; compliance with 3R's; lack of unintended antibody interactions; presence of macro and micronutrients; simple extraction; cost-effectiveness and availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms are economically and environmentally very beneficial and their correct identification is very vital. In this study, an attempt has been made to taxonomically identify earthworm species based on morphological characters. The earthworms were collected by simple random sampling from eighteen study sites of Poonch division Pakistan, between April through October 2019 by diging and hand sorting methods were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and studied by using a stereomicroscope. The samples were then identified with the help of identification keys provided by Julka (2008) and Chih-Han (2016). The data gathered by studying various external morphological characteristics was statistically assessed by using the one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). The research findings revealed that a total of eleven earthworm species classified under two families and six genera were recognized. Moreover, a significant statistical relationship (Tukey test, P < 0.05) was recorded between each of the morphological variables like length, weight and total number of segments. Eisenia fetida was the dominant species of Poonch division as it was reported from most of the sites, whereas Amynthus hupeiensis and Perionyx excavatus were not previously reported in the country. By keeping in mind the ecological significance of earthworms, the country’s research centers should focus on preparing an atlas for advance identification in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms have a complex digestive system consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine which work together to pass the soil out. The gut soil and associated microbial load in earthworms' gut hinder the outcome of many experiments like in-vitro regeneration, histology, immunohistochemistry, molecular expression and toxicological studies. Currently, the available gut cleaning techniques are time-consuming and costly. The tissue paper method takes 4-7 days; the agar-agar method takes around 3-5 days to clean the gut. Therefore, refined techniques are needed to reduce the gut cleaning process in a cost-effective and at the same time in a minimum number of days. Bisacodyl is a medication used to treat constipation and it acts as a laxative drug that increases peristatic movement of the gut. It can also be used to cleanse the intestines before a bowel examination or surgery. The present study aims to enhance the gut-cleaning process in earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae , using the drug bisacodyl. Briefly, the earthworm is exposed to different concentrations (1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg, 8 mg and 10 mg) of bisacodyl and analyzed for its excretion rate. We observed that 4 mg is more efficient and aids in cleaning the earthworm's gut within two days. A lower bisacodyl concentration is inefficient in cleaning the gut in a shorter duration while at higher bisacodyl concentrations, worm experienced autotomy. Since the drug was active for only 45 mins, the worm became normal one hour after withdrawal from the experiment. Other than E. eugeniae , for Perionyx excavatus we observed 4 mg bisacodyl drug is efficient and aids in cleaning its gut within two days. Overall, the designed protocol is efficient for gut cleaning in a shorter duration in a cost-effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have investigated the community structure of earthworm in industrial soils of Pandavapura Taluk of Mandya District, Karnataka, India. Soils from industrial sites were surveyed and sampled to assess earthworm diversity and community composition. Some selected ecological parameters such as soil temperature, soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, and heavy metal concentrations were measured to understand their potential influence on earthworm communities. The findings shed light on the impacts of industrial activities on earthworm populations and provide valuable insights into the resilience of soil ecosystems in industrialized regions. This study contributes to our understanding of the ecological consequences of industrialization on soil biodiversity and underscores the importance of sustainable soil management practices in mitigating these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence on prospective remediation of municipal solid waste contaminated with toxic heavy metals by Eudrilus eugeniae (Eu) and Lampito mauritii (L) is very scarce and yet to be explored. In this study, heavy metal detoxification potential of E. eugeniae and L. mauritii in municipal solid waste (MSW) + cowdung (CD) (3:1)-based feedstocks were investigated against Eisenia fetida (E) (a well-known vermi-remediator) and aerobic composting. Excellent reduction (70.01-93.04%) of potentially toxic heavy metals (PTHMs) (Pb, Cr, Cd and Zn) were evident in both E. eugeniae and L. mauritii employed treatments. Moreover, the results on heavy metal budget quotient clearly demonstrated the unique detoxification route undertaken by E. eugeniae and L. mauritii via humic composite facilitated chelation over the nominal bioaccumulation pathway. The principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the strong negative correlation between the heavy metal (HM) level in earthworm gut and MSW substrate, whereas a strong positive correlation between humic substances and HM remediation. Furthermore, analysis of ecological health parameters indicated substantial reduction of environmental risk and guaranteed negligible risk of PTHM if utilized as manure. Moreover, significant increment in total N content (3.2-3.8-fold), available P (4-5.9-fold), exchangeable K (3.66-fourfold) and enzyme activity along with significant reduction of TOC (~ 87%) confirmed E. eugeniae and L. mauritii could effectively stabilize MSW. Thus, the metal-binding potential of humic substances produced by earthworms during the detoxification of municipal solid waste (MSW), coupled with a metal budget analysis, has offered valuable insights into the usage of E. eugeniae and L. mauritii as effective contenders for sanitizing heavy metal-laden MSW., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethical approval The study requires no ethical approval. Consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Conflict of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Earthworms are a highly abundant species in nature, with nearly 7000 different species being discovered. Despite the similarities in morphology among earthworm species, their regeneration capabilities vary based on the clitellum. The clitellum plays a crucial role in the clitellum-dependent worms, as it is involved in the processes of regeneration and reproduction in earthworms. The fascinating characteristic of the clitellum, which serves as a hub for stem cells in clitellum-dependent worms, plays a crucial role in various biological processes that require further exploration. This review focuses on the overall physiological functions and uncovers the lesser-known roles of the clitellum that have been documented in various research articles. In recent times, numerous studies have been conducted using the earthworm model to explore various areas. In that regard, the clitellum's different roles in regulating and controlling stem cells, the regeneration process, regulation of organogenesis, stress response, aging, autotomy, and various features have been briefly discussed. Ultimately, we emphasized the unique and versatile role of the clitellum in the animal model, making it an ideal choice for studying development, regeneration, stem cells, organogenesis, toxicology, autotomy, and aging response., (© 2024 American Association for Anatomy.)

AICP is a crucial process that maintaining tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In the past, cell death was perceived merely as a means to discard cells without functional consequences. However, during regeneration, effector caspases orchestrate apoptosis, releasing signals that activate stem cells, thereby compensating for tissue loss across various animal models. Despite significant progress, the activation of Wnt3a by caspase-3 remains a focal point of research gaps in AICP mechanisms, spanning from lower to higher regenerative animals. This inquiry into the molecular intricacies of caspase-3-induced Wnt3a activation contributes to a deeper understanding of the links between regeneration and cancer mechanisms. Our report provides current updates on AICP pathways, delineating research gaps and highlighting the potential for future investigations aimed at enhancing our comprehension of this intricate process., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The present study investigates the synergistic impact of earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae) and microbes during vermicomposting of invasive weed phytomass (Xanthium strumarium and Lantana camara). This study aims introducing an onsite solution for weed control while producing valuable organic manure. Vermitransformation and detailed characterization of mono- (VC1, VC2, VC4, VC5) and polyculture (VC3, VC6) of X. strumarium and L. camara has been reported for the first time employing E. fetida and E. eugeniae. The study achieved 45.16 ± 2.48-76.73 ± 1.37% vermiconvertion rate. The pH, conductivity, and concentration of heavy metals are effectively stabilized. Furthermore, it observed a significant reduction in total organic carbon (TOC) alongside the augmentation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and other trace elements (Zn, Ni, Fe). The ash content, humification index, and C/N ratio analysis established the maturity of the vermicompost. The macronutrient enhancement in the vermicompost samples was recorded 1.5- to 2.47-fold for total N, 1.19- to 1.48-fold in available P, 1.1- to 1.2-fold in total K, and 1.1- to 1.18-fold in total Ca. The germination index reveals a significant reduction in phytotoxicity, suggesting the production of mature and suitable vermicompost for agricultural use. Evaluating mono- and polyculture techniques, the research highlights the superiority of E. fetida over E. eugeniae. Further, the earthworm population and biomass have significantly increased by the end of 60-day experimental trial., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Heavy metal pollution is a significant environmental concern with detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health, and traditional remediation methods may be costly, energy-intensive, or have limited effectiveness. The current study aims were to investigate the impact of heavy metal toxicity in Eisenia fetida, the growth, reproductive outcomes, and their role in soil remediation. Various concentrations (ranging from 0 to 640 mg per kg of soil) of each heavy metal were incorporated into artificially prepared soil, and vermi-remediation was conducted over a period of 60 days. The study examined the effects of heavy metals on the growth and reproductive capabilities of E. fetida, as well as their impact on the organism through techniques such as FTIR, histology, and comet assay. Atomic absorption spectrometry demonstrated a significant (P < 0.000) reduction in heavy metal concentrations in the soil as a result of E. fetida activity. The order of heavy metal accumulation by E. fetida was found to be Cr > Cd > Pb. Histological analysis revealed a consistent decline in the organism's body condition with increasing concentrations of heavy metals. However, comet assay results indicated that the tested levels of heavy metals did not induce DNA damage in E. fetida. FTIR analysis revealed various functional group peaks, including N-H and O-H groups, CH 2 asymmetric stretching, amide I and amide II, C-H bend, carboxylate group, C-H stretch, C-O stretching of sulfoxides, carbohydrates/polysaccharides, disulfide groups, and nitro compounds, with minor shifts indicating the binding or accumulation of heavy metals within E. fetida. Despite heavy metal exposure, no significant detrimental effects were observed, highlighting the potential of E. fetida for sustainable soil remediation. Vermi-remediation with E. fetida represents a novel, sustainable, and cutting-edge technology in environmental cleanup. This study found that E. fetida can serve as a natural and sustainable method for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils, promising a healthier future for soil., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Cancer is a major public health concern because it is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a result, numerous studies have reported the development of new therapeutic compounds with the aim of selectively treating cancer while having little negative influence on healthy cells. In this context, earthworm coelomic fluid has been acknowledged as a rich source of several bioactive substances that may exhibit promising anticancer activity. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to evaluate the findings of the reported studies exploring the antitumor effects of coelomic fluid in the context of its possible utilization as a natural therapeutic agent to cure different types of cancer. The possible mechanisms underlying the coelomic fluid's anticancerous potential as well as the possibility for future development of cutting-edge therapeutic agents utilizing coelomic fluid-derived natural bioactive compounds to treat cancer disorders have been discussed along with future challenges. In addition, the feasibility of encapsulation of bioactive compounds derived from coelomic fluid with nanomaterials that could be further explored to attain more effective anticancer competence is discussed., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In recent decades, the invasive seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae has had a huge environmental impact on marine biodiversity, fisheries, GHG emissions and public health along much of the Iberian Peninsula and islands coastline. Due to the enormous amount of algae biomass that is expelled to the beaches where it slowly rots, some circular economy business initiatives, such as composting, are emerging. In the present study, we compared the quality of compost obtained from earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta), cockroaches (Eublaberus sp.), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Batches fed with 100% organic kitchen waste (control group) were compared with batches fed with 50% algae and 50% kitchen waste (treatment group). Our results show that the most sensitive species (D. veneta and T. molitor) to R. okamurae toxins compost adequately. The C/N ratio, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total organic matter (TOM), C, K, K2O, Mg, MgO, N, P, P2O5, B, Cu, Ni and Zn of the compost obtained were determined. A high quality compost was obtained in which only the EC values are slightly elevated. Particularly good was the compost obtained with H. illucens and Eublaberus sp. This quality is in agreement with previous research on the mass balance of composting. Therefore, both species offer, in the field of circular economy, encouraging prospects for the development of composting enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soil heavy metal pollution is an important environmental concern that has serious adverse effects on soil biota. The present study is aimed to assess the toxicity of heavy metals; lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) on the biochemical and immunological parameters of Eudrilus eugeniae. Methods: Adult earthworms were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of Pb and Ni along with their combinations. After exposure for a period of 90 days, the content of bio-molecules such as carbohydrates, crude lipids and crude proteins; the total number of coelomocytes and the number of different types of coelomocytes were determined. Result: The results showed that the bio-molecular content decreased gradually and the maximum decrease was recorded in T6 (Pb 0.06 ppm) followed by T9 (Ni 0.03 ppm+Pb 0.03 ppm). Similarly, a decline in the total number of coelomocytes and the number of different types of coelomocytes was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Structurally five different types of coelomocytes were distinguished: granulocytes I, granulocytes II, amoebocytes I, amoebocytes II and eleocytes. So, it can be concluded that heavy metals are highly toxic to earthworms and biochemical and immunological parameters can be used in environmental monitoring programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study to investigate the earthworm Eisenia fetida was a chief organism for accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) in their body tissue from sewage sludge with different combinations of animal dung and converted into rich organic vermicompost which plays a beneficial role for environment, animals and human health. Method: Animal dung and sewage sludge were collected from Gorakhpur city and earthworm E. fetida an epigeic species collected from Vermibiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D. D. U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur. Analysis of heavy metals in different animal dung, sewage sludge, final vermicompost, and earthworm bodies were measured by Shimadzu AA-7000 atomic absorption spectrometer. Results: There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction of Pb, Cr, and Cd concentration observed in different animal dung such as cow, buffalo and goat dung with sewage sludge in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 before and after vermicomposting. Cr was significantly decreased in cow dung (CD) and goat dung (GD) and Cd in cow dung (CD) and cow dung with sewage sludge (CD+ SS, 1:1) the at BDL level whereas the concentration of Pb significantly decreased by 76.470% in the combination of GD+ SS (1:1). The Cr and Cd were significantly increased in the body of E. fetida 3.384% and 11.801%, respectively, in the combination of CD+ SS (1:3) whereas Pb significantly increase by 23.018% in the combination of BD+SS (1:3). Conclusion: E. fetida is a suitable species for the accumulation of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cd in different vermibeds during vermicomposting and plays an important role in the remediation of heavy metals from animal dung with sewage sludge. Vermibiotechnology is a useful technique for the management of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vermicompost contains humic acids, nutrients, earthworm excretions, beneficial microbes, growth hormones, and enzymes, which help plants to tolerate a variety of abiotic stresses. Effective microorganisms (EM) include a wide range of microorganisms' e.g. photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes, and fermenting fungi that can stimulate plant growth and improve soil fertility. To our knowledge, no study has yet investigated the possible role of vermicompost and EM dual application in enhancing plant tolerance to water scarcity. Methods: Consequently, the current study investigated the effectiveness of vermicompost and EM in mitigating drought-induced changes in wheat. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with twelve treatments. The treatments included control, as well as individual and combined applications of vermicompost and EM at three different irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 30% of field capacity). Results: The findings demonstrated that the application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth and productivity, as well as alleviated drought-induced oxidative damage with decreased the generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide. This was achieved by upregulating the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. Vermicompost and/or EM treatments also enhanced the antioxidant defense system by increasing the content of antioxidant molecules such as ascorbate, glutathione, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Additionally, the overproduction of methylglyoxal in water-stressed treated plants was controlled by the enhanced activity of the glyoxalase system enzymes; glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. The treated plants maintained higher water content related to the higher content of osmotic regulatory substances like soluble sugars, free amino acids, glycinebetaine, and proline. Conclusions: Collectively, we offer the first report that identifies the underlying mechanism by which the dual application of vermicompost and EM confers drought tolerance in wheat by improving osmolyte accumulation and modulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaponics offers a simple conclusive solution to the food and environmental crisis around the world. This paper presents a comparative analysis of standard aquaponics with vermiponics (aquaponics with earthworms) before and after applying an optimal freshwater replenishment. Fish and plants were grown on a standard aquaponics testbed and a vermiponics testbed for 3 months each, initially without water replenishment, and then with 19% replenishment based on the fishtank volume. Water quality and environmental data were monitored, collected and processed using sensors and internet of things (IoT) devices. Daily growth analysis, the mean productivity of both testbeds before and after replenishment, the percentage of productivity difference and the general productivity comparison between standard and vermiponics testbeds were determined. Results showed an enhanced productivity of 2.83% and 5.54% for the standard testbed and the vermiponics testbed, respectively, when replenishment was applied. The yield improvement after replenishment was proven to be statistically significant, with p < 0.05 reassuring the impact of water replenishment. This research contributes to the understanding of the impact of water replenishment in aquaponics and vermiponics systems. Moreover, it provides insights into the effect of earthworms on both systems' yield productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated ornamental pisciculture and vermiculture is an eco-friendly cleaner technology of resource utilization contributing to the circular economy of a country. The present investigation studied the effect of earthworms, Eisenia fetida, on the seed production of ornamental fishes. Earthworms have a high crude protein and lipid content and are hence utilized as one ingredient for making fish feed, i.e., vermi-incorporated feed. Vermincorporated feed was prepared using different percentages of earthworm powder. Earthworms used for making fish feed were obtained from various vermicomposting experiments. Reproduction of swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri, and black molly, Poecilia sphenops, was assessed at different percentages of vermi-incorporated feed. The results revealed that maximum fry production was at 3% vermi-incorporated feed application in Xiphophorus helleri(293.7±22.7) as well as in Poecilia sphenops (312.3±4.7). Minimum fry production was when fishes were fed with 1% vermi-incorporated feed. Female biomass was positively correlated (R2=0.95-0.97) with the mean fry production in different treatments for both species. No mortality or deformities were observed during the experiment. Water quality parameters were in the optimal range for ornamental fish breeding. Results revealed that earthworm protein can be successfully used for the seed production of ornamental fish [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the optimal biomass substrate from natural waste materials for Amynthas arenulus earthworm cultivation and examine its impact on growth and survival factors. Earthworms were raised in a cement pond, with their diet consisting of thirteen formulations derived from sources including cow dung, organic fertilizer, vegetable waste, and chopped banana plant trunk. The earthworm bedding was controlled with pH values of 8.0 and 6–8% of the moisture content. Thirteen formula trials were conducted on earthworm cultivation for 30 days. The results found that F8 which contained cow dung + organic fertilizer + vegetable scrap was the best substrate for A. arenulus earthworm cultivation. Survival and growth rates were presented at 93.33% and 127.67%, respectively. An increase in earthworm weight was significantly found at 425.55 mg/worm/day. It was found that the reproductive capacity of four juvenile earthworms was 0.3, following their discovery after a period of 30 days. This study reveals that substrate F8 is the optimal choice for earthworm cultivation, leading to increased productivity and promoting ecological sustainability through circular production between earthworms and soil. Moreover, F8 enhances the earthworms' ability to convert agricultural waste and serves as a fundamental basis for soil ecological remediation systems and sustainable utilization of agricultural waste. These findings hold significant implications for the utilization of F8 in earthworm cultivation and these obtained earthworms could be used in functional food and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miscanthus × giganteus biomass plays a crucial role in producing renewable energy and bio-based products, supporting global sustainability objectives. However, its introduction into the European Union has made it susceptible to the ectoparasitic needle nematode Longidorus spp., which are known vectors of severe viral diseases. The aim of the presented research was to assess the effectiveness of the following soil amendments: vermicompost from Eisenia fetida and silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) applied to the soil with Miscanthus plants following artificial inoculation of Longidorus elongatus. A two-year experiment was conducted at the National Institute of Horticulture Research in Skierniewice using concrete rings filled with medium sandy soil amended with 10% peat. Treatments included: control (no amendments), vermicompost (4 L of E. fetida vermicompost), and Ag-NPs (60 mg/L soil). Each treatment was replicated four times. Application of both vermicompost and Ag-NPs positively influenced soil parameters and crop yield while suppressing nematode populations. Significant reductions in L. elongatus density were observed: vermicompost reduced nematode population by 80% and Ag-NPs by 90% compared to the control (15%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbes present in the vermicompost plays a major role in exhibiting the beneficiary effect which results in significant plant growth and yield. In this study, we aim to analyze the microbial load present in the vermicompost which is prepared from different medicinal plants including Phyllanthus emblica, Senna auriculata, Justicia adhatoda, Annona squamosa at two different ratios of preparation with cow dung. To perform this, microbial load was evaluated before and after vermicompost formation. After completion, it was observed that fungal and actinomycetes loads were significantly higher in vermicompost samples prepared from Phyllanthus emblica plant samples. Concerning bacterial load, it was observed that vermicompost samples prepared from Senna auriculata showed the maximum load. These data provide us the information about the importance of the vermicompost with different medicinal plants in increasing the microbial load concentration which further enables plant growth and yield. It is also noted that the ratio of 1:2 gave better microbial load results than the 1:1 ratio sample. These datasets provide us with the basic knowledge to improvise the field of the vermicomposting process with the potential usage of medicinal plants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for viable agricultural production systems in the era of unpredictable climate events has elevated the prospects of agroforestry practices for resilience and sustainability. The litter biomass in these ecosystems govern the biogeochemical nutrient cycling prevalent, but can also serve as organic inputs in crop production under situations where these are considered as menace and cumbersome to dispose. When left to decay under natural conditions litter takes a considerably long time for decomposition and release of nutrients entrapped in them. With the increasing need to conserve natural resources and energy, recycling of organic wastes assumes major significance. Leaf litters are untapped sources of nutrients and are generated in substantial quantities in most of the agroforestrty systems. Among the different alternatives available for recycling biomass residues, composting is considered most efficient and viable option, but recent innovations such as biochar production and thermochemical digestion have also been attempted. Organic farming strategies call for in situ production of nutrient inputs for economic viability of the practice and hence information on alternative technologies to enrich the repository of organic manures in the form of litter compost will be of immense importance. These composts could be recycled to soil for enriching soil organic carbon, plant nutrients and to sustain soil health in the long run. Proper utilization of the biowastes in the tree based systems will also ensure reduction in environmental pollution and forest fire incidents that otherwise threaten life. The review unveils the possible technologies for recycling the litter and use as a nutrient source but emphasizes the need for a suitable environment favouring the rapid decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organization of genomes into chromosomes is critical for processes such as genetic recombination, environmental adaptation, and speciation. All animals with bilateral symmetry inherited a genome structure from their last common ancestor that has been highly conserved in some taxa but seemingly unconstrained in others. However, the evolutionary forces driving these differences and the processes by which they emerge have remained largely uncharacterized. Here, we analyze genome organization across the phylum Annelida using 23 chromosome-level annelid genomes. We find that while many annelid lineages have maintained the conserved bilaterian genome structure, the Clitellata, a group containing leeches and earthworms, possesses completely scrambled genomes. We develop a rearrangement index to quantify the extent of genome structure evolution and show that, compared to the last common ancestor of bilaterians, leeches and earthworms have among the most highly rearranged genomes of any currently sampled species. We further show that bilaterian genomes can be classified into two distinct categories—high and low rearrangement—largely influenced by the presence or absence, respectively, of chromosome fission events. Our findings demonstrate that animal genome structure can be highly variable within a phylum and reveal that genome rearrangement can occur both in a gradual, stepwise fashion, or rapid, all-encompassing changes over short evolutionary timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomarkers encompass a diverse range of living organisms, such as plants, plankton, animals, and microorganisms. Biological markers are commonly employed to assess and evaluate the environmental quality and health of ecosystems. Furthermore, these instruments serve as valuable resources for identifying instances of environmental deterioration and assessing its consequences for human civilization. Organisms are influenced by environmental determinants that contribute to environmental change. These organisms, commonly referred to as bioindicators, serve as a crucial tool in monitoring environmental pollution and are widely recognized as one of the primary methods employed for this purpose. Bioindicators provide scientists with a comprehensive assessment of the present state of various ecosystems. By analyzing this data, scientists are allowed to exercise improved management over ecosystem conditions and subsequently address issues such as pollution and toxic substances. The primary objective of this study is to collect pertinent and extensive data for individuals seeking to acquire knowledge about bioindicators or engage in research about this field, given its substantial role within the ecosystem. The data presented herein is acquired through the examination of bioindicators in diverse ecosystems, drawing upon the research conducted by other scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mikania micrantha Kunth and Ageratum conyzoides are the most toxic and noxious terrestrial weeds of concern. The present research focuses on the bioconversion of these terrestrial weeds through an optimised biodegradation process: Degradation of feedstock initially in an in-vessel reactor (rotary drum) and further by introducing vermiculture (RDVC). RDVC was optimised to utilise the in-vessel reactor for initial thermophilic degradation of feedstock for 7 days and further vermicomposting using monocultures of Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida for 20 days. In contrast with only in-vessel biodegradation, the results of the present study evidence that the significance of dual-stage biodegradation was coherent in the bioconversion of weeds. The vermicompost amended trials had shown greater nutritional value (Total nitrogen in the range of 2.89–3.92%) by the end of 27 days of RDVC. Further, the SGI% was more than 80%, which signifies the soil-safe performance of vermicompost. Among the conducted soil studies with end products, higher growth in Coriandrum sativum was observed in 20% (w/w) vermicompost amended trials. Also, the metal study signifies that the RDVC was coherent in the bioaccumulation of metals during biodegradation. The outcomes of this study can assist Agro policymakers in effectively utilising weed biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study used the adult earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides as a bioindicator species to look into the possible dangers of ammonium sulfate (AS) fertilizer. Two complementary toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LC50values, growth rate inhibition, morphological alterations, and histopathological texture of worms. The lethality test included four increasing concentrations of AS fertilizer (ranging from 2500 to 7500 mg/kg of dry soil weight (d.w.)), while sub-lethal concentrations were based on 10%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the 14-day median lethal concentration (LC50), with a control group included for both tests. The LC(50) values for AS fertilizer were significantly higher at 7 days (4831.13 mg/kg d.w.) than at 14 days (2698.67 mg/kg d.w.) of exposure. Notably, earthworms exhibited significant growth rate inhibition under exposure to various concentrations and time durations (14/28 exposure days). Morphological alterations such as clitellar swelling, bloody lesions, whole body coiling and constriction, body strangulation, and fragmentation were accentuated steadily, with higher concentrations. Histopathological manifestations included severe injuries to the circular and longitudinal muscular layers, vacuolation, muscle layer atrophy, degradation of the chloragogenous tissue in the intestine, collapsed digestive epithelium of the pharynx with weak reserve inclusion, and fibrosis of blood vessels. These effects were primarily influenced by increasing concentrations of fertilizer and time exposure. The study highlights the strong relationship between concentration and exposure time responses and underscores the potential of A. trapezoides earthworms as valuable biological control agents against acidic ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Importantly, this research contributes to the use of such biomarkers in evaluating soil toxicity and the biological control of environmental risk assessment associated with chemical fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of coal as a raw material for power plants has a good economic impact, but it also has a detrimental environmental impact, particularly due to the presence of Cr and Pb, heavy metals with bioaccumulation and biomagnification qualities. Efforts to control Pb and Cr in liquid coal waste can be achieved by bioremediation. The goal of this study is to screen indigenous bacteria, identify, and test biodegradation on the best bacteria capable of degrading Cr and Pb. Bacterial screening is done experimentally in the lab. Bacterial identification is done using morphological, biochemical, and molecular genetic methods. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy to validate Cr and Pb biodegradation research. Biodegradation experiments revealed that the efficacy of indigenous bacteria reduced Pb by 216% (0.238 ppm to 0.11 ppm) and Cr by 195% (0.34 ppm to 0.174 ppm). The findings of biochemical, morphological, and molecular genetic studies revealed that the top bacterial strains were up to 96% related. using Chromobacterium haemolyticum strain W15. Chromobacterium haemolyticum strain X, an indigenous bacteria capable of degrading Cr and Pb, was successfully isolated from liquid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research explored the impact of varying concentrations of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculum and vermicompost on the growth, nutrient absorption, photosynthetic gas exchange, and quality parameters of ginger over a 2-year period in field conditions. In this study, the combination of 50 g each of AM and vermicompost increased plant height, number of tillers, and rhizome yield compared to the control. However, higher dry biomass (61 g) was observed with the combination of 75 g of each amendment. As expected, the application of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) positively affects spore count and mycorrhizal dependency percentage ranging from 58 to 70.5 spores per 50 g substrate and 19-36%, respectively. The combined use of vermicompost and AM led to a lower disease incidence of 10.5% in treatments with 25 g of each amendment and 10.1% in treatments with 50 g of each. Nutrient accumulations, particularly phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), exhibited greater levels in ginger plants treated with vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation, compared to uninoculated ginger rhizomes. The plants treated with AM and vermicompost increased the biomass accumulation by increasing the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of leaves. AM and vermicompost improved ginger rhizome quality, increasing phenols by 37.8%, flavonoids by 35.7%, and essential oil by 29% compared to the control. The analysis revealed that the total flavonoid content was significantly higher in AM-treated samples compared to the control. However, the phenol content did not exhibit statistical significance across the treatments. Regarding essential oil (EO) content, our experiment highlighted that treatments with AM and vermicompost have consistently yielded higher EO content compared to other treatments. In contrast, there was no discernible trend in the fiber content with the application of AM and vermicompost amendments. PCA and correlation analyses revealed a positive influence on plant growth, nutrient absorption, and quality parameters, except for the incidence of diseases in ginger. Overall, our study finds that the concurrent use of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) makes a substantial contribution to the growth, nutrient uptake, photosynthetic, and quality parameters of ginger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive potential of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae is influenced by the sugarcane bagasse, cow dung, and elephant dung as dietary supplements. The aim of the present work is to determine the earthworm reproduction through the following reproductive parameters, viz., hatching of cocoons, sperm count, and fatty acid profile in seminal vesicle of sperm cells analyzed for the first time. Thus, the gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) technique is used to identify the bioactive fatty acids present in the sperm cells of earthworm, and there is a lack of information on its fatty acid profile. Interestingly in all the experimental treatments, the presence of essential saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, viz., palmitic acid, linoleic acid, octadecanoic acid methyl ester, oleic acid, and cholesterol compounds, was recorded. The results revealed that the earthworm feed in T3 (50% sugarcane bagasse + 25% cow dung + 25% elephant dung) showed maximum hatching of cocoon, sperm count, and also the presence of higher percentage of cholestanoid (60.84%) and fatty aldehyde (14.57%) compounds, and it indicates higher quality of suitable substrate for earthworm reproduction. In the T2 treatment (50% sugarcane bagasse + 50% elephant dung), observed maximum percentage of fatty alcohol (5.4%) and fatty acid methyl ester (12.88%) compounds due to these dietary fatty acids, which enhanced the sperm production and also have a good impact on earthworm reproduction. Polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids 23.39% are found in T1 treatment (50% sugarcane bagasse + 50% cow dung), and due to the presence of cow dung, it undergoes higher degree of saturation in the absorbed fatty acids. Different fatty acid compositions observed in seminal vesicle of treated earthworms and its combined mixture of both ruminant and monogastric animal dung were metabolized in the earthworm system and stored as fatty acids in the earthworm sperm cells due to the various substrates as a food source. Hence, based on the present finding, we found that the reproductive rate was higher in T3 treatment, followed by T2 and T1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most significant threat to global food security is water scarcity. Despite the fact that vermicompost (an effective organic fertilizer rich in humic substances, macro- and micro-nutrients, earthworm excretions, beneficial soil microbes, plant growth hormones, enzymes) and effective microorganisms (EM; photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes, fermenting fungi) have been recognized as powerful strategies for alleviating environmental stresses, their combined effect has not been studied. Herein, as a first investigation, we aimed to enhance wheat's drought tolerance using an eco-friendly approach that combined vermicompost and EM. The study employed twelve treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatments included control, as well as single and combined applications of vermicompost and EM at three different irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 30% of field capacity). Vermicompost and EM, applied singly or in combination, ameliorated drought-induced reduction in wheat growth and productivity by elevating photosynthetic pigment content, photochemical processes, Calvin cycle enzyme activity, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry, actual photochemical efficiency of PSII, electron transport rate, photochemical quenching coefficient, and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry. Additionally, adding vermicompost and/or EM improved wheat drought tolerance by increasing nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, copper) acquisition, roots' ATP content, H+-pump activity, and membrane stability index while lowering hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage. The new evidence demonstrates that combining vermicompost with EM sustains wheat drought tolerance by regulating photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient acquisition, root H+-pump activity, and membrane stability. Overall, utilizing vermicompost/EM is a novel approach to improving plant physiological responses and overcoming drought-related challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation presented a novel finding regarding mitigating stress induced by chlorpyrifos in Eisenia fetida by incorporating biochar derived from rice straw and fly ash as soil amendments. It was observed that phenolic compounds exhibit solubility in methanol, and the methanolic fraction exhibited notable inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and displayed antioxidant properties. The defence mechanism of E. fetida, comprising catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and various other enzymes, remained effective in neutralizing stressors without disruption when the earthworm was subjected to diverse chemical agents or stressful conditions. These enzymes served as indicative markers of toxicity induced by pesticide exposure, even at sublethal concentrations. The scavenging of free radicals by these enzymes ultimately safeguarded the organism. Fly ash and biochar emerged as two organic alternatives capable of alleviating stress by providing a protective mechanism. In this context, the study examined the impact of biochar and fly ash amendments on earthworm biomarkers. The mortality rate at the median lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos was reduced to less than 50% through 3% and 5% modifications. In contrast to the non-amendment group exposed to sublethal doses, the amendment group exhibited higher levels of oxidative stress and lower protein content. This observation indicated the presence of stress induced by the accumulation of free radicals, which increased in number with higher doses of chlorpyrifos. Moreover, the study highlighted the interconnected nature of total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic capacity values, with a decrease in these parameters signifying a shift in earthworm biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and industrialization in this modern time actually cause less availability of daily based water. In searching of a preferable solution to overcome this critical problem, waste water treatment seems to be considered as a much valuable option for reusing water. For this, sewage water treatment plants (STPs) are widely used. But this solution is actually ironical, as STP treatment causes hazardous damage to the environment in treating waste water. This system needs lots of harmful chemicals, high energy, and high build-up to operate the process. But a newly considered technology has come to counteract all these problems of STPs and the method is 'Vermifiltration'. In this technique, earthworms are used to treat waste water. Earthworm's body acts as biofilter and it can reduce higher percentage of BOD, COD, TSS from the waste water compared to the STPs. Earthworms eat up the sewage, making them treated, neutralized, and non-harmful and finally excrete them with several useful microorganisms. The symbiotic activity between earthworms and microorganisms works to filter the waste water. This method is completely odour less and harmless. No sludge is formed. With having all these characteristics, vermifiltration becomes much better option for the environment. In this review, the method of vermifiltration, its limiting factors, utilization and future developments are properly discussed. Highlights: The present review reports the mechanistic pathway of vermifiltration method. An eco-friendly and reusable vermifiltration method is applicable for the treatment of wastewater. Various parameters such as hydraulic loading rate, salinity rate, clogging, and sunlight have a positive impact on the efficacy of sustainable vermifiltration system. Active zone of this system can remediate organics (COD, BOD), nitrate from nitrogen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus from several kinds of wasteeffluents. The integrated vermifilter technique reduces the consumption of land and promotes reutilization of wastewater for cultivation purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the process of litterfall production is crucial for sustainable development of plantations. However, the underlying dynamics of litterfall and its nutrient return in plantation agroforestry systems remain unclear. In this study, we investigated litterfall, including leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits, in three patterns: Hevea monoculture system (RM), Hevea-Michelia intercropping system (RAS1), and Hevea-Mytilaria intercropping system (RAS2) in Hainan Island, China. Our findings indicate that total litterfall was significantly higher in RAS1 (27,309 kg ha-1) and RAS2 (34,477 kg ha-1) than in RM (22,364 kg ha-1) and was predominantly composed of leaf litterfall in all three patterns, followed by branches, flowers, and fruits. The seasonal dynamics litterfall production of RM, RAS1, and RAS2 showed characteristic patterns. Litterfall nutrients exhibited peak and sub-peak monthly dynamics, peaking from February to March, during the dry season. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) content of annual litterfall in RAS1 significantly increased by 120 kg ha-1, 30kgha-1, and 139 kg ha-1, respectively, compared to those in RM, with percentage increases of 67.88%, 122.79% and 96.27%, respectively. Similarly, TN, TP, and TK content of annual litterfall in RAS2 significantly increased by 185 kg ha-1, 35 kg ha-1, and 170 kg ha-1, respectively, with percentage increases of 103.70%, 159.15% and 139.46%, respectively, for the abovementioned in RM. Litterfall showed a strong correlation with monthly average temperature, monthly minimum temperature, and monthly average wind speed, contributing 80.5%, 75.5%, 69.8%, and 69.6% to the total litterfall and its components, respectively. Further analysis indicated that monthly average temperature, monthly minimum temperature, and monthly average wind speed contributed 73.9%, 43.0%, and 66.6%, respectively, to TN, TP, and TK content of the annual litterfall, highlighting the significant influence of temperature and wind speed. These findings enhance our understanding of carbon and nutrient cycling and contribute to the sustainable management of tropical plantation ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworm cultivation can effectively promote the resource utilization of agricultural waste. The efficient utilization of agricultural waste by earthworms mainly depends on the microbial communities in the guts. This study used silkworm excrement and cow manure as substrates for earthworm cultivation and investigated the associated bacterial communities during earthworms' growth. The survival rate of earthworms remained above 89% after 21 days of feeding with the two substrates. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes constituted the predominant bacterial communities in earthworm growth, accounting for over 81% of the relative abundance in both guts and vermicompost. The bacteria richness and diversity in the foregut and midgut of earthworm were lower than those in the hindgut. The prediction function of intestinal bacterial communities of earthworms cultured with two substrates mainly involved biosynthesis, decomposition and energy production. Highlights: Silkworm excrement and cow manure were used as substrates for earthworm cultivation. Silkworm excrement, like cow manure, is a good substrate for earthworm cultivation. Proteobacteria, Actinomycetes were the dominant bacteria during earthworms' growth. Earthworm activity and gut transit influence the abundance of dominant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IN THE CONTEMPORARY era, the disposal of plastic has emerged as a significant environmental concern, primarily due to the prevalence of non-biodegradable plastics in the environment. The decomposition of plastics through biological means is inherently slow, given the resistant nature of plastic polymers that are hard and insoluble in water. However, certain conducive conditions enable the degradation of microplastics by organisms such as earthworms. Earthworms play a pivotal role in this process through their gut microflora and mucous secretions, which actively contribute to the degradation of microplastics. This involvement triggers the production of microbial exoenzymes, stimulating microbial activity and leading to the depolymerization of plastics. Essentially, earthworms function as eco-engineers, fostering habitat conditions that enhance the rate of plastic biodegradation under specific environmental circumstances. Recent studies have introduced the concept of bioaugmentation as a potential approach to expand biological treatments for waste management, specifically targeting plastic biodegradation. This review comprehensively explores the role of earthworms' gut microflora and the associated microbial metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of plastics. The dire threat of plastic pollution to both human health and the environment is also acknowledged. In light of the current situation surrounding plastic pollution, there is a pressing need for a more critical and scientific approach for the remediation of pollutants. This review is dedicated to addressing this demand, emphasizing the urgency of adopting effective strategies for mitigating the impact of plastic waste on our ecosystems and, consequently, on human well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the performance of the earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) meal (vermimeal) as a replacement for fish meal in the diet of juvenile mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) in terms of growth, feed efficiency, intermolt duration, carapace width increment, molting success, survival, and incidence of cannibalism. Four experimental diets were formulated with 0, 25, 50, and 75% fish meal protein replaced with earthworm meal protein, designated as D0, D25, D50, and D75, respectively. In the first feeding trial, the experimental diets were fed to crablets with an initial average weight of 0.09±0.007g. Each replicate comprised ten (10) crablets individually stocked in 750ml-capacity plastic containers randomly distributed in a static water bath. Final weight gain, feed efficiency and survival were measured after the 5th molt. In the second feeding trial, 150 crablets with an average weight of 0.07±0.002g were stocked at 30 crablets each in five (5) replicate tanks. Survival and incidence of cannibalism were monitored daily until the end of the culture period of 30 days. The first study showed that the growth of mangrove crab juveniles fed the diet with up to 50% of the fish meal protein replaced by the earthworm meal protein was statistically comparable to the control group. The survival of crablets in the second feeding trial was highest in D25 (33%), followed by D50 (29%), D0 (18%), and lowest in the group fed with D75 (13%). Overall, earthworm meal (Eudrilus eugeniae) can replace as much as 50% of the fish meal protein in juvenile mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) diet without negative effects on growth, carapace width increment, feed efficiency, intermolt duration, molting success, survival, and cannibalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]