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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shandong Medical Journal is the property of Shandong Medical Health Newspapers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Evaluation & Analysis of Drug-Use in Hospitals of China is the property of Evaluation & Analysis of Drug-Use in Hospitals of China Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University is the property of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To assess the value of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging combined with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) derived indicators in the diagnosis of gray zone prostate cancer. Methods Clinical and MR imaging data of 128 patients with prostate cancer (30) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, 98) undergoing prostate MRI in our hospital from June 2021 to March 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient's age, PSA and its derivative indicators, APTmax, APTmean and APTmin were compared between the two groups. Single and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the independent predictors of prostate cancer in gray zone. A nomogram model was established. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the above parameters and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated. Results There were significant differences in the prostate volume and PSA density (PSAD) between the 2 groups. The values of APTmax [(3.63±1.01)%], APTmean [(2.60±0.86)%], and APTmin [(1.53±0.92)%] in the prostate cancer group were significantly higher (P<0.004) than those in BPH [(2.82±0.80)%, (1.95±0.09)%, (0.96±0.76)%]. Single and multivariate analyses showed that prostate volume, PSAD, APTmax, and APTmin were independent risk factors for gray zone prostate cancer with AUC values of 0.781, 0.762, 0.772, and 0.731, respectively. The diagnostic AUC value of the nomogram model for gray zone prostate cancer was 0.856, which was higher than each independent predictor. Conclusion The prediction model of APTmax and APTmin combined with prostate volume and PSAD has highest diagnostic value in gray zone prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare is the property of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To observe the ameliorating effect of intragastric administration of Klotho protein on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in rats with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and to explore its mechanism. Methods Fifty SD male rats were divided into the sham operation group, model group, low-dose Klotho group, medium-dose Klotho group and high-dose Klotho group, with 10 rats in each group. CIRI models after ACI were established in the model group, low-dose Klotho group, medium-dose Klotho group and high-dose Klotho group. In the sham operation group, only carotid artery vessel separation and wound suture were performed, and carotid artery clamping was not performed. After being fed for 24 h, the rats in the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose Klotho groups were treated with 25，50 and 100 mg/kg Klotho protein, respectively, and the rats in the model group and sham operation group were treated with equal volume of normal saline. All rats in the five groups were treated once a day, for 14 days. Longa scoring method and balance beam scoring method were used to evaluate the neurological scores of rats in each group. Cerebral tissues of rats in each group were taken after decapitation. Hematoxylin staining method was used to measure the apoptosis rate of cerebral cortex neurons of rats, and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1（RIP1) and RIP3 proteins in cerebral cortex tissues of rats were detected by Western blotting. The inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL) -1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay, MDA was detected by TBA, SOD was detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay, and GSH-Px was detected by ultraviolet colorimetry. Results The the neurological score and cerebral cortical neuron apoptosis rate of rats in the sham operation group were lower than those in the other groups (all P<0. 05), and those in the model group were higher than those in the other groups (all P<0. 05), and those in the high-dose Klotho group were higher than those in the low-dose Klotho group and medium-dose Klotho group (all P<0. 05), and those in the mediumdose Klotho group were higher than those in the low-dose Klotho group (all P<0. 05) . The relative expression levels of RIP1 and RIP3 proteins and the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MDA in the cerebral cortex of rats in the sham operation group were lower than those in the other groups, while the expression levels of SOD and GSH-Px were higher than those in the other groups (all P<0. 05) . The relative expression levels of RIP1 and RIP3 proteins and the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MDA in cerebral cortex of rats in the model group were higher than those in the other groups, while the expression levels of SOD and GSH-Px were lower than those in the other groups (all P<0. 05) . The relative expression levels of RIP1 and RIP3 proteins and the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MDA in the cerebral cortex of rats in the high-dose Klotho group were lower than those in the low-dose Klotho group and medium-dose Klotho group, while the expression levels of SOD and GSH-Px were higher than those of the low-dose and medium-dose Klotho groups (all P<0. 05) . The relative expression levels of RIP1 and RIP3 protein and the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MDA in cerebral cortex of rats in the medium-dose Klotho group were lower than those in the low-dose Klotho group, while the expression levels of SOD and GSH-Px were higher than those in the low-dose Klotho group (all P< 0. 05) . Conclusion Gastric administration of 100 mg/kg Klotho protein can alleviate CIRI in ACI rats, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the expression of RIP1 and RIP3 proteins in cerebral cortex and inhibiting the inflammatory response and oxidative stress response at the site of brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the impact of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant strain M6 on macrophage-mediated immune responses after infecting human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE cells). Methods, HSV-1 infection of 16HBE cells was conducted to assess cytokine alterations in the culture medium; Macrophages were co-cultured with supernatants from HSV-1-infected 16HBE cells and subsequently reintroduced into mice via tail vein infusion. Cytokine expression levels in mouse lymph nodes, changes in spleen T cell proportions, mouse neutralizing antibody levels, and specific T cell responses were measured on days 1, 3, 7, 28, 56, and 90., Results Following infection of 16HBE cells with the HSV-1 mutant strain, cytokine expression in the supernatant, associated with macrophage recruitment and activation, was elevated, albeit slightly lower than that observed in the wild-type strain group. Following the tail vein infusion experiment, the mutant strain group exhibited temporal changes in the proportions of inflammatory factors, chemokines, and T cells within the mouse lymph nodes, resulting in weaker humoral immunity compared to the wild-type strain group, yet eliciting stronger specific T cell responses, with only a few parameters showing significant differences from the wild-type strain group (P < 0.05). Conclusion 16HBE cells infected with the HSV-1 mutant strain M6 can release cytokines that recruit and activate macrophages, allowing macrophages to carry specific activation information of the HSV-1 mutant strain, activating the host's immune system and inducing the host's Humoral immunity and cellular immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Evaluation & Analysis of Drug-Use in Hospitals of China is the property of Evaluation & Analysis of Drug-Use in Hospitals of China Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) and explore the rationality and the duration of antibacterial treatment. Methods The clinical data of patients diagnosed as pyogenic liver abscess in our hospital from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 were analyzed to explore their clinical characteristics. The rationality of antibacterial treatment was evaluated by setting evaluation criteria. The duration of antibacterial use in different treatment outcomes was counted.Results A total of 89 patients were included in the analysis. The average age was (62.0±15.6) years old, with the male accounting for 61.80%. Diabetes for 53.9% was the most common complication. Among 59 patients (66.3%) with positive culture of pos or blood, 51 cases (57.3%) were Klebsiella Pneumoniaes. Among the empirical and target treatment, 45 cases (50.6%) and 17 cases (28.8%) of antibacterial regimens were evaluated as unreasonable, respectively. Recovery treatment time was (17.0±7.6) d, and actual treatment time was (21.1±7.3) d. Conclusion Diabetes was the most common high-risk factor of PLA, and Klebsiella Pneumoniae was the main pathogenic bacteria. It is necessary to strengthen the management of antibacterial drugs, explore the appropriate duration of antibacterial treatment, and reduce the overuse of antibacterial drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Land Geography is the property of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Vibration, Measurement & Diagnosis is the property of Nanjing Hangkong Daxue and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban impacts on spatial and temporal rainfall variabilities present significant challenges for effective urban flood mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, the physical mechanisms underlying these impacts remain unclear. In this study, we conducted modeling analyses using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, combined with thunderstorm identification and tracking algorithms, to investigate the influence of urban areas on warm-season thunderstorms in Nanjing, China. Our findings reveal divergent urban impacts on the structure and evolution properties of thunderstorms based on different pre-storm synoptic conditions. When the synoptic conditions are weak, the urban heat island effect dominates, enhancing convective activities over urban areas. This leads to a reduction in the number of storm cells but an expansion in spatial coverage, ultimately resulting in increased rainfall over downtown areas. Conversely, when the synoptic conditions are strong, the urban canopy effect becomes prominent, slowing down storm movement and increasing the frequency of small storm cells over urban regions. These storm cells exhibit distinct “sharp” structures in terms of rainfall distribution and tend to intensify over downwind areas due to moist convergence. As a result, both downtown and downwind regions experience enhanced rainfall. This study improves our understanding of urban rainfall modification and offers valuable insights for storm nowcasting algorithms and the design of urban-specific rainfall events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]To develop a attenuated feline herpesvirusⅠ(FHV-1)vaccine that could prevent infection and prevent latency establishment, the gIgE gene of FHV-1 was replaced with a red fluorescent protein gene(RFP)using homologous recombination and CRISPR/Cas9 technology. [Methods]Three sgRNA for gIgE gene and plasmids expressing Cas9 protein were constructed, and the plasmids containing sgRNA and Cas9 protein and the transfer vector containing RFP were co-transfected into cat kidney cells(F81), and the virus was purified by plaque purification and limited dilution method. F81 cells were infected with recombinant virus for 10 successive generations to verify its genetic stability, and its biological characteristics of recombinant virus and parent virus H07 were evaluated by measuring the virus titer, one-step growth curve and judging the size of plaque. [Results]The FHV-1 gIgE gene deletion strain was successfully constructed and named FHV-ΔgIgE-RFP; the recombinant DNA was extracted and PCR was used to verify that gIgE gene had no target band, indicating that the recombinant virus was successfully purified. Then PCR was used to verify that RFP gene had target band, indicating that the recombinant virus had successfully inserted foreign genes. The virus titer of recombinant virus decreased by 90% compared with that of parent virus; the fluorescence expression of RFP was observed in the continuous passage of F1-F10, which showed that the recombinant virus could stably express foreign genes; the growth curves of FHV-ΔgIgE-RFP and H07 were determined, the growth trend of recombinant virus was roughly the same as that of parent virus, indicating that the insertion of foreign genes did not change the growth characteristics of the virus itself; the plaque observation and staining results showed that the plaque of recombinant virus was smaller than that of parent virus in both early and late stages of virus infection, indicating that the virulence of the virus decreased after the deletion of gIgE gene. [Conclusions]The FHV-1 gIgE gene deletion attenuated strain was successfully constructed and screened in this study, which laid a foundation for the development of herpes virus attenuated live vector vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources / Kuangchan Zonghe Liyong is the property of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology is the property of Jinan University, School of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVE: To construct the three-level evaluation indicator system for outpatient pharmaceutical care and determine the weight of indicators at all levels. METHODS: By means of literature review method, structure-process-outcome (SPO) model and Delphin method, evaluation indicators of outpatient pharmaceutical care in public hospitals were analyzed. RESULTS: The 15 finalists selected for consultation were all experts in their respective fields. Results of the two rounds of expert consultation converged, with a concentration of views of the consulting experts and a high degree of credibility of the results, with a positive level of 93. 33% of the experts (14 experts proposed their own modifications). The authority coefficient was 0. 880, the average of index importance evaluation was >3. 5 points, and the variable coefficient was < 0. 25. CONCLUSIONS: Through two rounds of Delphin method, the three-level evaluation indicator system for outpatient pharmaceutical care are constructed and the weight of indicators at all levels have been determined. Among them, there are 3 primary indicators, 10 secondary indicators and 39 tertiary indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences is the property of Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Applied Chemical Industry is the property of Shaanxi Research Design Insitute of Petroleum & Chemical Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

目的探讨卡瑞利珠单抗静脉注射联合安罗替尼口服二线治疗标准化疗失败的小细胞肺癌(SCLC)的临 床疗效及安全性。方法选取标准化疗失败的SCLC患者92例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组46例。对照组口 服安罗替尼.12mg/d.连续服药2周,停药1周.3周为1个周期;观察组在对照组基础上每次静脉注射卡瑞利珠单抗 200mg.3次/周.3周为1个周期;两组均持续治疗2个周期。两组治疗后评价临床疗效,计算疾病控制率。两组治 疗前后,采用电化学发光法检测血清癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1(CYFRA21-1)、糖类抗原125 (CA125),采用ELISA法检测血清血管内皮生长因子A(VEGF-A)、血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)及半胱天冬 蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)、多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP)水平。记录两组不良反应发生情况。结果观察组完全缓 解0例、部分缓解6例、疾病稳定31例、疾病进展9例,疾病控制率为80.43%;对照组分别为0、0、28、18例及 60.87%;两组疾病控制率比较P<0.05。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后血清CEA、CYFRA21-1,CA125, VEGF-A VEGFR2, PARP水平均降低而血清Caspase-3水平均升高,且观察组较对照组治疗后变化更明显(P均<0.05)。观察组发生骨 髓抑制5例、肝功能异常1例、消化道反应2例、手足综合征6例、甲状腺功能异常5例,不良反应发生率为41.30%; 对照组分别为3,1,3,7,0例及30.43%;两组不良反应发生率比较P>0.05。结论 卡瑞利珠单抗静脉注射联合安罗 替尼口服治疗标准化疗失败的SCLC安全、有效,这可能与其减少肿瘤血管新生及细胞增殖有关。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineering Management & Technology Discussion is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Aero Weaponry is the property of Aero Weaponry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering is the property of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Meteorology (1004-4965) is the property of Guangzhou Institute of Tropical & Oceanic Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis is the property of Editorial Office of Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Preventive Medicine is the property of Modern Preventive Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)