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Underground reservoir technology in coal mines enables the effective storage and utilization of water resources disturbed by mining activities. Owing to the effects of mining operations and water extraction/injection activities, the water head in underground reservoirs fluctuates dynamically. The total bearing capacity of a coal pillar dam is significantly reduced due to the combined effects of overlying rock stress, dynamic and static water pressures, and mining-induced stresses, which are critical for ensuring the safe operation of underground reservoirs. Based on the correlation between different water head heights and the corresponding water pressures on the coal pillar dam, a custom-made coal rock pressure water immersion test device was used to saturate the coal samples under various water pressure conditions. The mechanical deformation and failure characteristics of the samples and fracture propagation patterns under different water pressure conditions were studied using uniaxial compression, acoustic emission (AE), and three-dimensional X-ray microimaging. The results indicated that, compared with the dry state, the peak strain of the water-immersed coal samples increased to varying degrees with increasing water pressure. Additionally, the average porosity and the number of pores with diameters in the range of 0 to 150 μm significantly increased in water-immersed coal samples. Under the combined influence of water immersion pressure and uniaxial stress, loading the water-saturated coal samples to the fracture damage threshold significantly intensified deformation, failure, and fracture propagation within the samples, and the failure mode changed from tension to a composite tensile–shear failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid culture systems, including bioreactors, are valuable tools for the scaling up of production. Their involvement leads to the automation of the highly efficient, reproducible somatic embryogenesis of Narcissus L. 'Carlton'. Alternative procedures for efficient embryogenic tissue and early somatic embryo multiplication have been developed. The long-term embryogenic callus of narcissus 'Carlton', obtained by repetitive somatic embryogenesis, was multiplicated and differentiated in different liquid culture systems. For multiplication, the Rita® temporary immersion bioreactor and the rotary shaker at 60 rpm and 100 rpm were used, and, for differentiation, the rotary shaker at 60 rpm and solid cultures were investigated. Cultures immersed with a frequency of 15 min every 24 h during multiplication were characterized by the greatest increase in biomass (1.3), and the greatest number of embryos (152.6 embryos per 1 g of inoculum) was seen during differentiation. Higher immersion frequencies (15 min every 8 and 12 h) decreased the tissue quality and yield. The use of a bioreactor during multiplication promoted the number of embryos obtained during differentiation. In turn, cultivation in a rotary shaker during differentiation, regardless of the multiplication system, stimulated the multiplication of embryogenic tissue. The liquid medium used for the multiplication and differentiation of somatic embryos improved the synchronization of their development, which reached up to 95–99% depending on the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the color stability, surface roughness, and microhardness of resin-based composites (RBCs) after accelerated artificial aging (AAA) or immersion in beverages consumed by children. Material and Methods: Seventy specimens were prepared from each RBC (Z350-Z350, SS-Spectra Smart, AF-Admira Fusion, and EA-Estelite Asteria). Initial color, ∆E00, surface roughness, ∆Ra, and microhardness, ∆KHN readings were done. Specimens were separated into five groups (n=14): AAA (300 hours) and immersion (30 minutes daily/30 days) in Coca-Cola (CC), Grape juice (GJ), Chocolate milk (CM), or distilled water (DW). After the final readings, color and microhardness data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey, and surface roughness by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test. Results: SS exhibited the most significant color change in AAA, which differed from CC and GJ; the minor change occurred after CM and DW, which were distinct from each other. AF did not show a difference between the treatments. All RBCs exhibited a decrease in microhardness, except for SS, after AAA and EA in CC and DW. There was no difference in the surface roughness after treatments, except for AAA, which presented a minor change for Z350 and AF, differing from the other treatments. Conclusion: The beverages didn’t alter the surface roughness but decreased the microhardness of the RBCs, except for CC, which increased the microhardness of EA.

This present study explored the experiences of Filipino learner-participants in a 6-day cross-cultural immersion held in Indonesia, aiming to understand how they interpreted their cultural learning over a year later. Employing phenomenology as the research design, data was collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, participant observation and document analysis. The findings indicate that interactions with the host community helped participants recognize cultural diversity, respect cultural differences and reassess their cultural prejudices, leading to lasting changes in their perceptions and behaviors after returning home. However, the limitations brought by the restrictions on movements due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the lack of pre-immersion and post-immersion activities have presented challenges to the breadth and depth of these changes. These findings underscore not only the importance of cross-cultural immersions in fostering intercultural sensitivity and competence but also the significance of continuous guidance from educators during the different stages of the experience. Furthermore, it was shown that despite the short time spent in the immersion, significant changes were still experienced by the participants, contrary to what some studies suggest.

Underground traffic structures can ease the traffic pressure on ground traffic and alleviate the effect of urban heat wave. The structural failure of underground structures caused by earthquakes is one of the crucial hazards in the field of urban underground transportation engineering. The structural safety is an important symbol of urban sustainability and resilience. To investigate the failure modes and mechanical performances of immersion joints under the effects of spatially varying seismic ground motions, an eccentric cyclic loading method has been proposed in the study. For comparison, both the conventional centric cyclic loading condition and novel eccentric cyclic loading condition have been considered in the research. Based on the numerical results, the failure modes, load-carrying properties, ductility, stiffness, and energy dissipation characteristics of the immersion joint have been synthetically analyzed. The results show that the loading conditions have obvious influence on the internal force evolution mechanism of the immersion joint. Under eccentric cyclic loading, the plastic damages occur at the horizontal shear keys, vertical shear keys, and even the left side wall of the tunnel element. As a result of comparison, the ductility coefficient value of the immersion joint under eccentric cyclic loading in the negative direction is 12.4% smaller than that under centric cyclic loading. The immersion joint exposed to eccentric cyclic loading exhibits worse aseismic performance than that under centric cyclic loading.

The association between connectedness to nature and happiness has been investigated in studies on nature-based recreation. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Drawing upon the concept of ecological self, the present study investigated the associations among connectedness to nature, immersion, tourist inspiration, and happiness and explored the mediating roles of immersion and tourist inspiration in the context of mountaineering. We surveyed 359 mountain climbers who climbed high-altitude mountains in Taiwan. The results revealed that the direct path from connectedness to nature to happiness was nonsignificant. Connectedness to nature indirectly affected happiness through immersion and tourist inspiration, and the tourist inspiration had a stronger mediating influence than immersion. This study contributes to the literature by identifying two variables – immersion and tourist inspiration – that mediate the relationship between connectedness to nature and happiness. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-way dual-language immersion (TWDL) programs aim to combine English speakers and speakers of a partner language in the same classroom to receive content instruction in both languages. Stated goals include bilingualism and biliteracy, high academic achievement, and sociocultural competence. In school districts aiming to reduce segregation, TWDL programs also can integrate students from diverse linguistic, racial, and economic backgrounds, although mounting evidence shows that equitable integration does not always happen. Using school-level enrollments and district data on TWDL program growth from 2000 to 2021, this paper describes enrollment and segregation patterns across the Los Angeles Unified School District elementary schools with TWDL programs. We find that elementary schools with TWDL programs are enrolling increasing numbers of racially, linguistically, and economically marginalized students and are generally more diverse than schools without TWDL programs, although there appear to be limits on the potential of TWDL programs to foster diversity, especially in a segregated urban context.

Objective Community-engaged immersive rural experiences were limited during the COVID-19 pandemic when online learning was instigated across medical institutions globally. This study aimed to explore the impact of online learning on medical students’ satisfaction levels and intentions to practice in a rural area after graduation.Design, setting and participants We conducted a natural quasi-experimental longitudinal retrospective cross-sectional study during 2011–2022 for all Australian domestic medical students who undertook a Rural and Remote Medicine (RRM) placement at the University of Queensland. Anonymous administrative course evaluation data were collected for the same two questions in each cohort over 12 years, between 2011 and 2022.Outcome measures Change in students’ intention to pursue a rural medical career and teaching and placement satisfaction levels was determined. Longitudinal data illustrated trends in students’ intention and overall satisfaction across cohorts before and during COVID-19 disruptions.Results 2695 students participated in the surveys with an average response rate of 81%. Intention levels remained steady between 2011 and 2019, during which students experienced a consistent face-to-face orientation and rural placement immersion. During the COVID-19 disruption phase, primarily in 2020 and 2021, students’ intention to pursue a rural medical career significantly decreased when online-only learning placements were implemented, with only 25% of students in the most impacted rotation indicating a strong positive intention, compared with a previous steady 75%. Comparatively, students’ satisfaction with the RRM programme remained steady across all the years at about 85–90%.Conclusions There appears to be a detrimental impact of a lack of immersive community-engaged education experiences on medical student’s intention to pursue a rural medical career. This natural experiment demonstrates that while online learning maintains student satisfaction levels, it lacks value and authenticity and does not inspire students to consider future rural careers. The value of face-to-face and immersive community-engaged experiences is fundamentally an important contributor to inspiring students to work in rural areas in the future.

Underground traffic structures can ease the traffic pressure on ground traffic and alleviate the effect of urban heat wave. The structural failure of underground structures caused by earthquakes is one of the crucial hazards in the field of urban underground transportation engineering. The structural safety is an important symbol of urban sustainability and resilience. To investigate the failure modes and mechanical performances of immersion joints under the effects of spatially varying seismic ground motions, an eccentric cyclic loading method has been proposed in the study. For comparison, both the conventional centric cyclic loading condition and novel eccentric cyclic loading condition have been considered in the research. Based on the numerical results, the failure modes, load‐carrying properties, ductility, stiffness, and energy dissipation characteristics of the immersion joint have been synthetically analyzed. The results show that the loading conditions have obvious influence on the internal force evolution mechanism of the immersion joint. Under eccentric cyclic loading, the plastic damages occur at the horizontal shear keys, vertical shear keys, and even the left side wall of the tunnel element. As a result of comparison, the ductility coefficient value of the immersion joint under eccentric cyclic loading in the negative direction is 12.4% smaller than that under centric cyclic loading. The immersion joint exposed to eccentric cyclic loading exhibits worse aseismic performance than that under centric cyclic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesMethodResultsConclusionsHigh levels of change are linked to the flexibility between immersion and distancing, as well as to higher levels of therapeutic alliance. This study aims to explore the evolution of flexibility between immersion and distancing throughout the entire therapeutic process and its relationship with therapeutic alliance and depressive symptoms in a clinical case.We analyzed five sessions of a good outcome case of depression undergoing cognitive–behavioral therapy. We assessed the distancing/immersion of these sessions using the Measure of Immersed and Distanced Speech, and therapeutic alliance with the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form. The depressive symptoms were assessed from the Beck Depression Inventory-II.Flexibility and therapeutic alliance from both client’s and therapist’s perspectives increased throughout the therapeutic process. A strong negative correlation was found between flexibility and depressive symptoms.The increase in flexibility can be an adaptive pattern associated with the decrease in depressive symptoms, the increase in therapeutic alliance (from both the client's and the therapist's perspective), and therapeutic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of effectively eliminating air during gastrointestinal endoscopy using ultrasound techniques is apparent. This difficulty arises from the intricacies of removing concealed air within the folds of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in artifacts and compromised visualization. In addition, the overlap of folds with lesions can obscure their depth and size, presenting challenges for an accurate assessment. Conversely, in intricately folded regions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the stomach, intestine, and colon, insufficient delivery of air or CO 2 into the cavity impedes luminal expansion, hindering the accurate visualization of lesions concealed within the folds. Although this underscores the requirement for substantial airflow, excessive airflow can hinder visualization of bleeding lesions and other abnormalities. Considering these challenges, an ideal endoscopic device would facilitate the observation of lesions without the requirement for air or CO 2 delivery whereas, ensuring optimal expansion of the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, transparent gels with specific viscosities have been employed more frequently to address this issue. This review aims to elucidate how these gels address these challenges and provide a solution for enhanced endoscopic visualization., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: Mikihiro Fujiya: Others, OLYNPUS Co., Ltd., Boston Scientific Corporation, FUJIFILM Corporation, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. There are no conflicts of interest associated with the authors who contributed to this manuscript., (©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Along with the rapid development of the digital economy and artificial intelligence, heat sinks available for immersion phase-change liquid cooling (IPCLC) of chips are facing huge challenges. Here, we design a high-performance IPCLC heat sink based on a copper microgroove/nanocone (MGNC) composite structure. Maximal heat fluxes ( q max ) of the MGNC structure, microgroove structure, and flat copper reach 112.7, 88.0, and 24.0 W·cm -2 as the surface temperature ( T S ) of the simulated chip heat source rises up to 85 °C, respectively. As compared to the flat copper, the nanocone structure shows much higher cooling efficacy but lower cooling capacity, with q max = 19.8 W·cm -2 at T S = 69.8 °C. Structure-performance relationships are rationalized by combined experiments and theoretical analyses. This work not only helps deeply understand the respective roles of microscale and/or nanoscale structures in IPCLC but also provides the state-of-the-art solution with the best IPCLC performance as compared to all peers' reports.

Background: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a substantial problem for Veterans and active members of armed forces across the globe, resulting in debilitating mental and physical comorbidities. Evidence-based treatments have demonstrated some success; however, many Veterans remain symptomatic mandating the urgent need for innovative treatment strategies., Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of military Veterans with PTSD symptoms who participated in a therapeutic warm water immersion intervention aimed at reducing their symptoms., Methods and Procedures: A standardized warm 33  ° C (92  ° F) water immersion intervention to the chest, lasting 45 min was implemented. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the 13 participants (age 23-41) after engaging in the intervention. Using a qualitative descriptive design informed by phenomenology, thematic analysis was completed, applying criteria of rigor throughout the process., Results: Five main themes explicated the participants' experience: the rhythm of relaxed, embracing the properties of the water, the pain floats away, acclimatize to calmness, and a place to set your mind. Participants described a sense of relaxation, calmness, pain reduction, and a means to control intrusive thoughts. All indicated they would recommend the intervention and provided feedback on how to refine it., Conclusions: As a component of a larger study, these qualitative findings revealed the potential for therapeutic effects of a novel water immersion intervention. The findings serve to inform revisions to the intervention for future research and practice. Immersion provides a fast-acting, non-stigmatizing adjunct therapy for student Veterans who continue to experience symptoms during and after standard evidence-based treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) is a useful prophylactic hemostatic procedure for esophageal varices. However, injecting sclerosing agents into blood vessels is technically challenging and often ineffective. Gel-immersion EIS (GI-EIS) may facilitate easier intravascular sclerosing agent injection by dilating the varices and enhancing scope stability by maintaining low intra-gastrointestinal pressure. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this procedure. This retrospective study included 18 patients (14 men and four women; median age, 70 years; age range, 18-83 years) who underwent GI-EIS at Osaka Medical Pharmaceutical University Hospital between December 1, 2022, and January 30, 2024. Patients who were at least 18 years of age at the time of treatment were included. No patients were excluded from the study. Thirty-four punctures were performed. The donor vessel angiography success rate was 88.2% (30 of 34 punctures). The clinical success rate was 94.4% (17 of 18 patients). Esophageal varices in most patients disappeared or were reduced by 1 month after treatment. Adverse events related to the procedure included fever (three patients) and chest pain (one patient); however, both were resolved with conservative treatment. No respiratory deterioration due to aspiration occurred during the procedure. The results of this study demonstrate that GI-EIS is a safe, clinically feasible, and effective treatment option for prophylactic hemostasis of esophageal varices., Competing Interests: None., (© 2025 The Author(s). DEN Open published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.)

1.During transport of broilers from farms to slaughterhouses, the interior of crates may become contaminated with faeces. When these crates are not cleaned and disinfected adequately, they pose a potential risk for the dissemination of pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., between slaughterhouses and farms.2. The aim of the trial was to compare the efficacy of immersion-based crate washing systems with a spray-based washing system in reducing Campylobacter spp. Therefore, the crate washing systems in two slaughterhouses were sampled. In one of these two slaughterhouses, the immersion-based crate washing system was replaced by a new spray-based system which was sampled. Samples were collected from the slaughterhouse equipment, the crate washing system as well as from the crates both before and after cleaning and disinfection (C&D). All samples were screened for the presence of Campylobacter spp.; water and crate samples were used for enumeration. Molecular typing was performed to investigate the source and routes of contamination.3. In all cases, crates were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. prior to washing. However, only the spray-based system achieved a significant reduction after C&D Molecular typing revealed that the same strains were present on the crates after C&D as before cleaning. Additionally, crates could become contaminated by previously cleaned crates via wash water in the immersion-based crate washing system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In aviation education, flight simulators are required instructional infrastructures, but there is a scarcity of studies exploring students' behavioral intention and immersion to use these technologies within the lens of Hedonic – Motivation System Adoption Model. Methods: Using quantitative cross-sectional survey design, 241 aviation technology students participated in an online survey. Results: The structural equation modeling reveals that most of the hypothesized paths are supported except the influence of joy to immersion. Conclusion: This study reveals HMSAM's usefulness to understand the factors influencing students' intention and immersion to use flight simulators. Consequently, practical and theoretical implications are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the relationship between hoof surface (HS), hoof wall (HW), and lamellar tissue (LAM) temperature during distal limb cooling and evaluate 4 cooling methods in ambulatory horses over extended periods using HW to estimate LAM temperature., Methods: 8 healthy, university-owned horses were enrolled. Temperature was measured over 4 hours at LAM, HS, and HW for 4 cooling methods: ice sleeve (SLEEVE), ice pack system (ICEPACK), low-volume ice water immersion (LV-IMMERSION), and high-volume ice water immersion (HV-IMMERSION). The relationship between HW, HS, and LAM was mathematically modeled, generating a method-specific correction factor to predict LAM based on HW. Hoof wall temperature was then measured over 8 hours with horses free in a stall (LAM was estimated using HW). Mixed-effects linear regression was used to compare cooling methods., Results: HV-IMMERSION and LV-IMMERSION significantly decreased LAM temperature over 4 hours (P < .001), whereas ICEPACK and SLEEVE did not. Lamellar tissue temperature estimated using HW showed good concordance (ρc = 0.93 [0.93 to 0.94]; P < .001) and correlation (r = 0.93; P < .001) with measured LAM temperature. In horses free in the stall for 8 hours, the estimated LAM temperature decreased significantly with HV-IMMERSION (-20.4 °C [-22.9 to -17.8]) and LV-IMMERSION (-14.9 °C [-17.7 to -12.1]) compared to control (32.7 °C [32.2 to 33.2]; P < .001) but did not decrease with ICEPACK (-2.7 °C [-5.6 to -0.3]; P < .08) or SLEEVE (-1.8 °C [-5.6 to -2.0]; P < .4)., Conclusions: HV-IMMERSION and LV-IMMERSION were superior to ICEPACK and SLEEVE for lamellar cooling., Clinical Relevance: Immersion of the distal limb in ice and water is most effective for cooling the digital lamellae under clinically relevant conditions.

Introduction: Scalds account for 40 % of burn injuries in developed countries, with a subset occurring during caregiving activities, particularly when gloves are worn. Gloves, a standard precaution against infection and body fluid exposure, may impair sensory feedback critical for detecting temperature changes, potentially increasing the risk of burns during personal care tasks., Methods: This study investigated the impact of glove use on heat perception. Twelve healthy participants (6 male, 6 female) immersed their index fingers in water baths set at 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C. Heat perception thresholds were assessed under three conditions: no gloves, single gloves, and double gloves. Participants withdrew their fingers upon feeling discomfort, and the withdrawal temperatures were recorded., Results: Our trial showed that gloves significantly delayed heat discomfort detection, with the longest delays observed at 50°C and 55°C when double gloves were worn. Wearing a single glove raised the discomfort threshold by approximately 5°C, while double gloves increased it by 10°C. This logarithmic relationship between temperature and perception delay indicates a substantial sensory alteration, especially at higher temperatures., Conclusion: The findings underscore the heightened risk of scald injuries in vulnerable individuals due to delayed heat detection caused by gloves. Awareness of altered temperature thresholds during glove use is essential to prevent burns during caregiving tasks, particularly in activities requiring precise temperature assessment, such as bathing or showering. Enhanced education and preventive measures are crucial for ensuring safety in these contexts., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest P. Dziewulski is a member of the editorial board of Burns. The Authors declare no other conflicts of interest in relation to this work., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Burns Injuries. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Exercise-induced heat acclimation can mitigate age-related reductions in heat-loss capacity, though performing repeated bouts of strenuous exercise in the heat may be untenable for many older adults. While short-term passive heat acclimation (e.g., ≤7 days of warm-water immersion) enhances whole-body heat loss in young adults, evidence of its efficacy in older adults is lacking. Thus, we examined whether 7-days warm-water immersion would improve whole-body heat loss in older adults., Methods: Twelve habitually active older men (median [IQR] age: 68 [64-73] years; peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak): 34.1 [29.4-36.1] mLO2·kg-1·min-1) completed 7 consecutive days of ~90-minutes warm-water immersion (~40 °C) with core (rectal) temperature clamped at ~38.5 °C for the final 60 minutes. Before and after the warm-water immersion intervention, whole-body total (evaporative + dry) heat loss was measured via direct calorimetry during three, 30-minute bouts of cycling at increasing fixed rates of metabolic heat production (150, 200, 250 W·m-2), each separated by 15-minutes rest, in a hot-dry environment (40 °C, ~13% relative humidity). Rectal temperature and heart rate were measured continuously., Results: Following 7 days of warm-water immersion, whole-body total heat loss was elevated by 23 [95% confidence interval: 14, 31] W·m-2 across exercise bouts (acclimation-effect: P < 0.001; interaction: P = 0.598). This was paralleled by reductions in core temperature and heart rate of 0.3 [0.2, 0.4] °C and 11 [8, 14] beats·min-1 (both, acclimation-effect: P < 0.001; interaction: P = 0.288), respectively., Conclusions: Seven consecutive days of warm-water immersion improved whole-body heat loss and reduced core temperature and cardiovascular strain across light-to-vigorous intensity exercise in habitually active older men. Passive heat acclimation may be an efficacious alternative to exercise-heat acclimation to improve heat-loss capacity. Studies are warranted to assess effectiveness in more heat-vulnerable populations., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Funding Source: This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (all funds held by Dr. Glen P. Kenny-RGPIN-2020-03891); G.P.K is supported by a University of Ottawa Industry Research Chair. K.T.J, F.K.O, R.D.M, B.J.R, N.J.K, N.V.K, and J.J.M are supported by the Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa. R.D.M was supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Postdoctoral Fellowship. F.K.O and J.J.M were supported by a Mitacs Accelerate Fellowship (IT30924). A.D.F is supported by the University of Thessaly, Greece. The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2025 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)

This Letter discusses the limitations of immersion-free recording schemes for holographic waveguide displays. Traditional holographic recording of waveguides requires recording angles exceeding the critical angle of the hologram-cladding interface. Achieving these angles necessitates edge-lit exposure using prisms and immersion liquids, which are challenging for roll-to-roll mass production and hinder widespread adoption. We present analytical equations describing the set of holographic gratings that can be recorded immersion-free by utilizing recently proposed methods of wavelength and recording configuration shifting. We show that by appropriately choosing the recording polarization, superficial holograms can be mitigated and large effective index modulation can be achieved. Our results demonstrate that all relevant red, green, and blue (RGB) incouplers for typical reflective holographic waveguide displays in a photopolymer can be recorded and copied immersion-free, reducing manufacturing complexity and costs. However, typical expanders cannot. These findings contribute to the industrialization of holographic waveguides for augmented reality (AR).

This study examined the effects of core and muscle temperature on force steadiness and motor unit discharge rate (MUDR) variability after a hot-water immersion session. Fifteen participants (6 women; 25±6 years) completed neuromuscular assessments before and after either 42ºC (hot) or 36ºC (control) water immersion. Force steadiness was measured during knee extension, while HD-sEMG signals were recorded from vastus lateralis and medialis for MUDR variability analysis. Following water immersion, force steadiness decreased by 0.11% (p<0.05; d=0.38) and MUDR variability increased by 1.25% (p<0.01; d=0.57) potentially driven by increased muscle temperature. Elevated core temperature did not further affected these changes.

Water-based therapy has been gaining attention in recent years and is being widely used in clinical settings. Hydrotherapy is the most important area of water-based therapy, and it has distinct advantages and characteristics compared to conventional land-based exercises. Several new techniques and pieces of equipment are currently emerging with advances in computer technologies. However, comprehensive reviews of hydrotherapy are insufficient. Hence, this study reviewed the status quo, mechanisms, adverse events and contraindications, and future prospects of the use of hydrotherapy. This study aims to comprehensively review the latest information regarding the application of hydrotherapy to musculoskeletal diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. We have attempted to provide a "take-home message" regarding the clinical applications and mechanisms of hydrotherapy based on the latest evidence available.