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The H-bridge MLI has cascaded to addicted cascaded the diode with switches of lower rated power, consumption of power reactive and active. A new system is being developed to increase effectiveness of MLI (multilevel inverter). within the electricity system, to inverter is critical for DC-AC voltage conversion. MLI focuses more on Industry Needs. MLI is typically used to provide high power at high voltage applications. In comparison to inverters flying capacitors and the diode-clamped, it has the fewest components and the voltage level it same number to achieve the voltage balancing capacitors or diodes any voltage clamping. This design incorporates a multilayer inverter with a cascaded H Bridge based on a Boost circuit (BCCHB). The job of the voltage to increase the boost circuit of the multilevel inverter. Boost circuits are essential in an application of wide range, including photovoltaic and the use of fuel cells. ML Inverter with Cascaded H Bridge is a Voltage Controlled Source Inverter with the advantages of being small in size and having an output waveform that is independent of load type. A cascaded H Bridge prototype model based on a boost circuit is validated, and the results simulation has been compared with the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel hybrid bandpass filter (BPF) with wideband and high selectivity is proposed in this paper. The hybrid BPF is composed of two film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) cells and three lumped component resonators realized by the integrated passive device (IPD) technology. The ABCD matrix to S-parameters matrix method is used to calculate the frequency response of the BPF. Moreover, the expressions of transmission zeros (TZs) have been extracted. In the design process, an iterative design approach is proposed to improve the circuit and layout of the hybrid filter based on the packaged acoustic-electric hybrid simulation effect. Finally, two parts of the filter are packaged based on the flip-chip method, and two prototypes for the BPF are measured. The measured results of two chips with 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 13.7% and 15.8% are designed and fabricated, which verifies the validity of the proposed design principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of silicon photonics, highly compact and miniature high‐density circuits are achieved by precisely shaping millimeter‐long waveguides into spiral configurations. Organic photonics, on the other hand, takes advantage of mechanically flexible crystal spiral waveguides (SWs) within organic photonic circuits. These SWs offer versatility, enabling precise control over light paths and mechanical programmability. This study introduces an innovative pick‐and‐place technique for constructing various organic spiral waveguides (OSWs) with different geometries, such as Cornu, Archimedean, elliptical, rectangular, four‐sided polygons, and three‐sided polygons. Additionally, this method allows for the creation of optically reprogrammable photonic circuits. Custom‐synthesized flexible crystals are used, including blue‐emitting (Z)−3‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)−2‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylonitrile (Cz‐2CF3), green‐emitting (E)−1‐(((5‐bromopyridin‐2‐yl)imino)methyl)naphthalene‐2‐ol (BPyIN), cyan‐emitting 9,10‐dibromo anthracene (DBA), and red‐emitting 4,7‐bis(4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTD). Systematically integrating a Cz‐2CF3 OSW (with two ports for optical signal routing in clockwise/counterclockwise directions) with DBA and BTD waveguides produces multi‐color hybrid photonic circuits with customizable optical functions, tailored to specific design needs. The number of output ports can be dynamically adjusted through mechanical programming by coupling crystals tip‐to‐tip when replacing the DBA waveguide with a BPyIN waveguide using the pick‐and‐place technology. This mechanically programmable hybrid spiral photonic circuit seamlessly operates across the entire visible spectral bandwidth, making it valuable for various applications, including high‐fidelity sensing, spectrometer components, and intelligent circuitry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass-deployable implementations for quantum communication require compact, reliable, and low-cost hardware solutions for photon generation, control and analysis. We present a fiber-pigtailed hybrid photonic circuit comprising nonlinear waveguides for photon-pair generation and a polymer interposer reaching 68 dB of pump suppression and photon separation based on a polarizing beam splitter with > 25 dB polarization extinction ratio. The optical stability of the hybrid assembly enhances the quality of the entanglement, and the efficient background suppression and photon routing further reduce accidental coincidences. We thus achieve a 96 - 8 + 3 % concurrence and a 96 - 5 + 2 % fidelity to a Bell state. The generated telecom-wavelength, time-bin entangled photon pairs are ideally suited for distributing Bell pairs over fiber networks with low dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Letter introduces an on-chip topological phononic crystal (PnC) acoustic waveguide employing lithium niobate thin films. Utilizing a C 3 v symmetry-breaking mechanism, the topological PnC acoustic waveguide is achieved, operating at frequencies exceeding 430 MHz. A SH0 mode acoustic transceiver is designed, enabling highly efficient on-chip acoustic wave transmission and reception. The fabricated topological PnC waveguide demonstrates a propagation loss of 11.3 dB/mm at the edge mode. An acoustic beam splitter utilizing topological edge mode has been demonstrated, showing the configurability of the topological PnC acoustic waveguide. These results offer significant promise for advancing the development of hybrid phononic circuits tailored for high-frequency acoustic information processing, sensing, and manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of fault isolation and clearance in flexible DC power grids, hybrid DC circuit breakers (HDCCB) have been widely used because of their advantages. However, their development is limited by high construction costs and inapplicability in some fault cases. In addition, adaptive reclosing capability is required for overhead DC lines with high fault probability. Therefore, this paper proposes a new type of multi-port hybrid DC circuit breaker (MP-HDCCB) with current limiting, breaking, and self-charging capabilities. The capacitor polarity reversal circuit is designed to reduce the influence of capacitor pre-charging on the normal operation of the system and to solve the problem of two consecutive line faults occurring in a short period of time. In addition, the circuit breaker can limit the current and break in the face of a single line fault, multiple line faults at the same time, and bus faults. It also has the ability of adaptive reclosing and normal operation of the line after a bus fault. Based on the proposed topology, a 500 kV four-terminal DC system is designed, and a model is established in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the capabilities of the circuit breaker. Results show that the circuit breaker has adaptive reclosing capability and can realize fault current limiting and breaking under different fault conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the rapid development of high-voltage flexible direct current (DC) transmission systems, more and more multi-port high-voltage DC systems have been successfully put into operation. Therefore, the number of connecting ports on the DC bus is gradually increasing, which necessitates higher requirements for clearing fault current. To better protect the DC power grid, this paper integrates a DC fault current limiter with a multi-port DC circuit breaker. This article proposes a modular cascaded multi-port hybrid DC circuit breaker topology. It also elaborates on the topology structure, working principle, and control program under three different fault conditions. It completes the theoretical derivation and analysis of the circuit breaker fault isolation process, as well as the parameter design of the core components. Finally, a model is established in PSCAD/EMTDC for simulation verification. The application performance of the circuit breaker in four-terminal DC systems is studied and analyzed, and the current-limiting effect of the multi-port DC circuit breaker proposed in this article is demonstrated. In addition, the disconnection performance and energy consumption of the arrester have been improved to a certain extent, which has good feasibility and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitor has been widely known as a representative electrochemical energy storage device with high power density and long lifespan. Recently, with the deeper understanding of its charge storage mechanism, unidirectional-charging supercapacitor, also called supercapacitor diode (CAPode), is successfully developed based on the ion-sieving effect of its working electrode towards electrolyte ions. Because CAPode integrates mobile ion and mobile electron in one hybrid circuit, it has a great potential in the emerging fields of ion/electron coupling logic operations, human–machine interface, neural network interaction, and in vivo diagnosis and treatment. Accordingly, we herein elucidate the working mechanism and design philosophy of CAPode, and summarize the electrode materials that are suitable for constructing CAPode. Meanwhile, some other supercapacitor-based devices beyond CAPode are also introduced, and their potential applications are instructively presented. Finally, we outline the challenges and chances of CAPode-related techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial for a special issue of the journal Nanomaterials titled "Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends." The editorial highlights the importance of nano-optics and nano-optoelectronics in investigating light at the nanometer scale and the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. The field has seen extensive research in the past decade, with promising applications in various areas such as optical communication, sensing, imaging, medicine, and green energy. The special issue includes sixteen papers that discuss recent advances in nanostructures and nanomaterials, as well as practical nano-optical and nano-optoelectronic technologies. The articles cover topics such as metastructures, metalenses, nanoparticles, layered 2D materials, and nano-semiconductors, and explore their applications in photodetectors, solar cells, modulators, light emitters, and nanofabrication. The issue also includes reviews on nano-related infrared absorption technology and neuromorphic photonics devices. Overall, the special issue provides valuable insights into the latest developments and future trends in nano-optics and nano-optoelectronics. [Extracted from the article]

Hybrid circuit breakers are the most promising circuit breakers among DC circuit breakers. Conventional hybrid circuit breakers complete fault current isolation by converting current to IGBT when fault current occurs. However, in this case, the fault current continues to increase, so the IGBT must be large enough to withstand this current. In addition, in the case of a method of detecting and operating a fault, a delay time of up to hundreds of microseconds occurs, and in a hybrid circuit breaker, this delay time is a very large value. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a hybrid Z-source circuit breaker that operates without delay for low-impedance faults. The proposed breaker is designed to reduce stress on IGBTs and mechanical switches by generating a current zero crossing, as well as to enable the breaker to trip quickly in high-risk cases such as low-impedance fault circuits. Due to the limited environment of the laboratory, we performed 600 V fault isolation experiments. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the proposed circuit breaker successfully isolated the fault within 1.6 ms. The current limiting feature of the Z-source appears to reduce stress on the IGBTs and MOVs used, and it allows for faster fault isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of permanent magnets and electrically excited windings creates an air gap magnetic field. The development of a hybrid magnetic circuit motor with an adjustable magnetic field is of great significance. This article introduces a hybrid magnetic circuit motor design that combines salient pole electromagnetic and permanent magnets. A tubular magnetic barrier has been designed to reduce inter-pole leakage and enhance the usage rate of permanent magnets in the hybrid magnetic circuit motor. The optimum eccentricity of the rotor has been accurately designed, resulting in an improved sinusoidal distribution of the air gap magnetic density waveform. An analysis of the static composite magnetic field under various excitation currents has been conducted, showcasing the capability of the hybrid magnetic circuit motor to stably adjust the air gap flux density level and output torque. A prototype has undergone comprehensive trial production and testing, conclusively confirming the machine's superior output performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photonic circuits attract much attention as promising candidates to overcome the drawbacks of their electronic counterparts. By utilizing the broad bandwidth and low energy consumption of optical communication, hybrid circuits can provide a comprehensive platform for the era beyond Moore's law. In particular, parallel matrix operations, the heavy lifting behind neural networks, remain challenging for traditional electronics due to high heat dissipation. To enable these parallel computations optically, (de‐)multiplexing is crucial to address the different channels. Previously this has been accomplished with complex spectral or time encodings in wave division or time division methods. However, herein, a simple method to address parallel optical channels exclusively with 2‐bit signals is presented. By using PEDOT:PSS as electrochromic material for intensity modulation, light transmission or absorption is controlled by oxidation and reduction with an electrolyte. Y‐branch structures are used to design the multiplexing layout and to assign the 2‐bit states to the channels. This binary addressable optical multiplexer, therefore, combines optical communication with electronic signals into a hybrid circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DC vacuum arc is extinguished directly under a transverse magnetic field generated by Halbach permanent magnets. • Experimental tests investigated the DC interruption capacity of the vacuum interrupter under the Halbach transverse magnetic field. • Observation experiments revealed the evolution and transient process of the DC vacuum arc. • Two topologies based on Halbach transverse magnetic field and their future applications in DC circuit breakers are proposed. The vacuum interrupter is the core component of the DC circuit breaker to ensure the vacuum arc is extinguished reliably. The objective of this paper is to propose a method for extinguishing a DC vacuum arc directly by using an over 400 mT uniform unidirectional transverse magnetic field (TMF). The TMF is generated by an annular Halbach array consisting of 8 permanent magnets. The evolution process and interruption characteristics of the DC vacuum arc under Halbach TMF are investigated experimentally. The experimental results reveal that the whole interruption process consists of two stages, namely, the stable stage and the unstable stage. The stable stage corresponds to the stagnation and aggregation of cathode spots, and the unstable stage corresponds to the arc motion and reignition. The arc motion and reignition lead to the irregular oscillation of the arc voltage. Meanwhile, lateral movement of the arc followed by a fall at the edge of the contacts is the key to the rapid drop in current. It is found that a large arc current leads to a long duration of the stable stage, while the critical current is proportional to the contact separating distance. The experimental results show that the DC interruption capacity of the vacuum interrupter under the Halbach TMF exceeds 500 V/ 830 A, 700 V/ 660 A, and 1200 V/ 370 A, respectively. At last, two topologies based on Halbach TMF vacuum interrupter for DC interruption are proposed, and their future applications in mechanical/ hybrid DC circuit breakers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniaturized and rationally assembled nanostructures exhibit extraordinarily distinct physical properties beyond their individual units. This review will focus on structured small-scale optical cavities, especially on plasmonic nanoparticle lattices that show unique electromagnetic near fields from collective optical coupling. By harnessing different material systems and structural designs, various light-matter interactions can be engineered, such as nanoscale lasing, nonlinear optics, and exciton-polariton coupling. Key device performance of nanoscale lasers will be discussed, including low power threshold, output tunability, and electrical pump. This review will also cover emerging applications of nanoscale optical cavities in quantum engineering. Structured nanoscale cavities can serve as a scalable platform for integrated photonic circuits and hybrid quantum photonic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Developed a soft printed circuit named liquid metal-hydrogel hybrid printed circuit. • Form a soft and safe bioelectronic interface with soft tissues (∼1–30 kPa). • A high current density region can be formed between the two liquid metal ports. • Can achieve site-targeted electrical stimulation without liquid metal leakage. Soft printed circuits is a vital component in electronic devices, which is designed to connect electrical components to exert certain functions. However, the design and fabrication of soft printed circuits still suffer from significant limitations including interconnection difficulties among varying materials with different stiffness, intrinsically low conductivity of typical soft materials like hydrogels, and the multi-material assembly and integration issues involved in the wiring and encapsulation process. Here we report a novel design paradigm of a soft printed circuit termed as liquid metal (LM)-hydrogel hybrid printed circuit (LMH-HPC), in which highly conductive LM functions as electrical wires while hydrogel can simultaneously work as the electrical junction, encapsulation, and bio-interfacing. The whole LMH-HPC maintains completely mechanically adapted (∼1–30 kPa) to soft tissues. Based on this LMH-HPC, we design soft hybrid circuits with movable but stable electrical connections with conventional solid electrical components. Owing to the giant electrical conductivity difference between LM and hydrogel, the current through the hydrogel can be tuned with density distribution at the hydrogel junction, which can be further utilized as the soft and safe bioelectronic interfaces for applications such as soft electrical stimulators for excitable cells and tissues, and iontophoresis-assisted wound dressing for antibacterial therapy. Overall, this LMH-HPC may set up a multifunctional platform for the design of hydrogel electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a single inductor multi-piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) SECE and electromagnetic voltage multiplier rectifier hybrid interface circuit (MP-SECE-VMR), which harvest energy from multi-input PZTs and electromagnetic generator (EMG). The MP-SECE-VMR adopts a voltage multiplier rectifier circuit, utilizing the diode-connected MOSFET configuration which used as diodes to effectively reduce voltage losses during rectification. Experimental tests confirm that this circuit efficiently extracts energy from PZTs despite differences in their phase relationships. The low input voltage from the EMG is effectively elevated through the voltage multiplier rectifier, enabling simultaneous extraction with the PZTs. The proposed MP-SECE-VMR circuit extracts 1.2 mW of power from two PZTs with open-circuit amplitudes of 9 V and 11 V respectively, as well as from an EMG input with an open-circuit amplitude of 3 V and a frequency of 5 Hz. Furthermore, the proposed circuit effectively enhances output power while expanding the working load range compared to single-source energy extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bi-directional power electronic switches enable a rapid and flexible conversion between low reactance in non-current-limited mode and high reactance in current-limited mode, suppressing the development of DC faults while achieving current limitation during mechanical switch opening. • The energy absorbed by the MOV is reduced. • DC opening time is shorter. • The proposed DCCB has economic advantages. The use of a DC circuit breaker to open and isolate DC faults in a flexible DC grid is one of the simplest and most reliable methods for handling DC faults. However, current limiting capacity and opening time generally contradict each other in most DC circuit breakers during the DC opening process. Furthermore, current limiting is generally not possible during mechanical switching, which results in higher requirements for the quick-acting nature of protection. To address these issues, a bi-directional current-limited hybrid DCCB topology with fast DC fault opening is proposed. Bi-directional power electronic switches enable a rapid and flexible conversion between low reactance in non-current-limited mode and high reactance in current-limited mode, suppressing the development of DC faults while achieving current limitation during mechanical switch opening, in addition, the time for the arrester to release energy is shortened. The simulation testing system is built on PSCAD/EMTDC, using the Zhangbei Flexible DC Grid project as the engineering background. Comparative analysis of numerous test results demonstrates that the proposed DCCB topology has low DC breaking voltage and current stress, short breaking time, and certain economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new self-oscillating mixer (SOM) including a dielectric resonator (DR) antenna fed by a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) has been proposed using hybrid integrated circuit technique on an FR4 epoxy substrate. The HMSIW resonator with high quality factor and the DR radiator with higher order HEM 13δ mode excitation are responsible for the excellent phase noise performance of the oscillator and the high directivity of the antenna, respectively. The phase noise, estimated LO power, and conversion gain were obtained as −102.5 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, 8.74 dBm at an oscillation frequency of 24.15 GHz, and 8.5 dB, respectively. The figure-of-merit for the oscillator was obtained −172.8 dBc/Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]