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The economic situation in most countries demonstrates an ever-increasing demand for investment resources while their supply is significantly limited. A system of factors characterized by multidirectional action forms the so-called investment environment in the country. Its structure and level of efficiency are crucial determinants for ensuring the sustainable economic development of a country. The purpose of the study is to substantiate scientific and practical recommendations for the formation of a highly efficient macro-space of the economy of Ukraine based on the implementation of rational investment policy measures. In the course of this research, an analysis of foreign investment volumes in Ukraine was conducted, and a list of factors ensuring the positive investment image of the country in the international arena was identified. The result of the study is constructed trend lines of GDP dependence on direct foreign investors in Ukraine and abroad, as well as trend lines of GDP dependence on the level of the tax burden and the integral indicator of the level of the shadow economy; the delineation of the main directions for forming an investment environment in the context of attracting foreign capital investments. The priority vectors of optimizing the investment environment in Ukraine are substantiated and the main problems of Ukraine's investment attractiveness as a motivational factor for investment activity are determined. The strategic directions for the development of investment attractiveness of the national economy under modern business conditions have been justified. The methodological basis of the research consists of a systematic, comprehensive, and evolutionary approach. The main scientific results of the study were obtained through the use of methods such as structural-logical analysis, theoretical generalization, comparative analysis, structural-functional analysis, and a comprehensive approach based on identifying cause-and-effect relationships, as well as logical, economic and mathematical modelling, analytical, and graphical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. The processes of reforming the education system in the USSR in the second half of the 1950s – early 1960s had a certain impact on the system of secondary specialized education, including in the Finno-Ugric republics of the RSFSR. This, in turn, affected the dynamics of saturation of the national economy with mid-level personnel. The aim of the study is to examine the dynamics of the number of specialists with secondary vocational education and their proportion among all workers and employees within the specified territory in the context of the ongoing education reform and in the subsequent years. Materials and Methods. The basis of the research presented in the article was statistical data that made it possible to trace the dynamics of changes in the number of mid-level specialists and their share in the national economy of the Finno-Ugric Republics of the RSFSR in the mid-1950s – mid-1970s. The research is based on comparative historical and systematic approaches, using the method of statistical information analysis. Results and Discussion. The conducted study of the dynamics of changes in the number and proportion of middle-level specialists with secondary specialized education in the national economy of the five Finno-Ugric republics of the RSFSR revealed a positive trend that persisted throughout the studied period. The overall growth in the number of middle-level specialists was recorded at more than 4 times. The proportion of this group in the total number of workers and employees increased by more than 6%. Available statistical data showed the highest growth both in terms of number and proportion of these specialists in the early years of the education reform in the country, when there was a maximum influx of graduates who had completed their education before the reform. From 1960 to 1965, the dynamics of these indicators significantly slowed down, indicating the impact of negative factors from the ongoing reform. In the post-reform period, there was an observed acceleration in the growth rate of both the number and proportion of middle-level specialists. Conclusion. The results obtained from this study can be used both as a basis for examining issues related to state policy on staffing the national economy with professional personnel during the specified period and for researching the history of the system of secondary specialized education in general. The general patterns identified in the study regarding changes in the number of mid-level staff employed in the national economy of the five Finno-Ugric republics of the RSFSR from 1955 to 1975, as well as the noted peculiarities of this process in individual republics against the backdrop of educational reforms in the country and the post-reform years, allow for further analysis of similar processes in other regions of the country.

A comparative analysis of the fulfillment of the necessary conditions for implementing the digital transformation of the economy using intellectual property in the world and in the Republic of Belarus was carried out. It has been established that in order to implement the digital transformation of the economy, it is necessary to fulfill two conditions directly related to intellectual property: the development of software and the availability of an instrument fleet, determined by patents for inventions in the field of information and communication technologies. It is concluded that Belarus has significant potential in the field of software creation. A noticeable lag in the Republic in terms of creating an instrument base for information and communication technologies has been revealed, which is confirmed by the small number of patents in the field of these technologies and in the field of artificial intelligence received by national applicants. The main directions for the development of digital transformation of the national economy in terms of intellectual property are formulated.

In this study, we examine how entrepreneurs’ perception of the national and local economy affects the entrepreneurial activity in U.S. states. We also look into the impact on small business owners’ outlook for the future and on their firm’s performance. Does the status of the economy affect small business owners’ optimism, their activities, and their success? We find that although the perception of the economy does not have an impact on the entrepreneurial activity in a state (as measured by the number of new startups), it has a significant impact on both small firms’ performance and small business owners’ outlook for the future. In the states where the business owners have a more positive view on the national economy, small firms are more successful and their owners are more optimistic in terms of their plans for future hiring. In the states where the business owners have a more positive view on the local economy, small firms are more successful and their owners are more optimistic in terms of encouraging others to start a business in their state. We also find that the states with a higher percentage of owners showing their business as primary employment tend to have significantly more entrepreneurial activity when compared to the other states.

The economic growth of a country is influenced by the high level of education. From the point of view of production function, the educational field with various activities can be categorised as a large industry with economic potential because it has significant scientific and human resources. The educational activity in the economic sphere is considered in two directions – the consumer aspect (short-term) and the investment-containing long-term development process. The ongoing educational process actively stimulates the economic growth when the young generation of students acquires modern knowledge, competencies and skills that ensure the future dynamic development of the country. The era of digitalisation has changed the mechanisms of interaction between economic structures, and therefore education should be a driving force of development. Consequently, it is at the origin of new innovative technologies of training. This is necessary to occupy the main positions in the field of scientific and technological progress. Higher education institutions and their activities have become a sector with a leading economic paradigm. The paradigm shift is causal. In order for education not only to exist, but also to be at a decent level, remaining the basis for the development of economic potential and society, it is necessary to make science the base, the foundation of all changes. The principle of “managing education in a business-like, scientific way, without turning it into a business” has become the main one in the context of transforming the educational sector into a modern, innovative sphere, meeting the requirements and needs of the evolving digital time.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research presented in the scientific paper is based on the solution of the problem of the effective functioning of the market environment, agricultural market infrastructure in Ukraine, problems and prospects that Ukrainian agrarian modernity has today in the development of global food markets. An important block of issues is also the role of the state in building new mechanisms of restrictions and incentives, implementation of the whole set of regulatory policies during the war in the context of global political, economic, food and financial challenges. The purpose of the study is to improve scientific approaches and practical recommendations for solving the problem of ensuring the organisational and economic foundations of the functioning of the agrarian market in Ukraine under martial law. In order to achieve this goal, a wide range of research methods was used, the most important of which were the methods of generalisation and synthesis, scientific abstraction, analytical diagnostics, descriptive statistics. The methodical basis of the research were general and special methods, namely: system analysis - in order to comprehensively characterise the strategic potential of agricultural development; statistical analysis (method of standard deviation) of the dynamics of gross production by main types of agricultural products, generalisation and synthesis - in order to examine the legislative and regulatory bases in the direction of diagnosis of the potential of the agricultural sector to ensure the sustainability of national food security. The dialectical method of understanding socio-economic processes, the formal-logical method and the method of system analysis have been applied in order to better understand the processes of the country's food supply, the formation of food independence from imports, the identification of the regularities of the processes of food self-sufficiency, as well as to take into account the influence of macroeconomic factors on the improvement of the level of national food supply and food security. The main set of indicators and factors (conditions) of national food security and the set of indicators of national food security were formed to address important issues of food supply in accordance with the country's potential capabilities in the production, storage, processing of agricultural products to provide food for all categories of the population with appropriate levels of consumption, as well as food of adequate quality and safety. The study determines that the economic focus of regulatory measures on the food sector, on the protection of domestic consumers, will lead to the provision of agricultural producers with the necessary and optimal level of income, and will help to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector as a whole. It has been proved that solving the problem of improving the organisational and economic foundations of functioning of the agrarian market of Ukraine under martial law will generally contribute to ensuring the level of national food security, which will further give a powerful impetus to the State-building in Ukraine under martial law.

This article discusses current trends and analysis of horse meat processing in Kazakhstan. The analysis of the dynamics of the number of horses in all categories was carried out. In the conditions of the modern market, economic efficiency depends on a number of factors, in particular, on the rational use of available resources that form the strategic competitiveness of the industry, as evidenced by the high results of foreign use of horse breeding resources. In this regard, internal and external factors of fattening and processing of meat affecting the development of the industry were identified. The study presents an independent comprehensive market analysis using various sources of official data, which reflects the current situation in the market of horse meat keeping, fattening and processing, assesses the potential for market development, calculates all the main key indicators and is a good tool for decision-making in strategic planning and investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine how entrepreneurs’ perception of the national and local economy affects the entrepreneurial activity in U.S. states. We also look into the impact on small business owners’ outlook for the future and on their firm’s performance. Does the status of the economy affect small business owners’ optimism, their activities, and their success? We find that although the perception of the economy does not have an impact on the entrepreneurial activity in a state (as measured by the number of new startups), it has a significant impact on both small firms’ performance and small business owners’ outlook for the future. In the states where the business owners have a more positive view on the national economy, small firms are more successful and their owners are more optimistic in terms of their plans for future hiring. In the states where the business owners have a more positive view on the local economy, small firms are more successful and their owners are more optimistic in terms of encouraging others to start a business in their state. We also find that the states with a higher percentage of owners showing their business as primary employment tend to have significantly more entrepreneurial activity when compared to the other states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article emphasizes that the war in Ukraine poses complex challenges to the state, with the need to balance the need to strengthen state regulation of the economy to meet defense needs and preserve the principles of the free market. This balance becomes particularly acute in the context of upholding and implementing socioeconomic human rights, which may be restricted in times of war. The authors investigate the limits of state influence on the economy in wartime, taking into account the need to uphold and implement socio-economic human rights, and also explore various strategies of state intervention in the economy in wartime, such as imposing economic sanctions, stimulating the production of military equipment and providing financial support for humanitarian needs. The authors propose a comprehensive analysis of the limits and instruments of state influence on the economy in wartime, taking into account the need to uphold and implement socio-economic human rights. It is argued that the limits and instruments of state influence on the economy, which ensure a balance between the needs of defense, market functioning and upholding of socio-economic human rights, should be defined by law. The current situation of the state’s economy is described. The socio-economic perspectives of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine are characterized. Recommendations for improving the mechanisms of state regulation of the economy in times of war are developed. In particular, the author emphasizes that the longer the war lasts, the deeper the economic crisis will become and the more negative the impact on the socio-economic sphere will increase. This is due to numerous factors, such as: destruction of infrastructure; decline in production; loss of jobs; rising prices; and reduced trade. In view of the significant economic risks, the authors conclude that the political authorities and representatives of civil society should focus their joint efforts on: infrastructure reconstruction; support for small and mediumsized entrepreneurship; social assistance; investments in education and healthcare; and international cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze a range of influential challenges to realize AI based economic transformation, thereby producing a comprehensive AI development strategy to maximize the benefits of AI with the minimum possible risk. Research data was obtained from interviews, observations, literature studies, and data triangulation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the Indonesian Government needs to take several strategic steps in an effort to realize AI optimization to support economic transformation by strengthening the availability of equitable digital infrastructure to support AI implementation, increasing the availability of skilled human resources equivalent to AI technology capacity, providing conducive policy and regulatory support for AI investment and research, and optimizing the ecosystem that supports Innovation and technology startups for the development of AI-based products and services, in order to increase national economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The economic situation in most countries demonstrates an ever-increasing demand for investment resources while their supply is significantly limited. A system of factors characterized by multidirectional action forms the so-called investment environment in the country. Its structure and level of efficiency are crucial determinants for ensuring the sustainable economic development of a country. The purpose of the study is to substantiate scientific and practical recommendations for the formation of a highly efficient macro-space of the economy of Ukraine based on the implementation of rational investment policy measures. In the course of this research, an analysis of foreign investment volumes in Ukraine was conducted, and a list of factors ensuring the positive investment image of the country in the international arena was identified. The result of the study is constructed trend lines of GDP dependence on direct foreign investors in Ukraine and abroad, as well as trend lines of GDP dependence on the level of the tax burden and the integral indicator of the level of the shadow economy; the delineation of the main directions for forming an investment environment in the context of attracting foreign capital investments. The priority vectors of optimizing the investment environment in Ukraine are substantiated and the main problems of Ukraine's investment attractiveness as a motivational factor for investment activity are determined. The strategic directions for the development of investment attractiveness of the national economy under modern business conditions have been justified. The methodological basis of the research consists of a systematic, comprehensive, and evolutionary approach. The main scientific results of the study were obtained through the use of methods such as structural-logical analysis, theoretical generalization, comparative analysis, structural-functional analysis, and a comprehensive approach based on identifying cause-and-effect relationships, as well as logical, economic and mathematical modelling, analytical, and graphical methods.

On the current stage of economic and geo-political development of the country, that can be characterized by weakening of foreign-economic relations with unfriendly countries, sanctions against Russian economy and blocking the access to import technologies strategically important for Russian production, issues dealing with Russian economy arrival on the advanced technological level become more and more acute. Ensuring technological sovereignty of national economy in crucial industries is a top-priority task for attaining this goal and academic research of technological sovereignty is especially topical today. Thus, the present article studies essential and conceptual characteristics of economy technological sovereignty. By analyzing academic literature the author identified three scientific and practical approaches to understanding the essence of technological sovereignty: technological sovereignty as a component of economic and national security; technological sovereignty as an element of open-type economy; technological sovereignty as a factor of geo-political development and as a level of science and technological development collated with global one. The article shows strategic basis of technological sovereignty in Russia. And finally, the author came to the conclusion that the vector of Russian economy development combined with achieving technological independence of national economy is strategically true.

The aim of the article is a comparative analysis of the efficiency of functioning of the national economy on the basis of the «input – output» model and the most important macroeconomic indicators of its development. The indicators of efficiency of the functioning of the economy in 2012–2020 were calculated, built on the basis of the relevant elements of the matrices of the coefficients of direct and total costs of the V. Leontiev’s model. The carried-out analysis of performance indicators has made it possible to allocate periods of their growth and decline, to show that less efficient industries are mainly used in the country’s economy. A comparative study of the features of the dynamics of efficiency of functioning of the national economy and the main macroeconomic indicators of its development is carried out. For this purpose, the corresponding pair correlation coefficients are calculated. The closeness of the relationship between macroeconomic indicators of development and quantitative indicators of the investment climate is also assessed. The obtained low values of the defined correlation coefficients may indicate that the processes of change in the size of the national economy in the specified period are not directly related to such an important factor as the efficiency of its functioning, the investment climate is also not significant for the economic development of the State. In this regard, it is natural to assume that other factors have a decisive influence on the development of the economic system of Ukraine, which requires their further identification and study. In addition to the already known on the basis of the «input – output» model, new indicators of efficiency of functioning of macroeconomic systems have been proposed. As an actual direction of development of the presented material, the analysis of the features of the economic and mathematical content and the ratio of various indicators of efficiency, built on the basis of the model of V. Leontiev, and a clarification of the specific possibilities of their use in the relevant economic studies can be considered.

Relevance. The banking system is a key structure in a market economy. The definition of a «banking system» affects all aspects of its functioning: organizational, legal, and institutional. The banking system can function effectively only if a number of principles are fulfilled that justify the organization of effective monetary circulation that meets the needs of the economy and its expanded reproduction. The national banking system exists in the economic environment of the State in which it operates. Therefore, the study of the banking system of the Russian Federation involves considering it not separately, but together with a set of factors influencing it. Aim. To substantiate the factors of developing the banking system in the Russian Federation through segmentation at the level of the macroenvironment (external indirect impact) and microenvironment (internal direct impact). Methods. General scientific methods of cognition, including comparativism, segmentation, generalization, synthesis, detailing. Tasks. In order to achieve this aim, the segmentation of the factors for developing the banking system in the Russian Federation was carried out, indicating the specifics of the impact. The authors have considered the eterministic analysis models that can be applied to quantify the degree of impact. Results. The factors influencing the banking system can be conditionally divided into internal and external ones. Internal factors have a direct impact on the banking sector development, external factors may indirectly influence it, but this in no way reduces the degree of possible impact. The factors were grouped according to the following criteria: economic, social, man-made, managerial, professional, political, and competitive. It is quite difficult to assess the influence of one or another factor, first of all, for the reason that all the analyzed indicators must be expressed quantitatively. There is also a question about the degree of influence of one or another factor, which should be expressed in terms of coefficients, that is, in any case, there may be a subjectivity of assessment in the calculation, which makes the calculations ambiguous and possibly erroneous. It is advisable to assess the impact of the studied factors using deterministic factor models that will generate a model for the banking system development and formulate strategies for the development of the banking sector and the country economy. Conclusions. The necessity of structuring the factors of banking system development was justified in order to further evaluate them through a deterministic factor analysis in order to bring the results obtained to numerical values.

Effective foreign economic activity contributes to the reproduction of the country's export potential, increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian products of the woodworking sector on world markets, forming a rational structure of export and import, attracting foreign investments on mutually beneficial terms, ensuring the economic security of Ukraine. The article examines the peculiarities of the realization of the export potential of Ukraine on the world market of furniture and wood products. An analytical assessment of the current state and competitiveness of Ukrainian woodworking products on foreign markets was carried out. On the basis of statistical analysis, the trends of Ukraine's export potential in the wood industry were revealed. An analysis of the international wood market and export prospects for Ukraine was performed. Strategic directions for improving the efficiency of Ukrainian wood exports have been determined. The need for the formation of proper infrastructural support for the management of the foreign economic activities of woodworking industry enterprises based on the creation of a cluster structure as a form of cooperation between authorities, institutions of critical infrastructure (transport, logistics, innovation, information, industry, etc.), institutions and organizations of the business, scientific and educational environment is substantiated. The practical significance of the obtained research results is that substantiated scientific and methodological provisions and recommendations can be used in the development of export strategies and mechanisms for their implementation by enterprises and various categories of stakeholders – participants in foreign economic activity, which would correspond to the modern conditions of their management, as well as in the finalization of the Strategy recovery and resilience of the national economy.

The investments, for any country, represent the important source of economic growth. Investments are made in all fields of activity, in all branches of the national economy, but also in the development of the housing stock, i.e. in construction. From this point of view, in this article, the authors aim to highlight how the realization of net investments and constructions in Romania evolved at the end of 2023. In this sense, the (provisional) data recorded at the end of last year will be compared, compared with the quarterly evolution in the year 2023, the achievements of 2023 compared to 2022 and even other previous years. From this point of view, recent data were used, published by the National Institute of Statistics through press releases no. 56 and 57 of March 12, 2024. The analysis carried out starts from the concrete data recorded, with two directions. On the one hand, the evolution of activity in these two sectors of activity, that of total investments in the national economy and that of investments in housing construction. In the analysis carried out, it was aimed that the data be successively compared by quarter, in order to determine the trend of these total investments in the national economy. It is very important to emphasize that investments play an important role in ensuring macro-stability and registering an upward course. The establishment of investments made in several fields of activity, such as in new constructions, machinery including means of transport, other expenses that were made within the national economy, was considered. Regarding the results recorded by Romania in the field of housing construction, we performed an analysis based on comparative data, between the year 2023 and the year 2022, between the 4th quarter of 2023 and the 4th quarter of 2022, as well as the trend of the evolution of these investments in new housing constructions. In carrying out the study, we used a series of statistical-econometric methods, among which we mention the structure indicators, the data being suggestively presented through tables and graphic representations. This article is meant to highlight that progress has been made in the area of net investment compared to 2022 and previous years. It should be noted that these past three years, 2021 - 2023, were years in which overlapping crises had an effect (pandemic crisis, economic-financial crisis, energy and food crisis), all taking place simultaneously, with effects from the most harmful for the evolution of the national economy in all fields of activity, as well as for the maintenance of macrostability. There is an improvement in net investments in all fields of activity, as a result of own sources, community sources, foreign direct investments. In terms of the new housing stock made through investment, it has decreased as the prices of raw materials and labor have increased due to high inflation, as well as the increase in the price of new housing, which is becoming increasingly difficult to afford to those interested in purchasing their own home. This is actually a paradox, in the sense that the need for housing is still high enough, but the possibility of procurement is decreasing more and more. Another aspect we mentioned in this article is that in the field of construction, Romania faces a labor shortage. This is because salaries and some facilities granted until now have decreased and the labor force from abroad, especially from Asian countries, has decreased and will continue to decrease as a result of Romania’s status as a Schengen member in the air environment. In this article, we have used graphical, tabular and other statistical representations to clearly highlight the developments that have taken place in these areas of activity.

Introduction. The banking sector is a key sector of the national economy and a growth factor, determining its efficiency and development prospects. Over the past year and a half, the national economy in general and the banking sector in particular have been adapting to the external negative impact of the sanctions policies of Western countries. Package sanctions were created on a regular basis and are used today to limit the development of the country in all areas. Theoretical analysis. The study identifies and substantiates the factors that ensure the relationship between the sanctions imposed by Western countries and the state of the banking sector of the Russian Federation. The basis for the Russian banking sector functioning is systemically important banks; in this regard, the influence of sanctions on their activities and mechanisms of adaptation to sanctions are of particular research interest. Empirical analysis. Statistical indicators of the banking sector, assets, lending to corporate clients and individuals, profits of the banking sector and credit organizations were analyzed, conclusions were drawn about successful adaptation to sanctions due to growth in indicators, high margins and a significant reduction in the cost of risk in comparison with 2022. Results. The process of the banking sector adaptation to sanctions pressure is presented and the reasons for its effective recovery are identified.

The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 has underscored the paramount importance of regional economies' capacities to withstand and adapt to external shocks. Enhancing regional economic resilience and mitigating the adverse impacts on both the economy and society have emerged as critical imperatives for ensuring the sustainable development and transformation of the national economy. This paper employs an improved counterfactual method to measure the economic resilience index across 31 Chinese provinces and cities from 2001 to 2021, coupled with empirical analysis using a dynamic panel model to identify the influencing factors of regional economic resilience. Building upon this foundation, the study delves into the heterogeneous effects of various factors and different degrees of marketization on economic resilience across different regions. Research Findings: (1) There has been a significant improvement in the economic resilience levels of China's 31 provinces, with differences in economic resilience between regions far exceeding those in economic development levels, indicating substantial internal regional disparities. (2) Factors such as the marketization index, industrial structure, level of informatization, labor force size, labor quality, innovation capacity, and degree of government intervention all impact regional economic resilience and exhibit regional heterogeneity. Policy Recommendations: (1) It is crucial to address regional disparities while formulating regional development strategies and enhancing regional economic resilience. (2) Regions should accelerate market-oriented reforms, promote rational labor mobility, strengthen investment in human capital, foster innovation, and adjust the degree of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to study the methodology for analyzing the financial results of the enterprise and the formation of a comprehensive approach for its implementation, taking into account the theoretical aspects of the research of scientists and the practical aspects of the functioning of enterprises in modern conditions, including subjects of the agricultural industry. It has been proven that the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine had a significant impact on the financial results of export-import operations, on negative changes in the balance and the coefficient of coverage of imports by exports. But despite a certain reduction in the positive balance in agricultural goods trade, there is an improvement in the structure of foreign trade turnover and the functioning of the agricultural sector even during the period of military operations and the difficult economic situation in Ukraine. It has been found that increasing the financial results of such subjects of the national economy is possible with the use of such a tool in their management system as financial analysis. The method of analyzing the financial results of enterprises from 2000 to the present time has been studied. It has been proven that the method of analyzing financial results changes in accordance with changes in the factors of the external environment of enterprise functioning, changes in the enterprise management system, requirements of management and owners to ensure and increase the efficiency of operation, competitiveness and development, transformation of activities, as well as scientific research on the formation and development of methodological bases of such research. It has been substantiated that in the modern realities of conducting financial analysis, the analysis methods associated with a more detailed calculation based on various articles of financial reporting inevitably come to the fore. This is connected with the need for a more in-depth analysis of financial statements, financial condition, financial results and active business activity of the enterprise in the modern conditions of its functioning. A comprehensive methodical approach to conducting the financial results of the company's activity has been formed, which has been substantiated by us and, in our opinion, is important for ensuring the effective activity, competitiveness and profitability of the business of such important subjects of the national economy as the subjects of the agricultural industry of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for electricity, driven by factors such as the shift to carbon neutrality and economic growth, is a challenge shared by South Korea and Japan. South Korea, a peninsula nation, and Japan, an island country, which are both heavily dependent on foreign energy sources and have manufacturing-based industrial structures, are actively working to secure stable power supplies for their economic development. This article carries out a quantitative analysis of the roles of the South Korean and Japanese electric power sectors (EPSs) in their respective economies, seeking to identify differences and generate actionable insights for decision making and policy formulation. Utilizing the input–output (IO) technique with the latest available data, the analysis includes a demand-side model, a supply-side model, and a price-side model to examine various effects of the EPSs. The key findings reveal differences in the production-inducing, value-added creation, and job-creation effects between the two countries, highlighting operational disparities in their electricity sectors. Additionally, South Korea exhibits higher wage-inducing, supply shortage, and price-side effects than Japan, because of its public enterprise-oriented high-wage structure and a substantial manufacturing sector. These quantitative results provide valuable reference material for future government decisions and policy development in the EPS and emphasize the significant role and impact of the power sector in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information technologies play a crucial role in the modern economic system, acting as a driver for the development of the state. Information technologies are not only one of the most important factors stimulating economic growth but also contribute to the development of society, employment stimulation, and competition enhancement. The information technology market generates a significant portion of the GDP and export revenues. The analysis of the formation and development of the domestic information technology market is a key factor in understanding its importance in shaping the prospects of Ukraine as a digital state. The study analyses the dynamics of the development of the national information technology market, providing a comparative analysis of indicators between the Ukrainian market and several other countries. The article aims to analyse the macroeconomic impact of the information technology market on the development of the national economy, investigating correlation relationships between the rates of economic growth and various indicators both in Ukraine and in EU countries. The article explores the directions of the influence of the national information technology market on the dynamics of economic growth. Based on the conducted analysis, conclusions are drawn about the existence of a direct correlation between the growth of information technology export and GDP growth both in Ukraine and in European Union countries. The correlation between the increase in GDP and the growth of other important indicators in the information technology market, including the number of specialists and investments in scientific research, is analysed. Statistical methods reveal a relatively strong connection between the growth rates of investments in scientific research in the field of information technology and the GDP growth rate. At the same time, the correlation between the growth of the workforce in the information technology market and GDP is somewhat weaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the industrial revolution in Europe, foreign investors and businessmen were drawn to the numerous business opportunities of Gilan, which subsequently became one of the first regions in Iran to begin the process of integration into the global economy. Indeed, this northern territory bordering the Caspian Sea attracted foreign investment in the economic sectors of fisheries, industry, agriculture and oil, particularly in the second half of the Qajar era. The trade routes of Gilan had been among the main highways for the importation of new consumer goods, and accordingly the customs authorities in Astara and Anzali played a unique role in the country's international trade. However, due to the weakness of the Iranian government that ultimately led to the fall of the Qajar Dynasty, this accumulation of capital in Gilan led to the expansion of the power and influence of this province in relation to the central government; and to some extent, it gained more autonomy from the national economy. The two research questions to be answered are: a) What was the nature of the process of economic externalization in Gilan in the late Qajar period? and b) What were the implications of this economic externalization for the social and political conditions of Gilan in the late Qajar period? In the research hypothesis, it is argued that the foreign capital injection into the economy of Gilan gradually led to its dependency on the global economy and concurrently helped it to gain relative economic independence from the national economy which in turn weakened the political influence of the central government over the local economic players. Data is collected by the use of the method of qualitative thematic analysis of historical records and documents in addition to exploring the findings of previous research on the subject. As the last decades of Qajar rule approached, Gilan was well on the threshold of becoming an industrialized province with more economic independence from the government in Tehran, due to the direct ties established between foreign investors and a score of Gilan's merchants and upper-class businessmen who no longer needed to be supported by the central government. The authors' theoretical framework is based on Eric Wolf's study of the peasant revolts in the 20th century. His main argument is that the peasant revolts had occurred in the situations where the local economy-global economy linkage had resulted in the relative strengthening of the villagers and the creation of a large middle-class and wealthy peasants. At the same time, this linkage has led to the foreign powers' support for the 'rebel' region and consequently to the weakening of the central government's hold on that region. In the conclusion, it is stated that the foreign investors, notably Russia, created the economic dependency of merchants, peasants and artisans of Gilan by importing capital goods, establishing several factories and commercial offices, purchasing fertile land from the local. Russia also provided extensive military support for its loyal local allies in Gilan, and thus the central government's power in this province was severely weakened politically and militarily. As a result, the groundwork was put in place for the activities of opposition forces in Gilan in the period of 1905-1925. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a significant increase of interest in the study of the impact of economic indicators on telecommunications infrastructure, which is due to the rapid development of the digital economy and the need to optimize telecommunications networks. The topic of the study is relevant due to the accelerated digitalization and digital transformation of the economy and the need to optimize telecommunications networks to ensure sustainable economic growth. Telecommunications infrastructure plays a key role in the development of the information society, improving the quality of life and competitiveness of countries on the world stage. The assessment of the impact of economic indicators on telecommunications infrastructure allows us to develop effective management decisions to implement the development strategy and attract investment in this sector. The article assesses the impact of indicators of the national economy on telecommunications infrastructure. Key economic parameters, such as GDP per capita, inflation rate, unemployment rate, amount of investment in infrastructure, level of competition, tariffs for telecommunication services, innovative technologies, government subsidies and support, level of urbanization and access to financial markets are considered. A linear multifactor regression model is proposed to quantify the impact of each of these parameters, providing justification for management decisions. An example of calculating the impact of economic parameters on telecommunications infrastructure for different countries is given. The study highlights the importance of a management approach to estimating economic parameters affecting telecommunications infrastructure and the need to integrate different methods and models to achieve optimal results in a rapidly developing digital economy. Further research may be aimed at an in-depth study of the impact of specific innovative technologies on the management decision-making process in telecommunications infrastructure, as well as the development of more complex models, that take into account non-linear dependencies and relationships between economic parameters. In addition, it is advisable to conduct additional empirical studies using data on a larger number of countries and regions to improve the accuracy and reliability of the estimates.

The modernization processes in economic policy that took place in the early years in Soviet Russia significantly influenced the gold mining situation, including in the field of circulation of precious metals and precious stones, which was in a depressed state. In the presented scientific publication, the authors examine the state policy of the state in relation to precious metals and precious stones as the most important factor in solving economic problems in the early 1920s. Based on generally accepted international requirements and standards for gold currencies, their integral role in the global monetary system is assessed. This is, first of all, monetary circulation; financial interaction with foreign countries and settlements with them; loan guarantees and repayment of external debt, as well as the formation of a mobilization foreign exchange reserve. Using the example of the territories of the South of Russia, including the nomadic Kalmyk people, it is shown in detail that the Soviet state, as a result of extreme measures — voluntaryforced confiscation of precious metals and stones, managed to contribute to the fight against the famine disaster and at the same time replenish the state treasury. It has been proven that by 1923 the external foreign currency debt and budget deficit had decreased; the country’s gold reserves began to increase; a single center for the management and circulation of precious metals and precious stones was created

Currently, the problems of sustainable and rational land use are becoming relevant in most countries of the world. Ukraine is no exception. And these issues have become extremely urgent as a result of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In view of this, the purpose of the article is to study and summarize the international experience in the development of the system of sustainable and rational land use; identification of modern problems of land use in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine and ways to solve them. To achieve this purpose, the following general scientific methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, component analysis, comparison, analogy, classification, statistical analysis, expert survey, bibliometric analysis, trend analysis (using the Google Trends), structural and logical generalization. A bibliometric and trend analysis of the relationship between the terms «sustainable land use» and «rational land use» is carried out. On the basis of the study and generalization of international experience, specific features and differences in the development of the system of sustainable land use in some countries of the world have been identified. A statistical analysis of indicators of land use development in Ukraine in the pre-wartime period is carried out. The problems, threats and risks of land use associated with hostilities on the territory of Ukraine are identified. The experience of implementing national land restoration policies by countries affected by hostilities is analyzed. It is determined that the current economic conditions in Ukraine require the creation of appropriate institutional conditions and the improvement of mechanisms for ensuring sustainable land use, taking into account the specifics of wartime. As a result of the study, it is proved that in order to ensure sustainable and rational land use in Ukraine, taking into account the best world practices that are used in most countries of the world, it is necessary to develop a set of provisions and recommendations of a theoretical, methodological and practical nature.

The conditions of the digital economy set a new context for social security management. The use of digital technologies can help streamline processes, increase efficiency, and ensure a rapid and accurate response to social challenges. That is why the presented study is up-to-date and of relevace. The aim of the publication is to define the main features of the social security management system in the digital economy, taking into account the local level, that is, the level of the city. The main methods of the carried out study are: analysis and synthesis – to define the main components of social security management at the local level, as well as the main features of the digital economy in the context of social security; deduction and induction – to define the components of social security at different levels of management; method of comparison – to define the features of the levels of social security management; graphical method – for visual display of the provided results. The main results of the carried out study can be considered the following identified features of social security in the digital economy: development and implementation of platforms for the provision of social services online, which simplifies citizens’ access to social support; the use of digital identifiers for citizens in social protection systems and the issuance of electronic cards to access the services; ensuring a high level of cybersecurity to protect personal data and prevent cyber threats; application of analytical tools to identify social trends, forecasting the needs and development of social programs; the use of artificial intelligence to optimize the allocation of resources and determine priorities in the social sphere; introduction of chatbots and virtual assistants for consultations and provision of information on social services; implementing digital solutions in social protection programs to make them more flexible and efficient; automation of the processes of assigning and paying social benefits to speed up the provision of support; introduction of electronic systems for the exchange of medical information and electronic medical records; ensuring the possibility of remote medical consultations and electronic prescriptions; creation of electronic platforms for education and advanced training for the unemployed and low-income groups; development of electronic labor markets and platforms for online employment. The digital economy opens up new opportunities for improving the management of social security, simplifies access to social services and allows for more effective resolution of social problems. At the same time, it is important to take into account the aspects of cybersecurity, privacy, and accessibility of digital solutions for all segments of the population.

This study aims to analyze the reality of e-commerce indicators and their contribution to the diversification of the Algerian economy, thus presenting the opportunities for the development of e-commerce and the challenges of its development. The study concluded that e-commerce in Algeria is growing steadily thanks to the growth in the number of Internet users of Smartphones, except that its efficiency is still meager, which reflects its low contribution to the national economy. The results also indicate that the obstacles hindering the growth of e-commerce in Algeria are mainly due to the weakness of electronic payment and the lack of qualified resources as well as environmental and economic constraints. The study recommended the need to rebuild the mode of planning and development of digital infrastructures in Algeria, as they are considered as an engine of growth, productivity and competitiveness between companies and countries.

Digital economy is developing rapidly and has a deep degree of influence on the national economy sectors as a whole, including the construction industry. Based on the fact that the digital economy contributes to large-scale changes in methods, management, lifestyle and is a key force in the reorganization of global elements and resources, the article analyzes current trends in implementation, ways and problems of digital transformation of the construction industry that arose in the period 2022–2023. Considering that one of the most important development goals of the construction industry digital transformation is the implementation of industrial intelligence, digital innovations have a significant impact on the business development speed, open up opportunities for continuous improvement of business processes. The article outlines the current trends in the digital transformation of the construction industry of the Russian Federation, methods of their implementation, their interrelation, problems, possible directions and applications. Along with the theoretical analysis practical introduction aspects of digital transformation trends in the construction industry of the Russian Federation are demonstrated. To achieve a technological breakthrough, recommendations are proposed for the transformation of the construction industry, considering the use of digital construction, digital architecture, and intelligent systems. The main impact aspects of the digital economy on the construction industry are formulated. The fact that the transformation of the construction industry in the era of the digital economy needs a deep adaptation to new technological processes indicates the relevance of research in this direction.

The meeting of interests between the Government of Indonesia (cq. The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia) and investors in the field of oil and gas investment in Indonesia is a meeting with relatively different final objectives, but business cooperation that complements each other creates synergies, and is mutually beneficial for each other’s interests, according to a mutually agreed-upon agreement or contract. This study will investigate the relationship between Indonesian constitutional mandates and the implementation of oil and gas investments. According to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Pancasila, the study demonstrates that natural resources (SDA) are capital for national economic development. Based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the development of the national economy is a part of the endeavor to realize the just and prosperous welfare of the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2007 Global Crisis and the subsequent Covid-19 period, it was observed that the expenditures of states and therefore their role in the economy increased. Fiscal policy tools, and especially the expenditure items that constitute social state expenditures, have been used more intensively in recent years to eliminate imbalances and instabilities in the economy. During the global crisis and the Covid-19 period, which constitutes the scope of the study, states intervened in the economy by increasing social state expenditures in order to overcome the negativities affecting demand and supply. Increasing social state expenditures has been effective in solving the problems of insufficient demand and supply congestion in the economy. The instability problems experienced in the economy during the Covid-19 period and other periods show that the regulatory and supportive power of states must be constantly present. This is necessary for the continuity of growth and employment. States should make expenditures that support consumers and producers in the economy through social state expenditures. In this study, social state expenditures made in 2020-2021, which constitute the Covid-19 period, were examined by taking into account other years and on the basis of some countries where Covid-19 was effective. In this period, as social state expenditures; it has been observed that expenditures such as social protection expenditures, unemployment insurance, short-time working practices, social assistance expenditures for those in need, health expenditures, universal basic income, and citizenship income (salary) applications have been put into practice by different countries. In the study, a national model that can be applied in every situation that will provide sustainable growth and employment for every country has been proposed within the scope of social expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade with national currencies is currently on the agenda of the BRICS countries, Turkey, and many other countries. Although this issue has appeared in various forms over time, it is discussed and explained in detail in the National Economy Model written by Baş (2005), and countries are recommended to trade with national currencies in international trade as stated in the model. The predominant use of foreign currencies, especially the US dollar, as a reserve currency in international trade has many negative effects on national economies. For this reason, countries have recently preferred to use national currencies in trade. In this study, after explaining the development of the dollar and some other foreign currencies as reserve currency, information is provided about the use of national currency. Additionally, implementations to reduce the use of foreign currencies in country economies are explained. Russia's first steps in trade with national currencies, its extensive use in international goods and services exchange, and its publication of data on this subject have formed the sample of this study and also enabled empirical studies. In the empirical application part of the research, the effect of the use of local currencies on Russia's exports of goods and services on the country's exports was investigated by Fourier ADF unit root test, Toda-Yamamoto causality, and Fourier-Toda-Yamamoto Causality tests. The results of the research support the use of national currency in international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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European integration processes have changed the requirements for organizations, shifting attention from external factors to internal properties. Unique knowledge and experience, combined with resources and technologies, shape the organization's competence, determining its ability to operate effectively. The increasing number of organizations capable of achieving high-performance indicators, i.e. competent in conditions of market activities coloured by military actions, is considered a factor in the development of the national economy. This work aims to justify the predominant impact of the results of Ukrainian organizations' activities, as an indicator of competence, on GDP volumes as a comprehensive indicator of economic efficiency and state development. Methods such as information systematization, grouping and comparative analysis, correlation regression, content and logical analysis, scientific induction, and deduction have been used. An obvious imbalance of the regional structure of the economy with the concentration of organizations in six leading regions (49,85%) was revealed, which does not always indicate their greatest impact on GDP volumes. This confirmed the inexpediency of considering the indicator of the number of organizations as a determining factor of influence on the national economy. The assumption of greater significance in ensuring the stable functioning of the economy based on the results of organizational activities has led to the analysis of the volumes of products produced and sold, their ratios, and projections of trends on GDP volumes. The higher performance of representatives of large and medium-sized businesses is explained by the presence of a wider list of competencies, therefore, higher competitiveness of organizations and the probability of resistance to external changes. Identity, but the unequal trends in production volumes and GDP outline prospects for further analysis of financial performance indicators in the context of their impact on the competence level of organizations, which most fully characterizes their ability to conduct successful activities, ensuring sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the possible ways to attract financial resources from economic entities to implement sustainability projects is through impact investing, a relatively new approach that allows investing funds to develop social and environmental spheres and receive dividends from making these resources available to business entities. However, in Ukraine, the use of this type of approach is not developed, which makes it important to study this situation, to identify obstacles that hinder the development of impact investing, and to find possible measures to enhance the use of this area of fundraising. In the article, the theoretical framework for the development of impact investing in Ukraine are investigated. To this end, the author has studied the essence of this type of investment, and the peculiarities of its implementation are substantiated, which allowed identifying the main barriers to its development in the future. To better understand the peculiarities of intensifying the use of impact investing, in the article, the measures to stimulate this development are identified and systematized. This was done by dividing them according to the following criteria, namely: the scale of implementation (macro-measures; micro-measures), and the areas of implementation (organizational, economic, social, and financial Specifying the directions of stimulating the implementation of the sustainable development model will, as it has been established, create attractive conditions for gradual intensification of the activities of economic entities in the direction of using the mechanisms of impact investing. Within the article, the essence and structure of the integration and adaptation model of the development of the impact investment system is also substantiated. This model describes the content of the integration and adaptation components, their content, identifies the basic components that form its basis, namely: behavioral, economic and social, specifies their essence and the role in the development of the impact investing system in Ukraine. The results of the analysis of the theoretical and applied provisions of the development of impact investing in Ukraine allowed us to identify the priority areas for stimulating this development. It is also established that this type of investment in social and environmental projects can play a key role in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insurance operations appear as a real economic and legal phenomenon. From this perspective, we distinguish the values of the insurance operation which are highlighted by the aspects: economic, technical and legal. The events that occur, and affect the lives, health of people and their assets, have taken the form of the risks that insurance companies assume towards the insured. This field, of insurance, must be seen, for its understanding, from the mentioned perspectives, each of which has a weight, so important, that the operation cannot take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is a comparative analysis of the efficiency of functioning of the national economy on the basis of the «input – output» model and the most important macroeconomic indicators of its development. The indicators of efficiency of the functioning of the economy in 2012–2020 were calculated, built on the basis of the relevant elements of the matrices of the coefficients of direct and total costs of the V. Leontiev’s model. The carried-out analysis of performance indicators has made it possible to allocate periods of their growth and decline, to show that less efficient industries are mainly used in the country’s economy. A comparative study of the features of the dynamics of efficiency of functioning of the national economy and the main macroeconomic indicators of its development is carried out. For this purpose, the corresponding pair correlation coefficients are calculated. The closeness of the relationship between macroeconomic indicators of development and quantitative indicators of the investment climate is also assessed. The obtained low values of the defined correlation coefficients may indicate that the processes of change in the size of the national economy in the specified period are not directly related to such an important factor as the efficiency of its functioning, the investment climate is also not significant for the economic development of the State. In this regard, it is natural to assume that other factors have a decisive influence on the development of the economic system of Ukraine, which requires their further identification and study. In addition to the already known on the basis of the «input – output» model, new indicators of efficiency of functioning of macroeconomic systems have been proposed. As an actual direction of development of the presented material, the analysis of the features of the economic and mathematical content and the ratio of various indicators of efficiency, built on the basis of the model of V. Leontiev, and a clarification of the specific possibilities of their use in the relevant economic studies can be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to propose a combination of methods as part of the analysis of progress in the context of the achievement of one of the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 12: responsible consumption and production) by Poland and Slovakia using sustainable development indicators. The method used was diagnostic survey, comparative analysis, and within the framework of data collection, the techniques of content analysis and desk research, which were integrally combined in the research procedure. The implementation of the analysis indicated that surveillance using sustainable development indicators is associated with difficulties (for example, gaps in the availability of standardized data and difficult access to adequate data) and generalizations and subjectivity. This analysis showed that the countries are successively striving to meet the provisions that are related to Goal 12. Estimates of the degree of achievement of the goal are adequate for the duration of the goal. Priority activities of the countries should focus on increasing the level of development of ecological agriculture, striving to increase the efficiency of use of available resources, changing the approach to available resources (moving away from linear development), and changing consumption patterns (increased development of a closed-loop economy). Future research areas will focus on analyzing the level of implications of the goals of Agenda 2030 in Poland and Slovakia and developing developmental forecasts for both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information technologies play a crucial role in the modern economic system, acting as a driver for the development of the state. Information technologies are not only one of the most important factors stimulating economic growth but also contribute to the development of society, employment stimulation, and competition enhancement. The information technology market generates a significant portion of the GDP and export revenues. The analysis of the formation and development of the domestic information technology market is a key factor in understanding its importance in shaping the prospects of Ukraine as a digital state. The study analyses the dynamics of the development of the national information technology market, providing a comparative analysis of indicators between the Ukrainian market and several other countries. The article aims to analyse the macroeconomic impact of the information technology market on the development of the national economy, investigating correlation relationships between the rates of economic growth and various indicators both in Ukraine and in EU countries. The article explores the directions of the influence of the national information technology market on the dynamics of economic growth. Based on the conducted analysis, conclusions are drawn about the existence of a direct correlation between the growth of information technology export and GDP growth both in Ukraine and in European Union countries. The correlation between the increase in GDP and the growth of other important indicators in the information technology market, including the number of specialists and investments in scientific research, is analysed. Statistical methods reveal a relatively strong connection between the growth rates of investments in scientific research in the field of information technology and the GDP growth rate. At the same time, the correlation between the growth of the workforce in the information technology market and GDP is somewhat weaker.