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With a world market that is around 4,2 (1012) US$/year (3 Mton/year) and a growing projection of use, butanol is a compound that has more advantages as biofuel, than ethanol. Using the strategy of bibliometric analysis, this work looks to generate an integral vision of the determining research aspects concerning butanol through the combination of different keywords related to it. The databases used for the study, where those available in Scopus and Web of Science platforms, related to butanol in the VOSViewer during the period 1984-2020 and the first semester of 2021. It was also found that butanol production from lignocellulosic material does not yet show good yields and process intensification for an economically and environmentally acceptable biorefinery concept. Deficiencies in fermentation are a *Proyecto investigación origen: Becas Crédito-Condonable Formación Doctoral “Bicentenario”- Corte 1 (2020-2024). Financiación Beca Doctoral, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Inovación- Convenio Colfuturo (2020). Colombia. Ejecución: Universidad del Valle; Grupo de investigación en Biocombustibles y Biorrefinerías GRUBIOC., El butanol, es un compuesto que tiene más ventajas como biocombustible que el etanol, con un mercado mundial que está alrededor de 4,2 (1012) US$/año (3 Mton/año), y una proyección de uso cada vez más creciente. Por esta razón, en el presente trabajo, bajo la estrategia de un análisis bibliométrico, se combinaron diferentes palabras claves relacionadas con el butanol, para generar una visión integral de los aspectos investigativos determinantes. Las bases de datos utilizadas, fueron las disponibles en las plataformas de Scopus y Web of Science, relacionada con el butanol en el VOSViewer durante el periodo 1984 a 2020 y el primer semestre de 2021. Se encontró que la producción de butanol a partir de material lignocelulósico, no muestra aún buenos rendimientos e intensificación de procesos, para un concepto de biorrefinería económica y ambientalmente aceptable. Un cuello de botella, son las deficiencias en la fermentación, por la falta de microorganismos más productores y tolerantes a altas concentraciones de butanol.

Background and purpose Given the overlapping clinical manifestations and pathology, the differentiation between essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is difficult. Our aims were to examine the plasma metabolomics profiling and their association with motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS) in patients with PD, and to determine differences between de novo PD compared to moderate-advanced PD vs. controls and patients with ET. Methods Plasma samples were collected from 137 subjects including 35 age matched controls, 29 NOVO-PD, 35 PD and 38 ET patients. PD severity, motor and NMS including cognitive function were assessed using the UPDRS, NMS and PD cognitive rating scales, respectively. Metabolomics analysis was performed by UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS followed by unsupervised multivariate statistics. The area under the curve of the biomarkers according to distribution of their concentrations and the diagnosis of PD (NOVO-PD, advanced PD) vs ET and healthy controls was used as a measurement of diagnostic ability. Results Several acyl-carnitines, bilirubin, tyramine and tetrahydro-21-deoxycortisol (THS) presented good predictive accuracy (AUC higher than 0.8) for differentiating de novo PD and advanced PD from controls and ET, suggesting an alteration in the lipid oxidation pathway. In multivariate regression analysis, metabolite levels were not significantly associated with motor and NMS severity in PD. Conclusions Diverse acyl-carnitines, bilirubin, tyramine and some adrenal gland derived metabolites are suggested as potential biomarkers able to distinguish between PD from controls and ET., This work was supported by Junta de Castilla y León (BIO/BU06/14).

The invention relates to a method for producing 2,3-butanediol using improved strains of Raoultella planticola, and to novel mutant strains obtained by random mutagenesis from the bacterial species Raoultella planticola CECT843, that can be used in the industrial production of 2,3-butanediol from glycerol. The invention preferably relates to the Raoultella planticola strains designated IA1 and IIIA3 and deposited in the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT) under deposit number CECT8158 (corresponding to the strain designated IA1) and deposit number CECT8159 (corresponding to the strain designated IIIA3). The invention also relates to a method for producing 2,3-butanediol from glycerol by means of a biotechnological process using the novel strains of the invention., Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, pub

publicado en: Folia Microbiologica 43:2 (1998)., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Work supported by projects granted by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), BFU2011-23752, BFU2008-00203 and AGL2008-04255, and CSIC, PIE 201020E038., DNA methylation of cytosine residues constitutes a prominent epigenetic modification of the chromatin fiber which is locked in a transcriptionally inactive conformation leading to gene silencing. Plant developmental processes, as differentiation and proliferation, are accompanied by chromatin remodeling and epigenetic reprogramming. Despite the increasing knowledge gained on the epigenetic mechanisms controlling plant developmental processes, the knowledge of the DNA methylation regulation during relevant developmental programs in flowering plants, such as gametogenesis or embryogenesis, is very limited. The analysis of global DNA methylation levels has been frequently conducted by high performance capillary electrophoresis, and more recently also by ELISA-based assays, which provided quantitative data of whole organs and tissues. Nevertheless, to investigate the DNA methylation dynamics during plant development in different cell types of the same organ, the analysis of spatial and temporal pattern of nuclear distribution of 5-methyl-deoxy-cytidine (5mdC) constitutes a potent approach. In this work, immunolocalization of 5mdC on sections and subsequent confocal laser microscopy analysis have been applied for in situ cellular analysis of a variety of plant cells, tissues and organs with different characteristics, e.g. hardness, heterogeneity, cell accessibility, tissue compactness, etc.; the results demonstrated the versatility and feasibility of the approach for different plant samples, and revealed defined DNA methylation nuclear patterns associated with differentiation and proliferation events of various plant cell types and developmental programs. Quantification of 5mdC immunofluorescence intensity by image analysis software also permitted to estimate differences in global DNA methylation levels among different cells types of the same organ during development., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Plant viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have become an attractive platform for the development of novel nanotools in the last years because of their safety, inexpensive production, and straightforward functionalization. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is one example of a plant-based VNP used as a nanobiotechnological platform either as virions or as virus-like particles (VLPs). Their functionalization mainly consists of coating their surface with the molecules of interest via chemical conjugation or genetic fusion. However, because of their limitations, these two methods sometimes result in non-viable constructs. In this paper, we applied the SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology as an alternative for the functionalization of TuMV VLPs with peptides and proteins. We chose as molecules of interest the green fluorescent protein (GFP) because of its good traceability, as well as the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), given the previous unsuccessful attempts to functionalize TuMV VNPs by other methods. The successful conjugation of VLPs to GFP and VIP using SpyTag/SpyCatcher was confirmed through Western blot and electron microscopy. Moreover, the isopeptide bond between SpyTag and SpyCatcher occurred in vivo in co-agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana plants. These results demonstrated that SpyTag/SpyCatcher improves TuMV functionalization compared with previous approaches, thus implying the expansion of the application of the technology to elongated flexuous VNPs., Unión Europea, Ministerio de Universidades (España), Comunidad de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

This work was supported by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project BFU2011-23752). M.R.S. was a recipient of a postdoctoral Juan-de-la-Cierva grant (JCI-2007-123-1177). ÍNDICES DE IMPACTO DE LA REVISTA: Citas recibidas • Citas en Sopas: 66 (22-01-2023) • Citas en Web os Science: 63 (28-12-2023) JCR (Journal Impact Factor) • Año 2012 • Factor de impacto de la revista: 5.242 • Factor de impacto sin autocitas: 4.782 • Article influence score: 1.609 • Cuartil mayor: Q1 • Área: PLANT SCIENCES Cuartil: Q1 Posición en el área: 13/197 (Edicion: SCIE) SCImago Journal Rank • Año 2012 • Impacto SJR de la revista: 2.619 • Cuartil mayor: Q1 • Área: Plant Science Cuartil: Q1 Posición en el área: 15/417 • Área: Physiology Cuartil: Q1 Posición en el área: 15/185 Scopus CiteScore • Año 2012 • CiteScore de la revista: 8.5 • Área: Plant Science Percentil: 95 • Área: Physiology Percentil: 89 • Área: Medicine (all) Percentil: 90, Stress-induced plant cell reprogramming involves changes in global genome organization, being the epigenetic modifications key factors in the regulation of genome flexibility. DNA methylation, accomplished by DNA methyltransferases, constitutes a prominent epigenetic modification of the chromatin fibre which is locked in a transcriptionally inactive conformation. Changes in DNA methylation accompany the reorganization of the nuclear architecture during plant cell differentiation and proliferation. After a stress treatment, in vitro-cultured microspores are reprogrammed and change their gametophytic developmental pathway towards embryogenesis, the process constituting a useful system of reprogramming in isolated cells for applied and basic research. Gene expression driven by developmental and stress cues often depends on DNA methylation; however, global DNA methylation and genome-wide expression patterns relationship is still poorly understood. In this work, the dynamics of DNA methylation patterns in relation to nuclear architecture and the expression of BnMET1a-like DNA methyltransferase genes have been analysed during pollen development and pollen reprogramming to embryogenesis in Brassica napus L. by a multidisciplinary approach. Results showed an epigenetic reprogramming after microspore embryogenesis induction which involved a decrease of global DNA methylation and its nuclear redistribution with the change of developmental programme and the activation of cell proliferation, while DNA methylation increases with pollen and embryo differentiation in a cell-type-specific manner. Changes in the presence, abundance, and distribution of BnMET1a-like transcripts highly correlated with variations in DNA methylation. Mature zygotic and pollen embryos presented analogous patterns of DNA methylation and MET1a-like expression, providing new evidence of the similarities between both developmental embryogenic programmes., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

This paper shows a simple and effective way to avoid the dissociation of multimeric enzymes by coating their surface with a large cationic polymer (e.g., polyethylenimine (PEI)) by ionic exchange. As model enzymes, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from Thermus thermophilus and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Pseudomonas sp. were used. Both enzymes are very unstable at acidic pH values due to the rapid dissociation of their subunits (half-life of diluted preparations is few minutes at pH 4 and 25 °C). GDH and FDH were incubated in the presence of PEI yielding an enzyme−PEI composite with full activity. To stabilize the enzyme−polymer composite, a treatment with glutaraldehyde was required. These enzyme−PEI composites can be crosslinked with glutaraldehyde by immobilizing previously the composite onto a weak cationic exchanger. The soluble GDH-PEI composite was much more stable than unmodified GDH at pH 4 and 30 °C (retaining over 90% activity after 24 h incubation) with no effect of the GDH concentration in the inactivation course. The composite could be very strongly, but reversibly, adsorbed on cationic exchangers. Similarly, FDH could be treated with PEI and glutaraldehyde after adsorption on cationic exchangers, This permitted a stabilized FDH preparation. In this way, the coating of the enzymes surfaces with PEI is used as a simple and efficient strategy to prevent enzyme dissociation of multimeric enzymes. These composites can be used as a soluble catalyst or reversibly immobilized onto a cationic exchanger (e.g., CM-agarose)., Comunidad de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia y Educacion, Fundacion Ramon Areces, Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub

Work supported by projects granted by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC) BFU2005-01094 and AGL2005-05104, and it was performed in the frame of the CSIC-INIA Joint Collaboration Program (Convenio CC03-023). MTS is recipient of a predoctoral fellowship (FPI, BES-2006-14117) granted by the Spanish MEC. MJP was recipient of a contract granted by the project CAM 07G/0009/2003 1 funded by the Comunidad de Madrid. Partly supported by Spanish-Czech Joint project 2006CZ0006 granted by Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Czech Academy of Sciences and Czech grants MSM0021620806, LC535 and AV0Z50110509., Microspore embryogenesis to form haploid and double-haploid embryos and regenerated plants is an efficient method of producing homozygous lines for crop breeding. In trees, the process is of special interest since classical methods are impractical in many cases, as in Olea europaea L. Recently, a convenient method has been developed for microspore embryogenesis induction by stress in olive isolated microspores in vitro cultures. In the present work, the switch of the microspore developmental pathway and the formation of microspore-derived multicellular proembryos have been achieved and a cytochemical and immunocytochemical analysis was performed in the early stages. The young microspore proembryos displayed defined features different to both, the in vivo gametophytic, and the in vitro non-responsive microspores. Reprogrammed microspores showed an absence of starch, the occurrence of a first symmetrical division and cytokinesis, the presence of an abundant ribosomal population, and changes in cellulosic and pectic cell wall components which constituted early markers of the embryogenic microspore process. They provided new insights on the molecular and cellular events associated with the microspore reprogramming of woody plants, and specifically in olive, providing interesting knowledge which could guide future selection and regeneration strategies in this fruit tree of high economic interest., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

The pH is fundamental to biological function and its measurement therefore crucial across all biosciences. Unlike homogenous bulk solution, solids often feature internal pH gradients due to partition effects and confined biochemical reactions. Thus, a full spatiotemporal mapping for pH characterization in solid materials with biological systems embedded in them is essential. In here, therefore, a fully biocompatible methodology for real-time optical sensing of pH within porous materials is presented. A genetically encoded ratiometric pH sensor, the enhanced superfolder yellow fluorescent protein (sYFP), is used to functionalize the internal surface of different materials, including natural and synthetic organic polymers as well as silica frameworks. By using controlled, tailor-made immobilization, sYFP is homogenously distributed within these materials and so enables, via self-referenced imaging analysis, pH measurements in high accuracy and with useful spatiotemporal resolution. Evolution of internal pH is monitored in consequence of a proton-releasing enzymatic reaction, the hydrolysis of penicillin by a penicillin acylase, taking place in solution or confined to the solid surface of the porous matrix. Unlike optochemical pH sensors, which often interfere with biological function, labeling with sYFP enables pH sensing without altering the immobilized enzyme’s properties in any of the materials used. Fast response of sYFP to pH change permits evaluation of biochemical kinetics within the solid materials. Thus, pH sensing based on immobilized sYFP represents a broadly applicable technique to the study of biology confined to the internally heterogeneous environment of solid matrices., Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Ramón Areces Foundation, Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub

The immobilization of a glutamate dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus (GDH) on glyoxyl agarose beads at pH 7 has permitted to perform the immobilization, purification and stabilization of this interesting enzyme. It was cloned in Escherichia coli and a first thermal shock of the crude preparation destroyed most mesophilic multimeric proteins. Glyoxyl agarose can only immobilize enzymes via a multipoint and simultaneous attachment. Therefore, only proteins having several terminal amino groups in a position that permits their interaction with a flat surface can be immobilized. GDH became rapidly immobilized at pH 7 and its multimeric structure became stabilized as evidenced by SDS-PAGE. This derivative was stable at acidic pH value while the non-stabilized enzyme was very unstable under these conditions due to subunit dissociation. After immobilization, a further incubation at pH 10 improved enzyme stability under any inactivating conditions by increasing the enzyme–support bonds. In fact, GDH immobilized at pH 7 and incubated at pH 10 preserved more activity than GDH directly immobilized at pH 10 (50% versus 15% after 24 h of incubation) and was also more stable (1.5- to 3-fold, depending on the conditions)., Comunidad de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Fundación Ramón Areces, Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub

Referencias bibliográficas: • AA.VV. (2009). Transhumanist Declaration. https://humanityplus.org/ transhumanism/transhumanist-declaration/ • Agar, N. (2015). Moral bioenhancement is dangerous. Journal of Medical Ethics, 41(4), 343-345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44014061 • Aldridge, D. (2018). Cheating Education and the Insertion of Knowledge. Educational Theory, 68(6), 609-624. doi:10.1111/edth.12344 • Alexandre, L. (2017). La guerre des intelligences. Comment l’Intelligence Artificielle va révolutionner l’éducation. J.C. Lattès. • Anders, G. (2009). Llámese cobardía a esa esperanza. Besatari. • Anders, G. (2011). La obsolescencia del hombre. Pre-Textos. • Aristóteles. (1985). Ética a Nicómaco. Gredos. • Asimov, I. (1957). Profesión. En cuentos completos I. http://forexconmql. cl/geos/pa/profesion.pdf • Bellamy, F.-X. (2020). Permanecer. Para escapar del tiempo del movimiento perpetuo. Encuentro. • Bellamy, F.-X. (2021). Crisis de la transmisión y fiebre de la innovación. Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 33(2), 169-178. doi:10.14201/teri.25407 • Bennett, M. R. y Hacker, P. M. S. (2003). Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. Blackwell. • Bostrom, N. (2003). The Transhumanist FAQ. A General Introduction. http://www.nickbostrom.com/views/transhumanist.pdf • Bostrom, N. y Sandberg, A. (2009). Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges. Science and Engineering Ethics, 15(3), 311–341. doi:10.1007/s11948-009-9142-5 • Braidotti, R. (2015). Lo posthumano. Gedisa • Cabanas Díaz, E., y González-Lamas, J. (2021). Felicidad y educación: déficits científicos y sesgos ideológicos de la «educación positiva». Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 33(2), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.25433 • Carter, J. A. (2018). Autonomy, Cognitive Offloading, and Education. Educational Theory, 68(6), 657-673. doi:10.1111/edth.12338 • Castillejo, J. L. (1981). La educabilidad, categoría antropológica. En J. L. Castillejo, J. Escámez, Introducción: las tecnologías NBIC (nanotecnologías, biotecnologías, tecnologías de la información y las ciencias cognitivas) están impulsando las perspectivas del transhumanismo y del posthumanismo y suponen un auténtico desafío para la Pedagogía especialmente en su estatuto antropológico. Necesitamos, pues, reflexionar sobre qué enfoque antropológico se asume en la Pedagogía que facilite comprender la dimensión moral que encierra la noción de mejora humana. Metodología: análisis crítico hermenéutico con proyección teórico-pedagógica de la bibliografía vinculada al objeto de investigación. Discusión: el artículo discute críticamente tres trampas del enfoque transhumanista aplicado a la educación: todas las tecnologías del mejoramiento humano son iguales; un sujeto educado es el que tiene más y mejor memoria, atención o razonamiento; y, por último, educar es ayudar a alguien para evitarle esfuerzos. Resultados: la idea de desarrollo humano se empobrece y tergiversa si solamente la asumimos como un proyecto de dominio tecnológico. Debemos rechazar, desde la pedagogía, las tesis que pretenden alejarnos de la perspectiva de la formación humana como un bien intrínseco considerando erróneamente irrelevante el uso de los medios cuando son los que permiten realmente la formación humana. Conclusión: los pedagogos debemos combatir la idea de que las posibilidades de la educación, del mejoramiento del desarrollo humano, no aumentan por desdibujar, anular o descartar la condición humana. Debemos ir elaborando una teoría de las pérdidas o trampas educativas que provoca el transhumanismo., Introduction: NBIC technologies (nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, information technologies and cognitive sciences) are promoting the perspectives of transhumanism and posthumanism and represent a real challenge for Pedagogy, especially in their anthropological status. We therefore need to reflect on what anthropological approach is assumed in Pedagogy that facilitates understanding the moral dimension that the notion of human improvement contains. Methodology: hermeneutical critical analysis with theoretical-pedagogical projection of the bibliography linked to the research object. Discussion: the article critically discusses three pitfalls of the transhumanist approach applied to education: all human enhancement technologies are equal; an educated subject is the one with more and better memory, attention or reasoning; and, finally, to educate is to help someone to avoid efforts. Results: the idea of human development is impoverished and misrepresented if we only assume it as a project of technological dominance. We must reject, from pedagogy, the theses that seek to distance us from the perspective of human formation as an intrinsic good, mistakenly considering the use of the media irrelevant when they are what really allow human formation. Conclusion: pedagogues must combat the idea that the possibilities of education, of the improvement of human development, do not increase by blurring, canceling, or discarding the human condition. We must develop a theory of educational losses or traps caused by transhumanism., Depto. de Estudios Educativos, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Este trabajo aborda el uso prevalente del término "Biotecnología", evidente en los 6,480,000 resultados en Google, reflejando su integración en discusiones en diversas plataformas. El creciente interés en la biotecnología en ámbitos académicos y empresariales ha llevado a diversas definiciones, unidas por la utilización de seres vivos, procesos o productos con fines comerciales. La OCDE define la biotecnología como la aplicación de ciencia y tecnología a organismos vivos para alterar materiales con fines de producción de conocimiento, bienes y servicios. La biotecnología abarca diversos sectores como agricultura, alimentos, medio ambiente, producción industrial y energía, mostrando su naturaleza multidisciplinaria. El documento enfatiza el auge de la biotecnología blanca en la industria farmacéutica, utilizando sistemas biológicos para producir productos farmacéuticos. La biocatálisis, ejemplificada por el uso de enzimas, surge como alternativa a los procesos químicos convencionales, ofreciendo beneficios económicos y ambientales. La discusión se extiende a la controversia en torno a los alimentos transgénicos, explorando argumentos a favor y en contra de su uso. El documento también profundiza en los avances y desafíos en genómica, medicina personalizada y terapias génicas, ilustrando el impacto de la biotecnología en diversos aspectos de la vida humana y el medio ambiente. En general, el término "Biotecnología" se ha vuelto fundamental para abordar desafíos globales como el hambre, las enfermedades y la mejora general de la calidad de vida., Depto. de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

This work is supported by projects AGL2014-52028-R and AGL2017-82447-R funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER). YPP is the recipient of a grant (PEJ15/BIO/AI-01S8) funded by Comunidad de Madrid and European Commission through ERDF/FEDER., Microspores are reprogrammed towards embryogenesis by stress. Many microspores die after this stress, limiting the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis. Autophagy is a degradation pathway that plays critical roles in stress response and cell death. In animals, cathepsins have an integral role in autophagy by degrading autophagic material; less is known in plants. Plant cathepsins are papain-like C1A cysteine proteases involved in many physiological processes, including programmed cell death. We have analysed the involvement of autophagy in cell death, in relation to cathepsin activation, during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Hordeum vulgare. After stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death increased and autophagy was activated, including HvATG5 and HvATG6 up-regulation and increase of ATG5, ATG8, and autophagosomes. Concomitantly, cathepsin L/F-, B-, and H-like activities were induced, cathepsin-like genes HvPap-1 and HvPap-6 were up-regulated, and HvPap-1, HvPap-6, and HvPap-19 proteins increased and localized in the cytoplasm, resembling autophagy structures. Inhibitors of autophagy and cysteine proteases reduced cell death and promoted embryogenesis. The findings reveal a role for autophagy in stress-induced cell death during microspore embryogenesis, and the participation of cathepsins. Similar patterns of activation, expression, and localization suggest a possible connection between cathepsins and autophagy. The results open up new possibilities to enhance microspore embryogenesis efficiency with autophagy and/or cysteine protease modulators., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC Consolidator Grant 2016 725061 TEMUBLYM) and the European Commission under the H2020 Programme (Grant H2020-634429 ParaFishControl). IE was recipient of APOSTD/2016/037 grant by the “Generalitat Valenciana” and YH was recipient of a PhD Studentship from the Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan). JWH was supported by BBSRC grant BB/K009125/1 and SNSF grant CRSII3_147649-1. PDR was funded by grant T1-BIO-1672 from the “Comunidad de Madrid”., Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a widespread disease caused by the endoparasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea). Clinical disease, provoked by the proliferation of extrasporogonic parasite stages, is characterized by a chronic kidney pathology with underlying transcriptional changes indicative of altered B cell responses and dysregulated T-helper cell-like activities. Despite the relevance of PKD to European and North American salmonid aquaculture, no studies, to date, have focused on further characterizing the B cell response during the course of this disease. Thus, in this work, we have studied the behavior of diverse B cell populations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with T. bryosalmonae at different stages of preclinical and clinical disease. Our results show a clear upregulation of all trout immunoglobulins (Igs) (IgM, IgD, and IgT) demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, suggesting the alteration of diverse B cell populations that coexist in the infected kidney. Substantial changes in IgM, IgD, and IgT repertoires were also identified throughout the course of the disease further pointing to the involvement of the three Igs in PKD through what appear to be independently regulated mechanisms. Thus, our results provide strong evidence of the involvement of IgD in the humoral response to a specific pathogen for the first time in teleosts. Nevertheless, it was IgT, a fish-specific Ig isotype thought to be specialized in mucosal immunity, which seemed to play a prevailing role in the kidney response to T. bryosalmonae. We found that IgT was the main Ig coating extrasporogonic parasite stages, IgT+ B cells were the main B cell subset that proliferated in the kidney with increasing kidney pathology, and IgT was the Ig for which more significant changes in repertoire were detected. Hence, although our results demonstrate a profound dysregulation of different B cell subsets during PKD, they po, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) promote hydroxylations in a broad variety of substrates. Their prowess in C–H bond functionalization renders P450s promising catalysts for organic synthesis. However, operating P450 reactions involve complex management of the main substrates, O2 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) reducing equivalents against an overall background of low operational stability. Whole‐cell biocatalysis, although often used, offers no general solution to these problems. Herein, we present the design of a tailor‐made, self‐sufficient, operationally stabilized and recyclable P450 catalyst on porous solid support. Using enzymes as fusion proteins with the polycationic binding module Zbasic2, the P450s BM3 (from Bacillus megaterium) was coimmobilized with glucose dehydrogenase (type IV; from B. megaterium) on anionic sulfopropyl‐activated carrier (ReliSorb SP). Immobilization via Zbasic2 enabled each enzyme to be loaded in controllable amount, thus maximizing the relative portion of the rate limiting P450 BM3 (up to 19.5 U/gcarrier) in total enzyme immobilized. Using lauric acid as a representative P450 substrate that is poorly accessible to whole‐cell catalysts, we demonstrate complete hydroxylation at low catalyst loading (≤0.1 mol%) and efficient electron coupling (74%), inside of the catalyst particle, to the regeneration of NADPH from glucose (27 cycles) was achieved. The immobilized P450 BM3 showed a total turnover number of ∼18,000, thus allowing active catalyst to be recycled up to 20 times. This study therefore supports the idea of practical heterogeneous catalysis by P450s systems immobilized on solid support, Comisión Europea, Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub

Work supported by projects granted by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MICINN, BFU2008-00203, AGL2008-04255 and BFU2011-23752. DP was recipient of a grant of the Spanish MICINN for Stays of Foreign Postdoctoral Researchers in Spanish Research Centres (SB2006-0074), HRS is recipient of a predoctoral fellowship of the Spanish MICINN (BES-2009-014245).REVISTA: BMC Plant Biology ISSN: 1471-2229 AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN: 2012 VOLUMEN: 12 • Citas en Scopus: 66 (28-01-2023) JCR (Journal Impact Factor) • Año 2012 • Factor de impacto de la revista: 4.354 • Factor de impacto sin autocitas: 4.127 • Article influence score: 1.351 • Cuartil mayor: Q1 • Área: PLANT SCIENCES Cuartil: Q1 Posición en el área: 16/197 (Edicion: SCIE) SCImago Journal Rank • Año 2012 • Impacto SJR de la revista: 2.126 • Cuartil mayor: Q1 • Área: Plant Science Cuartil: Q1 Posición en el área: 23/417 Scopus CiteScore • Año 2012 • CiteScore de la revista: 6.5 • Área: Plant Science Percentil: 93, Microspore embryogenesis represents a unique system of single cell reprogramming in plants wherein a highly specialized cell, the microspore, by specific stress treatment, switches its fate towards an embryogenesis pathway. In Brassica napus, a model species for this phenomenon, incubation of isolated microspores at 32°C is considered to be a pre-requisite for embryogenesis induction., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

The financial support from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BFU2005-00603) and from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (AL07-PID-008) is gratefully acknowledged., Plant legumains are cysteine proteinases putatively involved in processing endogenous proteins. Phytocystatins (PhyCys) have been described as plant inhibitors of papain-like cysteine proteinases. Some PhyCys contain a carboxy terminal extension with an amino acid motif (SNSL) similar to that involved in the inhibition of legumain-like proteins by human cystatins. The role of these carboxy terminal extended PhyCys as inhibitors of legumain-like cysteine proteinases is here shown by in vitro inhibition of human legumain and legumain-like activities from barley extracts. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis has demonstrated that the asparagine of the SNSL motif is essential in this inhibition. We prove for first time the existence of legumain inhibitors in plants., Depto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub