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Spinal surgery can be associated with significant intraoperative blood loss which may lead to various complications. As the number of patients undergoing spinal surgery increases over time, accurate and effective hemostasis becomes critically important. Despite various surgical hemostatic techniques, conventional interventions such as compression, suture, ligation, and heat-generating cautery, are not suitable for osseous and epidural venous plexus bleeding during spinal procedures. Therefore, a variety of hemostatic agents have been developed to promote hemostasis. As they differ in terms of mechanism, form, application and potential adverse reactions, it is important to understand the natural features of existing agents. Here we comprehensively review currently available topical hemostatic agents from different sources and summarize their mechanisms of action, applications, and current or potential utilization in spinal surgery. We found hemostatic agents from different sources exert hemostatic actions through different mechanisms. In addition, topical hemostatic agents play various roles in spinal surgery including as hemostatic agent, dura mater repair, drug-carrier, skin closure, and fibrosis prevention. Compressive neurological complications are the most common complications of these hemostatic agents. Therefore, optimal use in spinal environments should match their features, indications, and efficacy with clinical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato (Licopersicon esculentum Mill.) is considered to be one of the products with the highest demand due to its nutritional value; however, it is susceptible to infection by fungi during its pre- and postharvest stages. In this research, three commercial products (1% Citrocover, 1% Citro 80, and 0.002% Microdyn) and two coatings based on 1.0% chitosan/0.1% lime or 0.1% orange essential oils were evaluated in vitro and on Saladette tomatoes that were previously inoculated with four postharvest fungi. The application of the commercial citrus-based product Citrocover was highly effective in reducing the in vitro development of Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, but not Rhizopus stolonifer. The sanitizer Microdyn promoted infections with most fungi. Citrus-based products were effective in reducing infections with A. flavus in the tomatoes during storage. Overall, mycotoxin production was very low for all treatments. The use of commercial citrus-based products and coatings did not alter the weight loss, firmness, or total soluble solid contents of the treated tomatoes. The changes observed were, rather, associated with the normal ripening process of Saladette tomatoes. The commercial citrus-based products satisfactorily controlled the in vitro growth of the fungi Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fredric Jameson's 1984 essay 'Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism' famously calls for new forms of representation that can provide a better notion of the sublime world space of multinational capital. Jameson states that such aesthetic scale models are yet unrealised, but this essay argues that a number of contemporary novels, including Emily St. John Mandel's Station Eleven, Ben Lerner's 10:04 and works by Matias Faldbakken, Sally Rooney and William Gibson, present us with global figurations that are both more banal and more sublime than Jameson could have imagined. These novels all contain scenes where ordinary commodities are turned inside out in staggering leaps of scale, which constitute original figurations of the global infrastructures of late capitalism. Drawing on Bill Brown's thing theory, Jennifer Wenzel's notion of commodity biographies, and different theories of scale in the Anthropocene, I analyse different examples of this figure, which I term transparent commodities. In the concluding section, I show how these figurations prefigure the current global supply chain crisis, and I return to Jameson's original demand for representations of the global totality, which I discuss in dialogue with my analyses as well as theories of planetarity by Gayatri Spivak and Dipesh Chakrabarty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the commodities with the highest economic value in the plantation sector in Indonesia is coffee. In 2016 there was a significant difference between the area of robusta and arabica coffee, with the area of robusta coffee being superior. The wide difference between robusta and arabica coffee plantations is because robusta coffee is considered a potential opportunity in developing the community's economy compared to arabica coffee with a particular market. To improve the taste or quality of coffee production, one of the factors is the roasting process. Currently, the demand for coffee production is increasing with the need for maximum quality and taste of coffee beans, so the processing of coffee plants must be very concerned and improved. Therefore this study aims to determine the roasting technique with a roasting machine and its effect on improving the quality and taste of coffee beans that are popular with consumers. This study used a Split Plot Design (SPD) using the basic pattern of a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 2 levels. The first factor is the roasting time as the main plot with four levels. Then the second factor is the roasting temperature with two levels. Each factor was repeated four times so there were 32 experimental units. The results of this study indicate that in the roasting process using slow roast and fast roast techniques, roasting time affects all observation parameters, namely moisture content, pH value, brix value, flavor, aroma, and caffeine. However, the roasting temperature only affects moisture content, brix value, and caffeine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on marketing communications through an evaluation research approach. Focused on enhancing personalization, efficiency, and strategic insight, the study explores AI's applications in content creation, customer service, social media, influencer marketing, and predictive analytics. The results reveal a paradigm transition in customer engagement and behavior analysis, highlighting AI's role in providing profound insights and facilitating real-time interactions. Personalized marketing and targeted advertising have evolved, with AI analyzing vast datasets to craft tailored messages, significantly enhancing communication relevance. AI's impact extends to content creation and curation, accelerating processes through natural language generation and improving content personalization. Moreover, AI driven chatbots redefine customer service, providing 24/7 personalized support and actively contributing to marketing strategies. Social media and influencer marketing benefit from AI's optimization of content delivery, personalization, and campaign impact measurement. The synergy between AI and predictive analytics anticipates consumer behavior, enabling precise targeting and optimizing the customer journey. The study concludes with implications for businesses, advocating strategic AI integration for sustained growth, and emphasizes the necessity of staying attuned to emerging AI innovations in future research. This research serves as a roadmap, guiding businesses toward successfully navigating the digital era's evolving marketing communications view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the soundness of understanding markets based on historically-grounded methodologies as of 2024. Topics covered include the availability of product and customer information that may influence market and other economic institutions design, an institutional account of markets, the epistemic preconditions of markets and market regulation, and a new frontline from products to customers. Also noted is the value of market situation inputs from those directly involved.

The limit personal jurisdiction has on a court's authority has long relied on a three-element test: (1) the defendant must have certain minimum contacts with the forum state, (2) the lawsuit must arise out of or be connected to the defendant's contacts with the forum state, and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must not offend "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice."¹ The Supreme Court of the United States has spoken often about element one--""minimum contacts." Many cases detail the nature and quality of a defendant's conduct that can create the requisite contacts with the forum state to justify requiring the defendant to appear and defend in the forum state. One recurring problem in "minimum contacts" cases is what to do about harmful products (whether allegedly defective or infringing on a patent) that the defendant sold outside the forum state which end up causing harm in the forum state. The Court has indicated, using a "stream of commerce" analogy, the defendant may satisfy the requisite contact with the forum state by delivering the product into the stream with knowledge that the product will be sold in the forum state. The Court, however, has never been able to agree about the precise contours of this doctrine and lower courts vary wildly in how they approach so-called stream of commerce problems. The Supreme Court has also laid out the factors courts should consider for element three and has expressly held personal jurisdiction to be improper when personal jurisdiction would not be fair and reasonable. Until recently, however, the Court has never spoken about element two--the "arising out of or connected to" element. The Court spoke twice on the second element--the first time in Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court of California, San Francisco County² (BMS) and more recently in Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Judicial District Court.³ The Court has now provided significant guidance on this second element. This Article considers what the Court's recent pronouncements on element two might tell us about stream of commerce cases and whether such cases satisfy element one (contacts) and/or element two (arising out of/connected to). For jurisdictions that follow the so called "stream of commerce plus" test, the facts of Ford show that a stream of commerce analysis is no longer necessary. A defendant's seemingly unrelated plus conduct is itself the requisite connection between the defendant and the forum. And the inforum injury connects the litigation to the forum after BMS and Ford. The pure stream of commerce theory is less clear. BMS and Ford seem to require some in-forum event, likely the retail sale of the allegedly defective product, so that the litigation is sufficiently connected to the forum. Courts, however, have had mixed reactions to the extent to which these related cases affect a stream of commerce analysis, ranging from complete abrogation of the theory to having no impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leuconostoc citreum is widely utilized across numerous industries due to its beneficial properties. Thus, a detection method for this target species is essential to track the presence of L. citreum in commercial products. We developed a rapid, on-site L. citreum detection method using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique in this study. The designed LAMP primer set exhibited high specificity, only targeting the intended species among the 76 tested. Moreover, this assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 2 pg of target DNA. To evaluate the LAMP assay's applicability, we selected 20 varied types of processed products. The results confirmed these products' successful and precise detection of L. citreum within 35 min. Additionally, we used samples spiked with L. citreum to determine the detection limit, revealing L. citreum detection up to 102 or 103 CFU/mL. Thus, the LAMP assay developed herein is a specific, sensitive, precise, and rapid on-site detection method for L. citreum in various processed products. • We developed a rapid on-site detection method for Leuconostoc citreum. • Our novel assay exhibits high sensitivity, detecting as little as 2 pg of target DNA. • We detected L. citreum (up to 102 or 103 CFU/mL) in 20 products within 35 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]