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Abstract Patients with schizophrenia exhibit structural and functional dysconnectivity but the relationship to the well-documented cognitive impairments is less clear. This study investigates associations between structural and functional connectivity and executive functions in antipsychotic-naïve patients experiencing schizophrenia. Sixty-four patients with schizophrenia and 95 matched controls underwent cognitive testing, diffusion weighted imaging and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the primary analyses, groupwise interactions between structural connectivity as measured by fixel-based analyses and executive functions were investigated using multivariate linear regression analyses. For significant structural connections, secondary analyses examined whether functional connectivity and associations with executive functions also differed for the two groups. In group comparisons, patients exhibited cognitive impairments across all executive functions compared to controls (p

Monitoring of industrial processes is a critical capability in industry and in government to ensure reliability of production cycles, quick emergency response, and national security. Process monitoring allows users to gauge the progress of an organization in an industrial process or predict the degradation or aging of machine parts in processes taking place at a remote location. Similar to many data science applications, we usually only have access to limited raw data, such as satellite imagery, short video clips, event logs, and signatures captured by a small set of sensors. To combat data scarcity, we leverage the knowledge of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) who are familiar with the actions of interest. SMEs provide expert knowledge of the essential activities required for task completion and the resources necessary to carry out each of these activities. Various process mining techniques have been developed for this type of analysis; typically such approaches combine theoretical process models built based on domain expert insights with ad-hoc integration of available pieces of raw data. Here, we introduce a novel mathematically sound method that integrates theoretical process models (as proposed by SMEs) with interrelated minimal Hidden Markov Models (HMM), built via nonnegative tensor factorization. Our method consolidates: (a) theoretical process models, (b) HMMs, (c) coupled nonnegative matrix-tensor factorizations, and (d) custom model selection. To demonstrate our methodology and its abilities, we apply it on simple synthetic and real-world process models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mechanisms underlying memory deficits after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remain unclear but altered functional interactions between hippocampus and neocortex may play a role., Objectives: To test whether ECT reduces functional connectivity between hippocampus and posterior regions of the default mode network (DMN) and to examine whether altered hippocampal-neocortical functional connectivity correlates with memory impairment. A secondary aim was to explore if these connectivity changes are present 6 months after ECT., Methods: In-patients with severe depression (n = 35) received bitemporal ECT. Functional connectivity of the hippocampus was probed with resting-state fMRI before the first ECT-session, after the end of ECT, and at a six-month follow-up. Memory was assessed with the Verbal Learning Test - Delayed Recall. Seed-based connectivity analyses established connectivity of four hippocampal seeds, covering the anterior and posterior parts of the right and left hippocampus., Results: Compared to baseline, three of four hippocampal seeds became less connected to the core nodes of the posterior DMN in the week after ECT with Cohen's d ranging from -0.9 to -1.1. At the group level, patients showed post-ECT memory impairment, but individual changes in delayed recall were not correlated with the reduction in hippocampus-DMN connectivity. At six-month follow-up, no significant hippocampus-DMN reductions in connectivity were evident relative to pre-ECT, and memory scores had returned to baseline., Conclusion: ECT leads to a temporary disruption of functional hippocampus-DMN connectivity in patients with severe depression, but the change in connectivity strength is not related to the individual memory impairment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Krzysztof Gbyl disclosed unrestricted grants from the following fonds: Augustinusfonden, Axel Muusfeldts Fond, Beckett-Fonden, A.P. Møller Fonden: Fonden til Lægevidenskabens Fremme, Helsefonden, Ivan Nielsens Fond for personer med specielle sindslidelser, Jascha Fonden, Læge Gerhard Linds Legat, Lundbeckfonden, Psykiatrisk Forskningsfond af 1967, and Region Hovedstaden Fond. Hartwig R. Siebner has received honoraria as speaker and consultant from Lundbeck AS, Denmark, and as editor (Neuroimage Clinical) from Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. He has received royalties as book editor from Springer Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, and from Gyldendal Publishers, Copenhagen, Denmark. Christoffer Cramer Lundsgaard disclosed an honorarium from Lundbeck Pharma A/S. Remaining authors Vytautas Labanauskas, André Mathiassen, Adam Ryszczuk, Egill Rostrup, Kristoffer Madsen, and Poul Videbech declared no biomedical financial or other potential conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)