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Diagnosing and characterizing biliary strictures (BS) remains challenging. Artificial intelligence (AI) applied to digital single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC) holds promise for improving diagnostic accuracy in indeterminate BS. This multicenter study aimed to validate a convolutional neural network (CNN) model using a large dataset of D-SOC images to automatically detect and characterize malignant BS. D-SOC exams from three centers-Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal (n = 123), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain (n = 18), and New York University Langone Hospital, New York, USA (n = 23)-were included. Frames were categorized based on histopathology. The CNN's performance in detecting tumor vessels, papillary projections, nodules, and masses was assessed. The dataset was split into 90% training and 10% validation sets. Performance metrics included AUC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV. Analysis of 96,020 images from 164 D-SOC exams (50,427 malignant strictures and 45,593 benign findings) showed the CNN achieved 92.9% accuracy, 91.7% sensitivity, 94.4% specificity, 95.1% PPV, 93.1% NPV, and an AUROC of 0.95. Accuracy rates for morphological features were 90.8% (papillary projections), 93.6% (nodules), 93.2% (masses), and 78.1% (tumor vessels). AI-driven CNN models hold promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy in suspected biliary malignancies. This multicenter study contributes diverse datasets to ongoing research, supporting further AI applications in this patient population., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics and consent to participate declarations: The study was performed following approval from the ethics committees of Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (CE 41/2021), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (PI 153/22) and New York University Langone Hospital (IRB 03845978/2023). This was a retrospective non interventional study conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Therefore, there was not a need to obtain written informed consent from each subject, after evaluation by the ethics committee of each institution., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Objectives: To verify the moderating role of screen time in the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and sleep duration in children and adolescents., Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 1,338 children and adolescents (aged 6-17 years old; 761 girls) recruited from a municipality in south Brazil. Body weight and height were assessed to calculate BMI. Information regarding screen time, sleep duration, age, sex, sexual maturation, housing area, and socioeconomic status was obtained through a self-reported questionnaire. Moderation was tested using multiple linear regression modelling through an SPSS program extension. All models were adjusted for sex, age, sexual maturation, housing area, and socioeconomic status., Results: No association was found between BMI and sleep duration (β=0.830; 95 % CI=-0.943; 2.603). However, when the role of screen time was considered, it was observed that this variable significantly moderated the relationship between BMI and sleep duration (β=-0.006; 95 % CI=-0.011; -0.001). Specifically, children and adolescents who spent more than 360 min per day in front of the screens presented higher BMI and shorter sleep durations., Conclusions: The more time children and adolescents spend in front of screens, the higher the likelihood it will negatively affect their BMI and sleep duration. These findings emphasize the need for interventions that promote healthy screen habits and encourage behaviors that support optimal sleep duration to mitigate the potential negative effects on body weight and overall health., (© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

This study analyzed associations between physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors (SB), sleep, and mental health indicators in young adults during the COVID-19 lockdown (15 January-19 April 2021). The participants were 549 Portuguese university students (18-30 years, 57.7% male). Mental health was assessed using the DASS-21 for depression, anxiety, stress, and DASS-21 total score (DASSt). Physical activity (vigorous, moderate, walking) was measured with the IPAQ, while SB (e.g., sitting, screen time) and sleep were evaluated using self-reported measures and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Multiple linear regressions showed that sleep quality (β = 2.116), sitting time (ST; β = 0.451), vigorous PA (VPA; β = -0.005), and computer use for work/study (β = 0.444) were significantly associated with overall mental health, DASSt ( R 2 = 0.358). Sleep quality, sitting, and VPA were also linked to depression ( R 2 = 0.308), anxiety ( R 2 = 0.275), and stress ( R 2 = 0.338). Computer use for work/study was additionally associated with anxiety and stress. Overall, poor sleep quality, increased sitting, and computer use for work/study, alongside lower VPA, showed significant associations with poorer mental health outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of sleep, PA, and limiting sedentary behaviors, particularly during lockdowns, in mitigating mental health issues among Portuguese young adults.

Introduction: The classroom environment is ideal for promoting physical activity interventions since children spend most of their day there but often engage in sedentary behavior. Given this context, an emerging trend to promote physical activity is active breaks at school. This systematic review evaluated the effects of school-based physical activity interventions involving active breaks on children and adolescents' classroom behavior, executive functions, and physical fitness., Methods: This review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost. Studies published between January 2010 and August 31, 2023, including participants aged 5 to 18, were included. Interventions involving active breaks and outcomes related to classroom behavior, executive functions, and physical fitness were considered., Results: Initially, 145 studies were identified, with 22 duplicates excluded. After screening 123 articles by title and abstract, 86 were excluded. Subsequently, 37 articles underwent full-text screening, resulting in 22 included studies. Six studies showed positive effects on classroom behavior; five studies showed improvements in executive functions, and only two studies indicated increases in physical fitness., Discussion: This review suggests incorporating active breaks during school hours can improve classroom behavior in children and adolescents. However, the effects of active breaks on executive functions and physical fitness are unclear. More research is needed to fully understand the benefits of implementing active break programs in the classroom., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, CRD42023448267, available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023448267., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Reyes-Amigo, Salinas-Gallardo, Mendoza, Ovalle-Fernández, Ibarra-Mora, Gómez-Álvarez, Carrasco-Beltrán, Páez-Herrera, Hurtado-Almonácid, Yañez-Sepúlveda, Zapata-Lamana, Sepúlveda-Figueroa, Olivares-Arancibia and Mota.)

Background: The growing Latino population is 1.5 times more likely to develop Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Related Dementias (ADRD) than non-Latino Whites. Interventions that can reduce the risk of ADRD are needed. Older Latinos face many barriers to the incorporation of physical activity (PA) into their daily lives given a lack social support, caregiving responsibilities, and lacking resources to maintain PA. Walking and dancing are the two most frequently reported forms of PA among older Latinos, and indoor PA programs conducted in a community location or at home can overcome barriers to participation., Methods: C.E.R.E.B.R.O. (Cognitive Enhancement and Risk-reduction through Exercise for Brain-Related Outcomes; meaning "brain" in English) is testing two remote intervention programs, the BAILAMOS™ dance program and ¡En Forma y Fuerte! (Fit & Strong!), a PA/behavior change program. Participants are randomly assigned to either study condition. The BAILAMOS™ dance program is a 6-month long dance program, in which participants learn different Latin dances including Merengue, Cha Cha Cha, Bachata, Salsa, Cumbia, and Kizomba. Trained CEREBRO staff also lead monthly discussions. Persons randomized to the 3-month long ¡En Forma y Fuerte! program participate in flexibility and aerobic exercise, strength training, and health education. All classes are held live via Zoom. Trained study staff assist participants with technology-related issues. Data are collected through remote testing at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks after the start of the interventions. Outcomes include PA, cognition, quality of life, social connectedness, and cost-effectiveness., Conclusion: CEREBRO has the potential to provide evidence regarding the advantages of providing remote intervention programs to reduce PA barriers in the older Latino community., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper The author is an Editorial Board Member/Editor-in-Chief/Associate Editor/Guest Editor for Contemporary Clinical Trials and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article., (© 2025 The Authors.)

This study analyze the effect of a single functional neurology session on sports performance, pain perception, fatigue perception and thermographic muscular response in an international female weightlifting athlete with incapacity to tolerate weight. Functional neurology is a discipline leveraging neuroplasticity for non-invasive recovery and performance optimization. We found how a single session of functional neurology improved load tolerance, enabling her to lift weights at pre-injury levels after just a single session of functional neurology and reduced pain perception from 80 to 0 and fatigue perception from 90 to 20 on a 100-point scale while thermographic data showed up to a 15% decrease in body temperature indicating reduced inflammation and improved muscle recovery. Then, we found how a single functional neurology intervention produced an improve in sports performance, pain and fatigue perceptions, and peripheral vascular response in an inter-national female weightlifting athlete with an initial incapacity to tolerate weight. This supports the incorporation of functional neurology into sports rehabilitation, under-scoring its potential in optimizing athletes' health and performance., Competing Interests: GE-C and JR-M are affiliated with ®NeuroReEvolution. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2025 Rey-Mota, Escribano-Colmena, Navarro Jiménez, Laborde-Cárdenas, Yáñez-Sepúlveda and Clemente-Suárez.)

Background: Several artificial intelligence systems based on large language models (LLMs) have been commercially developed, with recent interest in integrating them for clinical questions. Recent versions now include image analysis capacity, but their performance in gastroenterology remains untested. This study assesses ChatGPT-4's performance in interpreting gastroenterology images. Methods: A total of 740 images from five procedures-capsule endoscopy (CE), device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), digital single-operator cholangioscopy (DSOC), and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA)-were included and analyzed by ChatGPT-4 using a predefined prompt for each. ChatGPT-4 predictions were compared to gold standard diagnoses. Statistical analyses included accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the curve (AUC). Results: For CE, ChatGPT-4 demonstrated accuracies ranging from 50.0% to 90.0%, with AUCs of 0.50-0.90. For DAE, the model demonstrated an accuracy of 67.0% (AUC 0.670). For EUS, the system showed AUCs of 0.488 and 0.550 for the differentiation between pancreatic cystic and solid lesions, respectively. The LLM differentiated benign from malignant biliary strictures with an AUC of 0.550. For HRA, ChatGPT-4 showed an overall accuracy between 47.5% and 67.5%. Conclusions: ChatGPT-4 demonstrated suboptimal diagnostic accuracies for image interpretation across several gastroenterology techniques, highlighting the need for continuous improvement before clinical adoption.

High-resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) is the gold standard for anorectal functional disorders' evaluation, despite being limited by its accessibility and complex data analysis. The London Protocol and Classification were developed to standardize anorectal motility patterns classification. This proof-of-concept study aims to develop and validate an artificial intelligence model for identification and differentiation of disorders of anal tone and contractility in HR-ARM. A dataset of 701 HR-ARM exams from a tertiary center, classified according to London Classification, was used to develop and test multiple machine learning (ML) algorithms. The exams were divided in a training and testing dataset with a 80/20% ratio. The testing dataset was used for models' evaluation through its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and area under the receiving-operating characteristic curve. LGBM Classifier had the best performance, with an accuracy of 87.0% for identifying disorders of anal tone and contractility. Different ML models excelled in distinguishing specific disorders of anal tone and contractility, with accuracy over 90.0%. This is the first worldwide study proving the accuracy of a ML model for differentiation of motility patterns in HR-ARM, demonstrating the value of artificial intelligence models in optimizing HR-ARM availability while reducing interobserver variability and increasing accuracy., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: The association between physical fitness and autistic traits in adolescents remains under explored, especially in adolescents. Understanding this relationship can provide strategies to improve the quality of life of these people., Objective: To identify the association between cluster characteristics derived from levels of self-perceived physical fitness and the occurrences of individual levels of autistic traits in Brazilian adolescents., Method: This descriptive study employed an analytical, quantitative approach involving 515 adolescents aged 11 to 18 (245 boys and 270 girls). Autistic traits were assessed using the Autism Quotient (AQ50), while physical fitness was measured with the Self-Reported Physical Fitness Questionnaire (QAPA). Cluster analysis using descriptive statistics with bootstrapping and generalized estimating equations was performed., Results: Boys reported higher physical fitness levels than girls, with significant differences in General Power Strength (QAPA 4) and Physical Fitness in Sports (QAPA 7). Girls scored slightly higher on social skills. AQ50 scores indicated that girls had higher aggregated difficulties in imagination, attention, communication, and social skills compared to boys. Higher self-perceived physical fitness was associated with lower levels of autistic traits in both genders. Girls with higher QAPA scores showed significant decreases in autistic traits related to social skills and overall AQ50 scores. Boys with higher physical fitness demonstrated reduced autistic traits in the domains of imagination and communication. Age-adjusted analyses confirmed these findings., Conclusion: There is a significant association between self-perceived physical fitness and autistic traits in adolescents. Higher physical fitness levels are linked to fewer autistic traits, highlighting the importance of promoting physical fitness to mitigate challenges associated with autistic traits and improve adolescents' well-being., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The present study aimed at describing and comparing the physical activity (PA) patterns of adolescents from a middle-income country over a 4-year period. This is a longitudinal observational study (four waves of data collection, 2014-2017) with 668 adolescents aged 10-13 years in 2014 (mean age of 11.8 ± 0.8 years), of both sexes (53.3% girls), from public schools in João Pessoa, Paraíba state, Brazil. PA was measured using a questionnaire and pattern operationally defined based on the following indicators: type, frequency, duration, and PA recommendations. The most practiced physical activities during the study period were active commuting, games, dancing, cycling, soccer, and futsal. There was a linear trend to a decline in the number of adolescents engaging in nearly all the physical activities, in the duration of activities and the proportion that met the PA recommendations (52.8% in 2014 to 32.2% in 2017). The adolescents engaged in different physical activities, but these declined over the years., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Journal of Sport Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European College of Sport Science.)

Background: Legumes are a key component of the human diet and a primary source of plant-based protein. They have attracted global attention as potential plant-based meat alternatives due to their numerous health benefits, and they contribute to a more sustainable and healthy food system. Among pulses, peas (Pisum sativum L.) are considered a good source of proteins, fibers, starch, minerals, and vitamins. This study evaluated the effect of environmental conditions on nutritional profile of peas cultivated in an organic farming system, in different Italian environments (mountainous and hilly), during different cultivation years (2021 and 2022). Pea grain from peas cultivated under the various conditions was used to prepare pea-based crackers containing 6% pea flour. The appearance, physical properties (rheology and texture), and nutritional profile of the snacks were evaluated, and sensory analysis was conducted., Results: The nutritional and bioactive compounds were strongly related and the environment exerted a substantial impact on most of the nutritional components (proteins and carbohydrates), due to climatic conditions during the vegetative and reproductive stage of the crop. The incorporation of cultivated peas into wheat-based crackers improved their functional and nutritional quality while maintaining consumer acceptability, as demonstrated by sensory analysis., Conclusions: The results confirmed that growing conditions significantly influence the nutritional composition of peas, enhancing their quality and that of the resulting crackers. This aligns with the increasing global demand for high-quality, sustainable food products. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

Introduction: Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), known as a next-generation probiotic, has been widely recognized for its beneficial effects in various metabolic diseases. While there is not much research whether live or pasteurized A. muciniphila has different effects on intestinal health. Methods: In the present study, a strain of A. muciniphila was isolated from healthy individuals, with the live and pasteurized A. muciniphila named Timepie001 and Timepie001+, respectively. They were administered to dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice to investigate their influences on the host intestinal health. Results and conclusion: The results showed that prophylactic supplementation with live and pasteurized A. muciniphila alleviates ulcerative colitis symptoms by retarding weight loss, preserving intestinal tissue structure, modulating inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), and enhance the colonic mucosal barrier by upregulating the expression of tight junction protein Claudin-1. Interestingly, pasteurized A. muciniphila has a better effect compared with live A. muciniphila. Moreover, pasteurized A. muciniphila can regulates the gut microbiome to maintain intestinal homeostasis. This provides theoretical support for the widespread application of postbiotics in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Understanding the different pharmacodynamic responses to narcotics in patients with or without obesity is particularly important for the safety of gastroscopy sedation. This study aimed to determine the median effective dose (ED50) of ciprofol combined with low-dose sufentanil to inhibit the response to gastroscope insertion in obese or nonobese patients. Methods: A total of 27 obese patients (BMI 30–40 kg/m2) and 25 nonobese patients (BMI 18–25 kg/m2), aged between 18 and 65 years, with ASA physical status of 1–2, were included in this study. All patients underwent painless gastroscopy and received intravenous sufentanil at a dose of 0.1 μg/kg, followed by ciprofol administration. The initial dose of ciprofol for the first patient in both groups was 0.4 mg/kg, the subsequent dose was determined by the response of the previous patient to gastroscope insertion (cough, choking, body movement, etc.) using Dixon's up-and-down method. The dose was increased or decreased by 0.05 mg/kg depending on the observed responses. Data collection continued until 7 crossover points were obtained. Probit regression and bootstrapping methods were employed to calculate the median effective dose (ED50) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The ED50 values were then compared between the obese and nonobese patient groups. Results: The ED50 of ciprofol combined with sufentanil inhibiting response to gastroscope insertion in patients with obesity was 0.186 mg/kg with 95% CI of 0.153∼0.209 mg/kg, was significantly lower than patients with nonobese was 0.237 mg/kg with 95% CI of 0.206∼0.253 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The ED50 values of ciprofol combined with sufentanil inhibiting response to gastroscope insertion in patients with obesity was lower than in patients with normal weight. Trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/project/edit?pid=202873, identifier ChiCTR2300074216. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The average level of children's motor performance has decreased in the past decades. Therefore, it is important to identify risk- or enabling factors for motor performance. One such factor could be children's participation in leisure activities (LA). LA are non-obligatory and intrinsically motivated activities performed during free time. They include physical activities, such as individual and team sports and other types of activities, such as doing crafts, hanging out with friends, and playing musical instruments. The present study explores how participating in different combinations of LA (i.e. participation patterns) are related to children's motor performance using a person-centered approach. Ninety 6- to 8-year-old typically developing children (57.8% boys) were recruited from six Dutch primary schools. LA participation and motor performance were measured with the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment questionnaire and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2, respectively. Children were grouped in patterns using Cluster Analysis. Comparisons among patterns were performed with one-way multivariate analysis of variance. As hypothesized, children who participated in a greater variety of LA (i.e., higher participation diversity) and who engaged more frequently in each LA (i.e., higher participation intensity) scored better on manual dexterity, balance, and total motor performance compared to those with lower participation diversity and intensity. Based on these findings, coaches, physical educators, and parents should create opportunities for children to participate in a broad range of LA and to engage in these LA frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Youth sport (YS) is a community system for promoting children's physical activity (PA). Studies have examined mean PA during YS practices, but few have examined inequalities in the distribution of PA among children during practice time. This study examined PA inequality in time-segmented YS practices and differences in inequality by time segment characteristics. Methods: Children's PA and YS practices were examined using accelerometer and video observation data from a sample of YS teams (n = 36 teams, n = 101 practices) for third- through sixth-grade children (n = 392), approximately eight to 12 years old, in two rural U.S. communities. Practices were time-segmented into smaller units (episodes; n = 991). Episodes were assigned codes for purpose (e.g. warm-up), member arrangement (e.g. whole group), and setting demand (i.e. fosters participation, creates exclusion). Group accelerometer data were paired with episodes, and the Gini coefficient quantified inequality in activity counts and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Beta generalized estimating equations examined the influence of episode structure on PA inequality. Results: Warm-up (Gini = 0.22), fitness (Gini = 0.24), and sport skill (Gini = 0.24) episodes had significantly lower inequality (p <.05) in activity counts than other purpose types. Management (Gini = 0.32) and strategy (Gini = 0.40) episodes had significantly greater inequality (p <.05) in MVPA minutes than other purpose types. Episodes fostering participation (Gini = 0.32) had significantly lower activity count inequality (p <.05) than episodes creating exclusion (Gini = 0.35). Conclusion: PA inequality among children during YS varied by practice structure. Metrics such as the Gini coefficient can illuminate inequalities in PA and may be useful for guiding efforts to improve population PA in children. Trial Registration: This study is registered at (Identifier: NCT03380143). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibromyalgia, characterized as a complex chronic pain syndrome, presents with symptoms of pervasive musculoskeletal pain, significant fatigue, and pronounced sensitivity at specific anatomical sites. Despite extensive research efforts, the origins of fibromyalgia remain enigmatic. This narrative review explores the intricate relationship between muscle oxygen saturation and fibromyalgia, positing that disruptions in the oxygenation processes within muscle tissues markedly influence the symptom profile of this disorder. Muscle oxygen saturation, crucial for muscle function, has been meticulously investigated in fibromyalgia patients through non-invasive techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. The body of evidence consistently indicates substantial alterations in oxygen utilization within muscle fibers, manifesting as reduced efficiency in oxygen uptake during both rest and physical activity. These anomalies play a significant role in fibromyalgia's symptomatology, especially in terms of chronic pain and severe fatigue, potentially creating conditions that heighten pain sensitivity and accumulate metabolic byproducts. Hypothesized mechanisms for these findings encompass dysfunctions in microcirculation, mitochondrial irregularities, and autonomic nervous system disturbances, all meriting further research. Understanding the dynamics of muscle oxygen saturation in fibromyalgia is of paramount clinical importance, offering the potential for tailored therapeutic approaches to alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life for sufferers. This investigation not only opens new avenues for innovative research but also fosters hope for more effective treatment strategies and improved outcomes for individuals with fibromyalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A significant portion of youth sustain a concussion every year, with around 30% experiencing persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). Research has shown exercising just below the exertion level that provokes symptoms can lead to more rapid recovery. However, youth often struggle to adhere to exercise recommendations following concussion. Methods: We conducted structured qualitative interviews (n = 32) with concussed youth and their parents to examine factors influencing motivation to engage in exercise post-concussion. Questions were framed through the lens of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Thematic Analysis was used to code and analyze transcripts. Results: Four primary factors appeared to motivate youth to exercise after receiving a concussion: 1) social support, 2) accountability, 3) goal setting, and 4) structure. Utilizing the lens of SDT, one could theorize that including social support and accountability helped fulfill the need of relatedness, setting goals helped fulfill the need of autonomy, and providing program structure helped fulfill the need for competence. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Self-Determination Theory may be a useful frame for examining exercise adherence post-concussion. Incorporating social support, accountability, goal setting and structure could increase the effectiveness of exercise prescription post-concussion and should be the focus of further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe chronic pain patients' perception of their physical function and treatment factors for improving or maintaining physical function long-term after the completion of an Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program (IPRP) and to compare physical function before, directly after and at long-term follow-up (16–20 months after treatment). Materials and methods: Patients with severe nonmalignant chronic pain, participating in an IPRP at a specialist clinic, were eligible for inclusion in a convergent mixed methods study. Quantitative data included aerobic capacity, level of physical activity (PA) and self-efficacy for exercise. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Results: The qualitative analysis resulted in one theme: Orientation change and two categories: Permission to feel self-worth and Reclaiming life, which illuminated factors that enabled a sustained increase in PA. The quantitative data (n = 11) showed a significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) from 2.46 l/min (SD = 0.9) at baseline to 2.63 l/min (SD = 0.9, p =.03) on completion of the program. VO2max was sustained at long-term follow-up (2.56 l/min (SD = 1.0, p =.24). Conclusion: This study indicates that an orientation change process through an IPRP can lead to increased physical function and a sustainable level of PA. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of a person-centered approach to enable sustainable change in patients with chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Regular aerobic exercise regulates cardiorespiratory functions by its effect on specific enzyme activities. This study investigated the immediate effects of moderate aerobic exercise on haematological parameters and cardio-metabolic enzymes activity in healthy young male and female adults. Methods: Forty young healthy sedentary subjects, twenty males (25 ± 5.6 years; 65 ± 4.0 kg; 176.9 ± 2.5 cm) and twenty females (25 ± 4.5 years, 62 ± 2.9 kg, 175 ± 1.3 cm) volunteered for the study. The exercise regimen was of moderate intensity lasting for 20 min daily on a treadmill at incremental speed of 3 km/h to 13 km/h for 14 consecutive days. The weight and height of participants were measured. Blood sample was collected via antecubital vein for haematological and biochemical analysis. The haematological parameters namely red blood cell and indices, leukocyte and differential white blood cell count, platelet and platelet indices were assessed. Cardiac troponin-T, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-cysteine activated creatine kinase activities were assessed before and after exercise. Results: The result showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in RBC (males 7%, females 11%) haemoglobin (males 8%, females 8.3%), haematocrit (males 5%, females 14%) leukocyte (males 54%, females 40%) and monocyte count (males 68%, females 55%) after 14 days of exercise. The enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-cysteine activated creatine kinase (CK-NAC), creatine kinase (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin-T showed no significant change after 14 days of exercise. Conclusion: It is concluded that moderate aerobic exercise increased haematological parameters and maintained cardio-metabolic enzymes activities in young male and female adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women with breast cancer are predisposed to muscle mass loss, to compromised muscle quality, and to decreased strength, and these abnormalities may serve as important predictors of adverse outcomes, including mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible associations between muscle mass markers, assessed by computed tomography with the phase angle (PhA) obtained by Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and health outcomes in women with breast cancer. Methods: retrospective study with 54 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, aged ≥ 18 years and < 65 years; histologically confirmed diagnosis of early breast cancer (stage I–III range), and in the first chemotherapy-cycled treatment. Measurements performed: anthropometric assessments, BIA, third lumbar vertebra by computed tomography (CT) and physical function (handgrip strength, gait speed test 4 m, fatigue assessment), and blood biochemical analysis. Results: Lower skeletal muscle index were correlated with reduced PhA values (R² = 0.222, p = 0.0047), suggesting a worse prognosis. Logistic regression analysis showed that individuals with low muscle mass had a significantly lower likelihood of survival compared to those with normal muscle mass regardless of age and cancer stage. Conclusion: low muscle mass negatively affected patient survival and was associated with lower PhA values. Phase angle emerges as a promising marker of overall health and could be a valuable clinical tool in assessing prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a condition that is widespread globally, is increasing. The relationship between the gut microbiota and GDM has been a subject of research for nearly two decades, yet there has been no bibliometric analysis of this correlation. This study aimed to use bibliometrics to explore the relationship between the gut microbiota and GDM, highlighting emerging trends and current research hotspots in this field. Results: A total of 394 papers were included in the analysis. China emerged as the preeminent nation in terms of the number of publications on the subject, with 128 papers (32.49%), whereas the United States had the most significant impact, with 4,874 citations. The University of Queensland emerged as the most prolific institution, contributing 18 publications. Marloes Dekker Nitert was the most active author with 16 publications, and Omry Koren garnered the most citations, totaling 154. The journal Nutrients published the most studies (28 publications, 7.11%), whereas PLoS One was the most commonly co-cited journal, with a total of 805 citations. With respect to keywords, research focuses can be divided into 4 clusters, namely, "the interrelationship between the gut microbiota and pregnancy, childbirth," "the relationship between adverse metabolic outcomes and GDM," "the gut microbiota composition and metabolic mechanisms" and "microbiota and ecological imbalance." Key areas of focus include the interactions between the gut microbiota and individuals with GDM, as well as the formation and inheritance of the gut microbiota. Increasing attention has been given to the impact of probiotic supplementation on metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in GDM patients. Moreover, ongoing research is exploring the potential of the gut microbiota as a biomarker for GDM. These topics represent both current and future directions in this field. Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive knowledge map of the gut microbiota and GDM, highlights key research areas, and outlines potential future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Higher work rates may be sustainable when maintaining target rating of perceived exertion (RPE) compared to maintaining target heart rate (THR) during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise in hot conditions, but may also result in greater thermal strain and cardiovascular drift, as well as greater decrements in maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2max). Purpose: To test the hypotheses that maintaining target RPE compared to THR during HIIT in the heat results in 1) smaller work rate adjustments, 2) greater thermal and cardiovascular strain, and 3) larger decreases in V ˙ O2max. Methods: Eight adults (4 women) completed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer in 22°C and then 4 cycling trials in 35°C, consisting of an 8-min warm-up at 70% maximal heart rate (HRmax) or 12 RPE followed by 1 (15HR and 15RPE) or 5 (43HR and 43RPE) rounds of HIIT (1 round = 4 min work at 90% HRmax or 17 RPE and 3 min recovery at 70% HRmax or 12 RPE) totaling 15 min or 43 min of exercise, respectively. Each trial ended with a GXT to measure V ˙ O2max. Results: In the 43-min trials work rate decreased from the first to the fifth work interval in both conditions, but by a non-significant, yet moderately larger (ES = 0.53) amount during 43HR (46 ± 29 W) compared to 43RPE (30 ± 28 W). From the first to fifth work interval HR increased over time by 12 b⋅min–1 in 43RPE (p < 0.001), but did not increase during 43HR (p = 0.36). Rectal temperature increases were not different between conditions (43HR = 0.7°C, p < 0.001; 43RPE = 0.8°C, p < 0.001). V ˙ O2max decreased 15.6% (ES = 0.41) between 15RPE and 43RPE (p = 0.005), but it was not different over time during the HR-based trials [6.5%, ES = 0.16 (α adjusted for multiple comparisons = 0.0125) p = 0.03]. Conclusion: Maintaining target RPE and THR require considerable declines in work rate during HIIT in the heat, with ∼53% larger declines needed to maintain THR. The mitigation of cardiovascular drift in the THR trial may have contributed to the preservation of V ˙ O2max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen vacancies (OV) constitute significant defects in TiO2 and various other metal oxides, profoundly influencing heterogeneous catalytic reactions. In this investigation, anatase TiO2 samples with different OV concentrations were synthesized by adjusting both the atmosphere and temperature. Characterization results reveal a gradual increase in relative OV content with higher H2 reduction temperatures, contrasting with observations made under an air atmosphere. Through acetylene semi-hydrogenation reactions, it was validated that elevated OV content promotes the reaction activity of acetylene hydrogenation. Kinetic studies have shown that the acetylene reaction rate is positively correlated with the OV content. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that hydrogen undergoes homolytic cleavage on TiO2 surfaces devoid of OV, whereas surfaces containing OV experience heterolytic cleavage, resulting in a significant decrease in hydrogen activation energy and thereby enhancing reaction activity. Furthermore, OV demonstrate higher adsorption affinity for acetylene, thereby facilitating its hydrogenation. On OV-rich surfaces, the rate-determining step for acetylene semi-hydrogenation is the initial hydrogenation which requires less energy (0.14 eV). Conversely, on OV-lacking surfaces, the rate-determining step shifts to the second hydrogenation which needs to overcome an energy of 5.03 eV. Consequently, acetylene can be efficiently hydrogenated to ethylene on TiO2 surfaces with OV. Based on our experimental findings, TiO2 samples obtained through hydrogen reduction at 200 °C demonstrate optimal performance for acetylene semi-hydrogenation, achieving a 100% conversion rate and 95% ethylene selectivity under the employed reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although a great deal of research has explored the possibility of a systemic inflammatory response and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota after an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the relationships between gut microbiota and blood inflammatory indicators as well as their role in the hematoma expansion following an early-stage mild-to-moderate ICH (emICH) remain unknown. This study analyzes these changes and associations in order to predict and prevent hematoma expansion after emICH. Methods: The study included 100 participants, with 70 individuals diagnosed with emICH (30 with hematoma expansion and 40 without hematoma expansion, referred to as the HE and NE groups) and 30 healthy controls matched in terms of age and gender (HC). We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to explore the gut microbial structure and its underlying associations with blood inflammatory parameters in the HE group. Results: Our findings showed a significant decrease in the diversity and even distribution of microorganisms in the HE group when compared to the HC and NE groups. The composition of the gut microbiota experienced notable alterations in the emICH group, especially in HE. These changes included a rise in the number of gram-negative pro-inflammatory bacteria and a decline in the level of probiotics. Furthermore, we observed strong positive connections between bacteria enriched in the HE group and levels of systemic inflammation. Several microbial biomarkers (e.g. Escherichia_Shigella, Enterobacter , and Porphyromonas) were revealed in disparateiating HE from HC and NE. Analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) exposed disturbances in essential physiological pathways, especially those related to inflammation (such as the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway), in the HE group. Conclusions: Our exploration indicated that individuals with emICH, especially those with HE, demonstrate notably different host-microbe interactions when compared to healthy individuals. We deduced that emICH could rapidly trigger the dysbiosis of intestinal flora, and the disturbed microbiota could, in turn, exacerbate inflammatory response and increase the risk of hematoma expansion. Our comprehensive research revealed the potential of intestinal flora as a potent diagnostic tool, emphasizing its significance as a preventive target for HE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between energy metabolism and the gut barrier is crucial for maintaining intestinal physiological homeostasis. Energy metabolism and the intestinal barrier perform distinct yet complementary roles that uphold intestinal ecological equilibrium. Disruptions in energy metabolism can compromise the integrity of the intestinal barrier; for example, inactivation of the AMPK pathway may lead to reduced expression of proteins associated with tight junctions. Conversely, impairment of the intestinal barrier can result in metabolic dysregulation, such as alterations in the gut microbiota that impede the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are essential substrates for energy metabolism. This disruption can affect energy production and modify the gut's hypoxic environment. Imbalances in these systems have been associated with the onset of various intestinal diseases. Research indicates that dietary interventions, such as a low FODMAP diet, can enhance the colonization of probiotics and improve the fermentation metabolism of SCFAs. Pharmacological strategies to elevate SCFA levels can activate the AMPK pathway and rectify abnormalities in energy metabolism. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in elucidating the interactions between energy metabolism and the intestinal barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquaculture industry urgently requires sustainable protein sources to address the environmental, economic, and ethical challenges of conventional fishmeal. Rising feed costs, particularly for protein-rich ingredients, highlight the need for cost-effective, high-quality, and resource-efficient alternatives. Insect-based feeds, such as black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, and microalgae have emerged as promising solutions. BSF larvae provide protein, lipids, and minerals, offering significant cost savings and enhanced growth in aquaculture species. Similarly, microalgae, rich in essential amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and pigments, supports digestibility and aquaculture sustainability while lowering production costs and environmental impacts. Microalgae biorefineries further promote a circular economy by maximizing resource utilization and minimizing waste. This review examines the potential of insect-based and microalgae feeds as sustainable alternatives to fishmeal, addressing their advantages and challenges. It emphasizes their role in enhancing aquaculture production, improving resource efficiency, and contributing to global food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Although physical exercise provides numerous health benefits, it can occasionally become addictive, leading to negative consequences for physical and mental health. Specifically, the role of maladaptive schemas in the relationship between exercise addiction and self-esteem underscores the importance of addressing these cognitive patterns in therapeutic settings to develop practical interventions that enhance exercise with healthier self-perceptions. This study aims to analyze the role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between exercise addiction and self-esteem. Methods: The design of this study is non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional. The sample comprised 788 university women students (mean age 20.39 years, SD = 2.28). Results: Exercise addiction is negatively associated with self-esteem and shows positive but weak correlations with most early maladaptive schemas, except for Impaired Autonomy. A mediating effect was identified for Disconnection and Rejection (β = −0.08, p = 0.008), Impaired Limits (β = −0.03, p = 0.019), Other Directedness (β = −0.04, p = 0.032), and Over-Vigilance and Inhibition (β = −0.05, p < 0.001). Full mediation was observed for Disconnection and Rejection and Over-Vigilance and Inhibition, while Impaired Limits and Other Directedness showed partial mediation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the decrease in self-esteem among individuals with exercise addiction could be explained by the activation of maladaptive schemas that influence exercise motivation, with Over-Vigilance and Inhibition standing out in particular. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based interventions focused on modifying early maladaptive schemas and strengthening self-esteem. Additionally, it would be advisable to implement educational programs in university and sports settings that promote well-being and enjoyment over the pursuit of external validation or obsession with body image. These strategies could help prevent exercise addiction and mitigate its negative effects on self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for viral vectors as nanoscale therapeutic agents in gene therapy necessitates efficient and scalable purification methods. This study examined the role of nanoscale biomaterials in optimizing viral vector clarification through a model system mimicking real AAV2 crude harvest material. Using lysed HEK293 cells and silica nanoparticles (20 nm) as surrogates for AAV2 crude harvest, we evaluated primary (depth filters) and secondary (membrane-based) filtration processes under different process parameters and solution conditions. These filtration systems were then assessed for their ability to recover nanoscale viral vectors while reducing DNA (without the need for endonuclease treatment), protein, and turbidity. Primary clarification demonstrated that high flux rates (600 LMH) reduced the depth filter's ability to leverage adsorptive and electrostatic interactions, resulting in a lower DNA removal. Conversely, lower flux rates (150 LMH) enabled >90% DNA reduction by maintaining these interactions. Solution conductivity significantly influenced performance, with high conductivity screening electrostatic interactions, and the model system closely matching real system outcomes under these conditions. Secondary clarification highlighted material-dependent trade-offs. The PES membranes achieved exceptional AAV2 recovery rates exceeding 90%, while RC membranes excelled in DNA reduction (>80%) due to their respective surface charge and hydrophilic properties. The integration of the primary clarification step dramatically improved PES membrane performance, increasing the final flux from ~60 LMH to ~600 LMH. Fouling analysis revealed that real AAV2 systems experienced more severe and complex fouling compared to the model system, transitioning from intermediate blocking to irreversible cake layer formation, which was exacerbated by nanoscale impurities (~10–600 nm). This work bridges nanomaterial science and biomanufacturing, advancing scalable viral vector purification for gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History aside, traditional mayonnaise faces a rising animal welfare concern dietary approach and remains dependent on cold environments throughout the supply chain due to food safety. Nowadays, consumers are able to find alternative formulas from vegetable sources with relevant emulsifying capacity. However, sensory characteristics may differ from the traditional expected product. A mixed system composed of the innovative ingredient heterotrophic white Chlorella vulgaris and a disruptive emulsifier, yeast protein extract (YPE), was assessed to transform traditional coriander mayonnaise into an analog product. The effect of pH and salt (NaCl) content was also evaluated. The mixed system depicts a promising stability since the average Sauter diameter of both is similar (7.94 μm and 7.49 μm), also observed in the unimodal droplet size distribution. Viscoelastic behavior has slightly different responses for the plateau model (278.951 Pa and 252.053 Pa), while increasing the salt content reflects an approximation regarding firmness (0.059 N and 0.057 N) and adhesiveness (0.372 N.s and 0.361 N.s). Introduction of microalgae increases bioactivity, mainly TPC (+118.84 ugGAeq/g) and antioxidant activity—RSA (+31.29 ugTEAC/g) and FRAP (+35.26 ugTEAC/g). Despite the color deviation, the sensorial analysis of both products enlightened the absence of major perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescence is a critical developmental period marked by significant mental and physical health changes. This longitudinal study examines the relationship between online communication and health from age 15 to 17, focusing on mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and body image) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). We aimed to assess whether increased time spent in online communication is associated with poorer mental health and lower CRF among adolescents, with consideration of potential moderating effects of sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Data were collected from 315 Icelandic adolescents at age 15 (2015) and age 17 (2017; N = 236). Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the association between online communication and health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, body image, self-esteem, and CRF. Models accounted for year, sex, and SES, with random intercepts for individual variability. Results: More online communication was significantly associated with poorer mental health outcomes, including more symptoms of depression (p < 0.001, marginal R² = 0.14), anxiety (p = 0.032, marginal R² = 0.13), lower self-esteem (p = 0.006, marginal R² = 0.07), more negative body image (p = 0.010, marginal R² = 0.13), and lower CRF; p = 0.003, marginal R² = 0.35). These associations did not change between years and were consistent across sex and SES groups. CRF declined from age 15 to 17. Females reported generally worse mental health and lower CRF than males, while higher SES was linked to lower depression scores and higher self-esteem. However, no significant interactions were found between online communication, sex, or SES, suggesting that the impacts of online communication on health were broadly applicable across demographic groups. Conclusions: This study underscores the potential negative effects of online communication on mental and physical health among adolescents, regardless of sex or SES. The findings highlight the importance of balancing time spent online communicating with physical activity to support overall adolescent well-being. These insights could inform public health initiatives and preventive strategies to foster healthier digital habits in an increasingly online world, especially during this sensitive developmental period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since children's daily activities are mostly anaerobic, it is important to assess anaerobic performance as part of the physical assessment. Therefore, running speed, power, and heart rate during repetitive sprints were investigated. Method: A total of 118 children participated (mean age:11.5 range 9-14y; 48% boys, 52% girls) and performed the children's repetitive and intermittent sprinting performance (CRISP) test, which consists of six sprint runs performed at maximal speed over 30-meter with short recovery periods (10 s) between each run. GLM Repeated Measures were used to examine the effect of runs (within-subject factor) and age and sex (between-subject factor) and as well as possible interactions for running time, power, and heart rate. Results: Running times increased significantly across runs (p < 0.001, large effect size), showing a non-linear slowdown (p = 0.013). Also, a main effect of age, [p < 0.033] and sex [p < 0.011, medium effect size] emerged. However, interaction effects showed that girls fatigued more in the second half of the test, which led to larger differences with the boys in the later runs of the CRISP. Moreover, the interaction effect of age-by-run-by-sex was found. Eleven-year-old children had the longest running times. At the same time, young children, predominantly boys, showed less fatigue, as their last runs were comparable in time to the first ones. Analysis of the power showed a main effect of age, indicating more power in older children [p < 0.001, large effect size], especially after 11 years. No differences between sexes were found for power. Heart rate increased significantly during the repetitive sprinting [p < 0.001, large effect size]. No differences for age or sex were found for mean or peak heart rate. Conclusion: The CRISP test is sensitive to running fatigue [large effect size] and distinguishes between the performance characteristics of children according to age and sex. Running speed and power go up between 12 and 14 years. Girls run slower but generate comparable power over the runs. Yet they fatigue more in the second half of the test than boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the gut microbiota composition in pediatric kidney transplant (KTx) recipient with that of healthy children. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 30 pediatric KTx recipients aged between 7 and 21 years and 25 healthy children. The gut microbiota was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with alpha and beta diversity, as well as all statistical analyses, conducted using the Phyloseq library in the R programming language. Taxonomic profiles were evaluated with QIIME2, and differences in gut microbiota profiles were compared using linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEFSe) with an LDA threshold of >2 and p < 0.05. Results: No significant differences were found in alpha and beta diversity between the KTx recipients and healthy controls. However, KTx recipients exhibited significant alterations in microbiota composition, including higher relative abundances of Verrucomicrobiota at the phylum level, and Akkermansia and Neisseria at the genus level (p < 0.05 for all). Conversely, there was a decrease in bacterial genera belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. In addition, KTx recipients with a history of frequent urinary tract infections, diarrhea and reduced GFR showed significant increases in bacterial abundance (p < 0.05 for all). Discussion: Pediatric KTx recipients demonstrated significant alterarions in gut microbiota composition, indicating dysbiosis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the cause-and-effect relationships of these changes and their impact on clinical consequencies and long-term prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the digital age, fostering young children's computational thinking (CT) and executive functions (EFs) through programming has emerged as a significant research issue. While unplugged programming activities are commonly adopted in preschools, robot programming activities have recently gained attention for the potential to enhance both CT and EFs. Preschoolers are at a pivotal stage for developing CT and EFs. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence comparing robot programming and unplugged programming activities on preschoolers' CT and EFs development. Therefore, the current research designed a randomized controlled trial to compare the impact of robot programming and unplugged programming activities on 198 5- to 6 year-old preschoolers' CT and EFs (including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility). Children were randomly allocated to either the robot programming group, the unplugged programming group, or the business-as-usual control group. Results: After a 12-week intervention, results revealed that: (1) the robot programming and unplugged programming groups both outperformed the conventional kindergarten group in CT, with the robot programming group having superior effects in CT over time; (2) the robot programming group outperformed the unplugged programming and conventional kindergarten group on inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility of EFs over time; and (3) most preschoolers in the robot programming group had positive perceptions of programmable robots. Conclusions: The present research demonstrated that robot programming had a more significant and sustained impact on preschoolers' CT and EFs than unplugged programming and conventional kindergarten activities. Accordingly, these findings offered valuable implications for introducing effective programming activities to develop preschoolers' CT and EFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the Composite Physical Function (CPF) scale in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Methods: The Chinese version of the CPF (C-CPF) was constructed by following Brislin's guidelines. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the measurement properties of the C-CPF in 477 eligible older adults. Factor analysis, hypotheses testing, internal consistency and test-retest were performed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the C-CPF. Results: The C-CPF was consistent with the original version, which consisted of a single dimension with 12 items. It had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.901, fold-half reliability of 0.831 and test–retest reliability of 0.994. Structural validity was determined through exploratory factor analysis for a single-factor structure explained 75.391% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis for a modified model provided an average fit index (chi-square/free ratio = 3.596, root mean square error of approximation = 0.099, normal fit index = 0.908, incremental fit index = 0.931, comparative fit index = 0.931 and Tucker–Lewis index = 0.909). Construct validity analysis revealed a significant difference in C-CPF scores amongst older adults in groups of different ages, regular exercise and physical activity habits (P < 0.01). Criterion validity was tested for the correlation between the results of C-CPF and the Senior Fitness Test (r = 0.446, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The C-CPF scale serves as a valid and practical tool for widespread health screening to measure the level of comprehensive physical function and its decline amongst Chinese older adults. Further research is needed to explore the eligibility of the application of the C-CPF in a broad range of populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) are a major global health threat, causing significant morbidity and mortality. MBVs belong to several distinct viral families, each with unique characteristics. The primary families include Flaviviridae (e.g., Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis), transmitted predominantly by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes; Togaviridae, which consists of the genus Alphavirus (e.g., Chikungunya, Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis viruses), also transmitted by Aedes and Culex; Bunyaviridae (recently reorganized), containing viruses like Rift Valley Fever and Oropouche virus, transmitted by mosquitoes and sometimes sandflies; and Reoviridae, which includes the genus Orbivirus (e.g., West Nile and Bluetongue viruses), primarily affecting animals and transmitted by mosquitoes and sandflies. Despite extensive research, effective antiviral treatments for MBVs remain scarce, and current therapies mainly provide symptomatic relief and supportive care. This review examines the viral components and cellular and immune factors involved in the life cycle of MBVs. It also highlights recent advances in antiviral strategies targeting host factors such as lipid metabolism, ion channels, and proteasomes, as well as viral targets like NS2B-NS3 proteases and nonstructural proteins. Additionally, it explores immunomodulatory therapies to enhance antiviral responses and emphasizes the potential of drug repurposing, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and deep learning in identifying novel antiviral candidates. Continued research is crucial in mitigating MBVs' impact and preventing future outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Skill-related physical fitness is a crucial factor influencing health status during childhood. Starting from the lack of knowledge in the field of skill-related physical fitness and levels of physical activity in Southern Italy, this cross-sectional study aims to explore the mediating and moderating influence of PAL on the association between BMI and skill-related physical fitness. Methods: The sample (N = 387 students; male = 196, age = 12.2 ± 0.87 yrs; female = 191, age = 12.3 ± 0.93) was recruited from schools in the Apulia Region. The assessment included standing long jump (SLJ), 2 kg medicine ball throw (MBT) and 10 × 5 shuttle run (10 × 5) as indicators of physical fitness, and a self-report for measuring daily physical activity (PAL). A 2 (gender) × 3 (BMI cutoff)-factorial ANOVA was performed to highlight differences between groups for physical fitness components and PAL. Then, mediation and moderation models were created, establishing BMI as the independent variable, physical fitness tests as dependent variables, and PAL as the mediator and moderator variable. Results: The findings showed higher physical fitness and PAL in male and female normal-weight groups than in those who were overweight and obese. Mediation analysis revealed that higher PAL improved performance in SLJ (b = 0.091, p < 0.01, R2 = 17.16%), led to a modest understanding of the variation in MBT (ΔR2 = 0.026), and significantly reduced the time spent to perform 10 × 5 (p < 0.0, R2 = 10.72%). Conclusions: Despite the obtained results, future research is needed to further understand the association between physical fitness and the sociocultural determinants of physical activity to guide institutional policies and interventions to prevent poor health habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students' experiences of physical education (PE) are considered important for lifelong attitudes towards physical activity. Sex-related differences and the individualised tempo in anthropometric growth because of biological maturation lead to secondary school students within chronological age-ordered classes possessing vast differences in anthropometric and physical characteristics, which may negatively impact the PE experience for late- or early-maturing children. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to (i) critically discuss the influence of maturation on developmental factors related to PE and (ii) provide key stakeholders with guidance on how to manage this period of development more effectively and propose solutions to alleviate the confounding influence of biological maturity currently being implemented within sporting contexts. Secondary school children of different maturation status are often categorised using arbitrary, chronological age-ordered bandings, resulting in groups of children exhibiting large within-group variations in physical, behavioural, emotional, and educational development. This heterogeneity may lead to sub-optimal learning environments, which are confounded by complex and often negative developmental consequences for children who are at either extreme (late- or early-maturing) of the maturation continuum. This is particularly important within PE, where engagement, enjoyment, and resultant lifelong physical activity attitudes are influenced by perceived competence and relatedness, and where these needs may be thwarted because of considerable maturity-related variations. This paper posits that it is time for key stakeholders within child education to explore new ways to supplement current teaching practices and consider occasionally grouping children by maturation status (i.e. bio-banding) within secondary school PE to enhance students' experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of three sterilization techniques—heat, microwave, and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)—on the phytochemicals, flavor, and antioxidant properties of high-acidity mulberry vinegar. High-acidity vinegar is valued for its unique sensory properties, preservation potential, and potential health benefits, yet its quality can be significantly impacted by processing methods. Understanding how sterilization affects high-acidity vinegar is crucial for optimizing its functional and nutritional properties while maintaining consumer appeal. Thermal processing (TP) involved heating samples at 85 °C for 15 min, while microwave heating (MH) was performed at 600 W for 40 s. HHP treatments subjected samples to pressures of 400 MPa, 500 MPa, and 600 MPa at ambient temperature (~25 °C) for 15 min. Results showed that total soluble solids (TSS) remained stable at approximately 6.90% across treatments, confirming effective sterilization, especially with HHP. pH values were consistent (3.53–3.55), while total acidity varied, with HHP treatments achieving lower acidity (5.00 g/L). Phytochemical analysis indicated the control (CK) treatment preserved the highest total anthocyanin content (TAC), but HHP500 maintained notable levels. HHP treatments also yielded the highest total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), highlighting non-thermal sterilization's advantage in preserving health-promoting compounds. Antioxidant activity, particularly DPPH, was best retained in HHP samples. HHP500 showed minimal reductions in key phenolic acids, with decreases of 6.16% in p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 7.81% in total phenolic acid. Volatile organic compound analysis revealed increased ester production, with ethyl acetate peaking at 1775.71 μg/L in HHP600. Overall, HHP at 500 and 600 MPa proved superior for producing high-quality mulberry vinegar, supporting the demand for minimally processed, health-focused food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Obstructive lung disease (OLD) pathogenesis includes inhalational (e.g., smoking) and noninhalational mechanisms (e.g., infections). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been suggested as a novel OLD risk factor. Substantial data have recently emerged about its effects on lung function and structure, especially in low- to middle-income countries and regarding longitudinal lung function. Objectives: To assess the association of HIV infection with OLD, impaired gas exchange, and emphysema. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Global Index Medicus through April 2023 for controlled and observational studies of people living with and without HIV reporting pulmonary function and/or emphysema. Primary outcomes were OLD by spirometry, gas exchange impairment by diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and visual emphysema by computed tomography. We performed random-effects meta-analyses using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021268498). Results: We included 95 publications pertaining to 43 unique studies. HIV was associated with OLD (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02–1.63), impaired gas exchange (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 0.96–7.24), emphysema (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.02–2.09), and faster lung function decline. OLD risk was greatest in Africans with HIV. There were no gas exchange or emphysema data from Africa. The certainty of evidence was low to very low, primarily because of studies' observational design. Conclusions: People living with HIV have increased risk for OLD, gas exchange impairment, faster lung function decline, and emphysema. OLD risk in HIV varies regionally. We recommend that both spirometry and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide be measured in people living with HIV and respiratory symptoms. Future studies should develop and validate HIV-specific screening and case-finding strategies for chronic lung disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous recent studies have suggested that the composition of the intestinal microbiota can trigger metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, prediabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, sarcopenia, dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Since then, considerable effort has been made to understand the link between the composition of intestinal microbiota and metabolic disorders, as well as the role of probiotics in the modulation of the intestinal microbiota. The aim of this review was to summarize the reviews and individual articles on the state of the art regarding ideal therapy with probiotics and prebiotics in order to obtain the reversion of dysbiosis (alteration in microbiota) to eubiosis during metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, prediabetes, obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, dyslipidemia, sarcopenia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. This review includes 245 eligible studies. In conclusion, a condition of dysbiosis, or in general, alteration of the intestinal microbiota, could be implicated in the development of metabolic disorders through different mechanisms, mainly linked to the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Several studies have already demonstrated the potential of using probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of this condition, detecting significant improvements in the specific symptoms of metabolic diseases. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that a condition of dysbiosis can lead to a generalized inflammatory picture with negative consequences on different organs and systems. Moreover, this review confirms that the beneficial effects of probiotics on metabolic diseases are promising, but more research is needed to determine the optimal probiotic strains, doses, and administration forms for specific metabolic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease is recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally, with its incidence rate projected to increase alongside ongoing population growth. However, the precise etiology of Parkinson's disease remains elusive. This article explores the inflammatory mechanisms linking gut microbiota to Parkinson's disease, emphasizing alterations in gut microbiota and their metabolites that influence the disease's progression through the bidirectional transmission of inflammatory signals along the gut–brain axis. Building on this mechanistic framework, this article further discusses research methodologies and treatment strategies focused on gut microbiota metabolites, including metabolomics detection techniques, animal model investigations, and therapeutic approaches such as dietary interventions, probiotic treatments, and fecal transplantation. Ultimately, this article aims to elucidate the relationship between gut microbiota metabolites and the inflammatory mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease, thereby paving the way for novel avenues in the research and treatment of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]