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This study investigates the synergistic effects of alginate@montmorillonite (Alg@Mt) hybrid microcapsules for enhancing water purification, focusing on improving the encapsulation of hydrophobic contaminants. Alg@Mt microcapsules were prepared through ionotropic gelation. Characterisation was performed using SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, and TGA. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), and release behaviour were also examined. Alg@Mt microcapsules effectively removed phenol and its chlorinated derivatives from water. Incorporating Na-Mt improved structural and thermal properties, EE, and LC. Increasing the clay content to 60% (w/w) raised the EE of phenol and its more hydrophobic derivative, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, from 39.74 ± 3.1% (w/w) and 63.91 ± 2% (w/w) to 60.56 ± 1.6% (w/w) and 82.28 ± 2.3% (w/w), respectively, with more controlled release rates, following Fickian diffusion mechanism. EE increased with phenolic substances hydrophobicity, while LC and release rates were inversely related. This approach is promising for removing hydrophobic contaminants from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An embedded-atom method (EAM) potential for the Pd–Ba alloy system has been developed in order to forward computational research in this alloying system as there is no EAM potential available for this alloy system. The force-matching method has been implemented to develop the EAM potential first, and then, optimisation to converged density-functional theory (DFT) data sets has been done to generate the accurate and reliable potential for the Pd–Ba alloy system. Some physical, elastic and thermal properties of BaPd2 crystal have been calculated through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using the developed EAM potential and then verified these properties with the help of DFT analysis in order to examine the performance of the potential. The presence of some even peaks of BaPd2 in virtual XRD spectra using MD simulation has been justified by DFT analysis. Slight deviations in melting points calculation at different compositions of the Pd–Ba alloy system have been observed. Higher Ba–Pd interaction using radial distribution characteristics and slower kinetics for inter-diffusion through diffusional characteristics study of BaPd2 have been reported using MD simulation with the developed EAM potential. In spite of some discrepancies due to deficiency in the potential, a closer agreement between MD and DFT analysis has been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study investigates the impact of germination (72 h) on physicochemical, protein solubility, in vitro protein digestibility, antinutrient, antioxidant, and structural properties of sorghum flour. Germination resulted in a reduction of crude protein, fat, fibre, and ash. However, it significantly improved the DPPH (58.42%–69.44%), total phenolic content (1.31–3.58 mg GAE g−1), and total flavonoid content (57.66–80.16 mg QE g−1). Germination also increased in vitro protein digestibility (50.12%–75.52%) and Fe2+ chelating activity (11.18%–48.06%), while reducing antinutrients such as phytic acid (176 to 86 mg/100 g) and tannin (3.53–2.16 mg/100 g). Structural analyses (XRD and FTIR) revealed modifications in crystalline and molecular structures, while scanning electron microscopy showed disrupted starch granules in germinated flour. These findings suggest that germination enhances the functional and nutritional properties of sorghum flour, making it more suitable for various applications in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary half-Heusler (HH) alloys are under intense investigations recently towards achieving high thermoelectric (TE) figure-of-merit (ZT). Of particular interest is the ZrNiPb-based HH alloy, where an optimal value of ZT ~ 0.7 at 773 K has been achieved by co-doping Sn and Bi at Pb site. In this work, we identify an excellent ZT of 1.3 in ZrNi1+xPb0.38Sn0.6Bi0.02 (x = 0.03, at 773 K) composite alloy. This is achieved by synergistic modulation of electronic as well as thermal properties via introduction of minor phase of full-Heusler (FH) in the HH matrix through compositional tuning approach. These Ni-rich ZrNi1+xPb0.38Sn0.6Bi0.02 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.07) alloys were synthesized via energy efficient and time-curbed techniques that involved Arc melting followed by consolidation via spark plasma sintering. These alloys were characterized by XRD and SEM, which show formation of nanocomposites comprising of HH matrix phase and FH secondary minor phases. Enhancement in ZT is mainly attributed to a synchronized increase in power factor (~42%) and ~25% decrease in its thermal conductivity. Here, TE compatibility factor (S) was also calculated for all samples. The value of |S| ~ 2.7 V−1 (at 773 K) is observed for x = 0.03, which is ~17% higher than bare HH composition (x = 0.0). The theoretically calculated TE device efficiency of best-performing sample ZrNi1.03Pb0.38Sn0.6Bi0.02 is estimated to be η ~ 13.6%. Our results imply that deliberately controlled fine tuning in compositions of HH compounds through compositional tuning approach would lead to novel off-stoichiometric HH phases with enhanced ZT value for efficient TE device fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes a multidisciplinary approach, combining simulation experiments, thermal expansion analysis, XRD, SEM, and physical property assessments to investigate the firing temperature in illitic-kaolinitic porcelain. Our findings indicate that the accuracy of the thermal expansion method depends on both the actual firing temperature and dwell time. When dwell time is uncertain, the method provides a range of possible actual firing temperatures, differing by approximately 100 °C. Remarkably, as the porcelain body nears full vitrification, the determined firing temperature tends to be notably higher. A critical analysis of previous research suggests potential overestimation of ancient kiln temperatures. Additionally, our study highlights the usefulness of bulk density, water absorption, porosity, and mullite content in determining dwell time. Overall, our research offers new insights into ancient porcelain firing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt quenching technique was used to prepare tellurite glasses with compositions 70TeO2–20BaO–10WO3 (BT:W glass), 70TeO2–20BaO–10Y2O3 (BT:Y glass), 70TeO2–20BaO–10SrO (BT:Sr glass) and 70TeO2–20BaO–10Li2O (BT:Li glass). The impact of modifying ions Ba2+, W6+, Y3+, Sr2+, and Li+ on structural, physical, thermal and mechanical properties of the prepared glasses has been explored by using XRD, DTA, and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. XRD analysis conformed that the prepared glasses are amorphous and homogeneous in nature. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of TeO4 trigonal bipyramids, TeO3 trigonal pyramids and NBOs in the network of BT:Y, BT:Sr and BT:Li glasses. Meanwhile, the structure of BT:W glass is composed of TeO4, TeO3, WO4 and WO6 units, which are connected to each other through W–O–Te linkages. The glass transition temperature and thermal stability increased in the order BT:W glass > BT:Y glass > BT:Sr glass > BT:Li glass. These results were compared to those of binary 80TeO2–20BaO glass (BT) and pure TeO2 glass. Changes in the thermal properties have been analyzed and predicted by correlating them with the calculated molar volume, ratio of packing density to mean atomic volume, dissociation energy per unit volume, field strength of the modifying ions, average single bond strength, and elastic moduli. The R-squared values of the regression lines can be improved if the effect of all structural groups as well as the uncertainty inherent in experimental measurements are taken into account. The highest thermal stability and glass transition temperature of BT:W glass making it a good candidate for shielding material in the fields of medical, industrial, and nuclear applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to utilize the raw colemanite (RC) mineral, which has abundant reserves in the world, and to reduce its particles to smaller sizes for nanotechnology. However, not only the particle size of the produced colemanite powder but also its other properties need to be elucidated. By using the Taguchi design, the RC mineral was ground in a high-energy ball mill. From signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the smallest average particle size was found to be 3.10 µm for the experiment E04/nano-sized amorphous colemanite (NAC) powder. The characteristics of as-received RC mineral and synthesized NAC material were investigated using laser particle size analyzer, optical microscopes, SEM–EDS, XRD, TEM, HRTEM, and TGA–DTA devices. It was found that the NAC powder was not homogeneous, a small peak within the 300–20 nm range appeared, and d90, d50, d10, and dmin values were, respectively, 14.6 µm, 3.08 µm, 232 nm, and 26 nm. In the XRD analysis, the pure colemanite, calcite, and silica minerals were determined. The crystal structure of the NAC powder almost turned amorphous, and the crystallite size of (031) peak was reduced to 7.3 nm. It was deduced that the average particle size was 8.29 nm (R2 = 0.86), and the d-spacing value was 0.307 nm. This significant finding was attributed to the mobility of balls and moreover it was interpreted with an equation. An unknown transition in TGA–DTA was referred to the calcite mineral. Finally, it is believed that the synthesized NAC material will be beneficial to engineering studies as a natural/mineral additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the development of a nanocomposite membrane using polyvinyl chloride and nanocellulose@titanium aluminate to effectively filter and adsorb dye from wastewater. Various analytical techniques were used such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA to characterize the synthesized adsorptive nanocomposite membrane. The thermal and electrical properties of the membrane were measured using a static system. The study investigated the effect of different adsorbent dosages, pH levels, and dye concentrations on the membrane's adsorption ability. The PVC-NC@TALCM nanocomposite membrane was found to remove 98.6% of MB dye when loaded with 5% titanium aluminate at pH 10. Kinetic and isotherm studies revealed that the adsorption of MB onto the membrane followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherms, respectively. The researchers also highlighted the economic and eco-friendly nature of the PVC-NC@TALCM nanocomposite membrane as a viable option for the removal of MB from industrial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native starch exhibits undesirable properties in the final product when used as an additive. Recently, the effects of the interaction between starch and hydrocolloids on the techno‐functional properties of starch have been studied. However, this interaction has not yet been applied to a real food system. Therefore, in this work, the techno‐functional properties of starch–pectin complexes formed by extrusion are investigated. Mixtures of isolated native Pozolero maize starch "HPZ1" and pectin of low degree of methyl‐esterification at four concentrations (0%, 2%, 5%, and 7%) are used. The starch–pectin blends are processed in a single screw extruder with constant variables: temperature, screw speed, and moisture. Morphology, X‐ray diffraction, thermal properties, and techno‐properties are studied. A protective effect of pectin on the starch granules is observed, as evidenced by a matrix involving starch granules. Extrusion results in a partial gelatinization of the starch granules and alters their thermal and pasting properties with the peak temperature increasing with increasing pectin concentration. Extrusion allows both carbohydrates to interact with each other. Finally, the results show that the starch–pectin complexes are ingredients with desirable techno‐functional properties that can be integrated into a food system and add value to Mexican criollo maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the design and preparation of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), TPU/Cloisite 30B (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 wt %) nanocomposites, and TPU/Irganox 1010 (0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt%) through a semi-batch method in an internal mixer and glass reactor. For this purpose, poly (ethylene adipate) was reacted with 4,4'-methylene diphenyl isocyanate to obtain the prepolymer and subsequently cured with 1,4-butanediol (BD) as chain extender to obtain the TPU sample. To accurately evaluate the curing reaction time (6 min), samples were taken from the internal mixer at specified intervals and then subjected to ATR-FTIR analysis (at 2, 4, and 6 min). Good distribution and dispersion of nanoclays in the resulting TPU nanocomposites were confirmed by XRD and scanning electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the T5% and T50% of the TPU nanocomposite (TPU/Cloisite 30B (1.2 wt%)) were 15 and 33 °C higher compared to TPU-Internal. Similarly, the tensile strength of the TPU nanocomposite (TPU/Cloisite 30B (1.2 wt%)) was improved by about 25% compared to TPU-Internal. DMTA analysis revealed that the tan δ was decreased due to steric hindrance of Irganox 1010 on TPU chain mobility. Additionally, the tanδ peak for TPU-Internal was shifted from − 5.35 °C to 7.10 °C and − 1 °C for TPU 6 and TPU 3, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys have been prepared using the gravity die-casting process. The influence of copper addition on microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties are studied. The experimental alloys were prepared using 5754 alloys, Al–Cu alloys, and pure zinc (solid form). Alloys are mechanically stirred for uniform distributions of alloying elements and precipitate phases. Four alloys with different copper weight percentages (0.02 wt%, 0.89 wt%, 1.57 wt%, and 3.34 wt%) were prepared. The α-Al and η (MgZn2) phases are observed in as-cast Al–Zn–Mg alloy. The addition of copper in Al–Zn–Mg alloys formed a θ phase (Al2Cu). Micro-Vickers hardness of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy increased (from 116 HV1 to 133 HV1) with copper addition (0.02–1.57 wt%) at firstly due to the formation of θ phase (Al2Cu). Then, micro-Vickers hardness decreases due to high amounts of precipitates. Copper addition reduces the melting point (623–612 °C) and precipitation temperature (472–466 °C) of aluminum alloy. Al–Zn–Mg alloys have tensile strength of 422 MPa due to precipitates phase formation of η and T phases, solid solution strengthening (zinc and magnesium). Copper addition increases tensile strength due to the formation of θ phases. After achieving a strength of 486 MPa at an elongation of 3.72% (1.57 wt% Cu), tensile strength reduces due to a higher amount of precipitates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the advantages of employing acetylation to enhance the morphology and thermal properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from maize stalks. Utilizing a green synthesis approach for CNC extraction, this research presents a novel comparison between green extracted CNCs, and their acid hydrolysed, followed by their acetylated counterparts (ACCNCs). This comparison reveals significant improvements in the properties of acetylated CNCs over those produced through conventional acid hydrolysis. The study employs advanced characterization techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), to analyze untreated maize stalk extracted cellulose, green extracted CNCs, and acetylated CNCs. FTIR spectroscopy identifies changes in functional groups, underscoring the efficacy of the extraction and modification processes. XRD analysis demonstrates a beneficial transformation from cellulose I to cellulose II allomorphs post-acetylation, with increased crystallinity index values indicating effective removal of amorphous regions. SEM imaging reveals the preservation of rod-like structures in CNCs, while acetylated CNCs exhibit advantageous morphological changes, such as reduced nanocrystal length and increased branching. TGA results show superior thermal stability in green extracted CNCs and favorable thermal degradation behavior in acetylated CNCs. Overall, this study underscores the potential of acetylation to develop sustainable nanomaterials with tailored properties, offering significant advancements for various applications. Emphasizing the advantages of the prepared ACCNCs and the green synthesis method over traditional acid hydrolysis extraction, this research paves the way for innovative applications in diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In frozen part‐baked bread technology, starch is influenced by various processing factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of part‐baking time, freezing rate and frozen storage time on pasting, thermal and structural properties of part‐baked bread. Wheat dough was part‐baked for 0, 3 or 6 min and frozen at −20 °C using two freezing rates: slow (0.15 °C min−1) or fast (1.45 °C min−1). Next, samples were stored in frozen conditions for 56 days and analysed every 14 days for starch damage, pasting properties, thermal and X‐ray analysis. The level of damaged starch increased with 3 min (69.3%), and 6 min (88.8%) of part‐baking time for both freezing rates compared to no part‐baked. In pasting analyses, peak viscosity decreased 27.3% and 38.4% for 3 and 6 min of part‐baking time, respectively, at 0 days of frozen storage; however, this tendency was observed for all frozen storage time. The gelatinisation enthalpy (ΔHg) decreased as part‐baking time increased, showing the maximum reduction at 6 min of part‐baked (94.9%). In X‐ray diffraction analyses at 3 and 6 min of part‐baking, the intensity of the signal increased 4.4% and 10.9%, respectively, probably due to the starch gelatinisation. These results can serve as a valuable guide for developing strategies to enhance the quality of part‐baked bread and improve production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of copper(ii) and zinc(ii) acetates with anions of 5-phenylfuran-2-carboxylic acid (Hphfur) and 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (nphen) or 2,2′-bipyridine (2,2′-bpy) in the MeOH/MeCN system afforded mononuclear complexes of the composition [Cu(phfur)2(nphen)H2O] (1) and [Zn(phfur)2(2,2′-bpy)]•H2O (2). The structures of these complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). According to the XRD data, the copper atom in molecular complex 1 is in a distorted square-pyramidal environment (SQ(CuN2O3) = 0.68); the zinc atom in molecular complex 2, in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environment (SQ(ZnN2O3) = 3.87). The supramolecular level of 1 is mediated by intermolecular π–π interactions between the aromatic moieties of the ligands and represents a 3D supramolecular structure. in the structure of 2, the water molecules of crystallization are involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonds, resulting in the formation of centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimers. The supramolecular level of 2 is mediated by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π interactions. According to the simultaneous thermal analysis, complexes 1 and 2 are characterized by different types of thermal destruction. Thus, the explosophoric groups in the ligands of compound 1 are responsible for an intense exothermic effect. The results of biological assays show a certain correlation between the type of the substituted moiety in the heterocycle and the activity against the non-pathogenic Mycolicibacterium smegmatis strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In chemical reactions of copper(II) acetate dihydrate with imidazolium azide salts in ethanol solution several new homoleptic azidocuprates(II) were obtained. In dependency of the used counter cation various different azidocuprate moieties were crystalized. The doubly charged DMMDIm2+ cation facilitates the formation of mononuclear [Cu(N3)4]2− complex anions, while the utilisation of the (PeMIm)+ ion enables the isolation of a dinuclear [Cu2(N3)6]2− salt. By using the unsymmetrical imidazolium ions (BMIm)+ or (EMIm)+ salts with the trinuclear [Cu3(N3)8]2− complex anion are obtained. With the (DML)+ cation an azidocuprate(II) crystallizes, which contains both [Cu(N3)4]2− and the [Cu2(N3)6]2− anion. The anions in the salt with the (PeMIm)+ cation are interconnected through further Cu−N bonds and form layers with a 2D‐honeycomb structure. The trinuclear units in the (BMIm)+ and the (EMIm)+salts form coordination strands of different structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes modulation of ionic disorder and electronegativity differences for targeted component design of high-entropy ceramic compositions. A series of novel multicomponent ceramics with the general formula (LaGdYSm) x 2 Yb x 1 Zr 2 O 7 (x 1 +4x 2 = 2, x 1 = 0.6,0.4,0.2,0) were prepared by solid-state reaction. The evolution patterns of their microstructures were analyzed using XRD and TEM, and the anti-sintering ability and thermophysical properties were evaluated. The results confirm that the multicomponent ceramics gradually transform from the coexistence of pyrochlore/fluorite dual-phase structure to pyrochlore structure with the tuning of the size disorder degree. After 50h of exposure to air at 1500 °C, the ceramics retained excellent phase stability. Segregation of La and Yb elements with large differences in radius size occurs, forming a mixture of the La-rich pyrochlore and the Yb-rich fluorite phases. The specimen with the maximum size disorder exhibits the lowest grain growth rate and the greatest thermal insulation properties. Large lattice distortions and sluggish diffusion effects are responsible for the mutual inhibition of grain growth in the two-phase coexistence zone. The thermal insulation properties of the ceramics show well correlated with the degree of the size disorder, further validating the effectiveness of the component design. Meanwhile, the thermal expansion coefficients of prepared ceramic can reach 11.49 × ∼11.58 × 10−6 K−1 at 1000–1100 °C. The customization principles used in this work fill a gap in the compositional design methodology for multicomponent lanthanum zirconate-based high-entropy ceramics. It is essential for developing rare-earth zirconates with tunable thermophysical properties in the area of thermal barrier coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite films containing oxidized graphitic carbon nitride (GCN-ox) were successfully prepared by solution casting. First, GCN was synthesized and delaminated, and then its surface was oxidized. Composites containing 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by mass of GCN-ox were prepared. Composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR-ATR, and UV-vis analyses. In addition, tensile strength and elongation at break values of composite samples were determined by mechanical tests. Because of the increasing interfacial interaction between GCN-ox and the PVA matrix, GCN-ox acted as a reinforcing filler to enhance the mechanical properties. PVA/GCN-ox composites could reach 52.5 MPa tensile strength and 7.27 GPa tensile modulus, respectively. Optical studies showed that the energy bandwidth of the pristine PVA reduced from 4.983 eV to 3.813 eV with the addition of 5% GCN-ox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compound Cu2Se has been synthesized and its crystal structure has been studied. Structural studies were carried out by angle dispersive XRD method. Structural phase transition was detected by analyzing the spectra obtained in the temperature range T = 2 9 0 –1000 K. It was found that, under normal conditions, this compound has an orthorhombic crystal structure. At a temperature T = 4 0 7 K, a phase transition occurs from orthorhombic to cubic with the formation of a highly symmetrical phase. The values of crystallographic parameters were determined for each phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification method of aluminosilicate clays and the modifier content have a decisive influence on the structure and properties of the obtained nanocomposites. Therefore, the development and research of new techniques of nanoclays modification are of great importance for polymer nano-chemistry. The work studied the modification of montmorillonite (MMT) using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in an aqueous colloidal solution with the subsequent separation of three separate fractions of the solution according to the previously developed method. The influence of the initial mass ratio of components (MMT/PVP) on the structure and thermal properties of the modified MMT in each solution layer was determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for research. It was established that the mass ratio of components in the initial solution has almost no effect on the structure of MMT in the top and middle solution layers, but significantly affects the yield of final products. Different structures can be obtained in the bottom layer of the solution. Still, intercalated MMT was obtained exclusively at the mass ratio of MMT/PVP = 1:2. In addition, the work investigated the structure and thermal properties of modified montmorillonites with the same PVP content, and it has been proven that such composites have dissimilar structures and properties when obtained by different methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for natural fibers has increased in recent years due to the requirement for biodegradable materials. Owing to the increasing awareness on the overuse and over-dumping of plastics in the environment, the current work focused on a solution by using tree leaves as a particulate reinforcement which is one of the common waste products of trees. In this regard, Norfolk pine (NOP) tree leaf particulates filled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) composites were fabricated through injection moulding technique with different filler weight % of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt. %. The study of the crystalline structure of the fillers and the detection of functional compounds in the materials were carried out through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDX) analysis. Tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength of the fabricated composite specimens were also assessed. Results revealed that the mechanical properties of the 30 wt. % pine tree leaf-filled HDPE composites were found to be superior when compared to pure HDPE composites. The failure surface morphology of the composite samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The melting point and decomposition of 30 wt. % NOP leaf particulate-filled HDPE composites specimen, whose mechanical properties were higher, were examined using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). From the results, it was found that NOP fillers can be used as an effective reinforcement in polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of a new series of mesogenic dimers and investigation of their liquid crystalline properties with thermal, optical and XRD methods is reported. Unlike dimeric mesogens studied to date, the presently reported dimers are derived from a single-ring mesogen containing a partially fluorinated dodecyl chain, which effects nanosegregation and formation of a lamellar phase. The reported four diesters with the odd-membered connecting alkyl chain exhibit a SmA phase. In contrast, two even-membered analogues have higher melting points and do not exhibit mesogenic behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of the incorporation of eucalyptus (EO), tea tree (TT) and rosemary (RO) essential oils and Chiriyuyo extract (CE) on the structure and properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained from potato starch, glycerin and water was evaluated. All oils and the extract were used at a concentration of 0.5 g/100 g of TPS, while for TT, the effect of the concentration was also studied. The mixtures obtained were processed by extrusion and thermocompression molding. The sheets were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM and analyses of their mechanical properties, antimicrobial characteristics and biodegradability. The results show that the use of small concentrations of the oils in 70TPS does not induce changes in the TPS structure according to the results of XRD, FTIR and TGA, with each essential oil and CE affecting the mechanical properties unevenly, although in all cases, antimicrobial activity was obtained, and the biodegradability of TPS in soil was not modified. An increase in the concentration of TT in 60TPS causes marked changes in the crystallinity of TPS, providing a greater modulus with a higher concentration of TT. Regardless of the amount of TT, all sheets maintain antimicrobial characteristics, and their biodegradation in soil is delayed with a higher oil content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation is to enhance the compatibility between the poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM) in the presence of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) to achieve better impact strength of this hybrid material by utilizing styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MAH) as a compatibilizer. The effectiveness of (SEBS-g-MAH) as a compatibility agent is based on the analysis of the rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties of the final products. Mixtures were produced through melt blending using Brabender mixer. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile and impact tests were used to examine the structural, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of SAN/EPDM composites with and without OMMT and SEBS-g-MAH. According to the SEM analysis and XRD patterns, the SEBS-g-MAH reduced the EPDM phase's domain size, exfoliated structure and homogeneous dispersion of the OMMT silicate layers was observed. Based on the ATG results, the addition of SEBS-g-MA did not substantially alter the thermal stability of SAN/EPDM/OMMT nanocomposites. The stiff clay's competing effect, along with the tough effects of the EPDM and SEBS-g-MAH elastomers, have a significantly impact on the modulus and impact strength, resulting in balanced properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to assess the effects of incorporating germinated Lupinus angustifolius flour into corn extrudates for different periods (3, 5, and 7 days), focusing on starch digestibility, morphological structure, thermal, and pasting properties. Extrudate with germinated lupinus flour for 7 days (EG7) significantly increased the content of slowly digestible starch up to 10.56% (p < 0.05). Crystallinity increased up to 20% in extrudates with germinated flour compared to extrudates with ungerminated flour (EUG), observing changes at the molecular level by FTIR that impact the thermal and pasting properties. X-ray diffraction revealed angles of 2θ = 11.31, 16.60, 19.91, and 33.04 as a result of the germination and extrusion processes. Microstructural analysis indicated starch-protein interactions influencing changes in calorimetry, viscosity, X-ray diffraction, and digestibility. PCA allowed establishing that the addition of germinated flours significantly affected the properties and microstructural characteristics of extruded products, potentially affecting digestibility and nutritional quality. [Display omitted] • Extrudated with lupin flour from 7 germination days had more content of SDS • Extrudates with germinated flour showed an increase in relative crystallinity • The crystalline and amorphous regions of the starch changed in extrudates with germinated flour • Peak viscosity decreases significantly in extruded with germinated lupin flour • SEM and CLSM showed limited formation of large protein aggregates in extrudates with germinated flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, Z n -doped M n C O 3 i.e., M n 1 − x Z n x C O 3 (x = 0 t o 0.3) have been successfully synthesized by easy and commercial co-precipitation method at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The structural, morphological, chemical, and thermal properties of as-synthesized samples were examined by XRD, FESEM, EDX, XPS, FTIR and TGA techniques. Rietveld refinements of XRD patterns reveal the successful incorporation of Z n in the crystal lattice of MC (M n C O 3). Further, the L i -storage performance of all the samples have been examined from 0.005 to 3.0 V vs. L i / L i + by GCD at a constant current rate of 60 mA·g−1 and CV measurement techniques. The result shows that MZC-2 (M n 0.8 Z n 0.2 C O 3) exhibits a better L i -storage performance with the reversible capacity of 667 (±10) mA·h·g−1 and better cyclic stability at least for 100 cycles and superior rate performance. A plausible charge storage mechanism is proposed based on ex-situ XRD and TEM analysis. The results indicate the contribution of both the alloying-de-alloying and conversion reaction of Z n. Incorporation of Z n into M n C O 3 have been found beneficial to stabilize the cyclability of M n C O 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive research explores the starch isolated from four browntop millet cultivars to determine physicochemical, thermal, morphological, powder flow, pasting, and rheological properties. Significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed among the cultivars. Aerated bulk density (ABD) and Tapped bulk density (TBD) values ranged from 0.476 g/mL (BTM4) to 0.591 g/mL (BTM1), and 0.591 g/mL (BTM1) to 0.476 g/mL (BTM4). Amylose content varied from 22.55% (BTM4) to 25.86% (BTM3), influencing gelling strength and film-forming properties. Water absorption capacity ranged from 1.78 g/g to 1.92 g/g, while oil absorption capacity varied from 2.20 g/g to 2.47 g/g. DSC analysis showed gelatinization temperatures (Tp, and Tc) ranging from 85.44–91.61 °C, and 147.08–154.21 °C, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed A-type crystalline patterns, with relative crystallinity ranging from 22.66% (BTM3) to 27.81% (BTM2). Pasting properties exhibited variations among cultivars, with peak viscosity ranging from 2480 c P to 3119 cP, and pasting temperature from 77.50 °C to 82.35 °C. Rheological analysis indicated shear-thinning behavior. The findings offer insights into the diverse properties of browntop millet starch, contributing to its potential applications in various industries and potentially guiding future studies on browntop millet starch modifications and novel utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel geopolymer concrete is developed incorporating waste ceramic aggregates. • The designed geopolymer exhibit ultra-high residual strength after 1000 ℃ thermal exposure. • The high temperature resistance and mechanism of designed geopolymer are investigated. A novel geopolymer concrete is developed, incorporating waste ceramic aggregates, with ultra-high residual strength after exposure to elevated temperatures. Different aggregate volume fractions and particle size gradations are designed, and the variations in mass loss, volume shrinkage, compressive strength, mineral composition, and microstructure of geopolymer mortar after exposure to high temperatures ranging from 20 ℃ to 1000 ℃ are investigated by testing mass loss, volume change, strength, XRD and SEM. The results show that the waste ceramic aggregates (WCA) applied in the preparation of geopolymer mortars improve the mechanical properties and high-temperature resistance. By optimizing aggregate particle size gradation, the microstructure of the geopolymer mortar becomes denser and more homogeneous, and the high-temperature resistance is further improved. The residual compressive strength at 1000 °C is 115.2 MPa, 476 % higher than that of reference. These findings demonstrate the great potential of geopolymer mortars using ceramic aggregates with optimized gradation for high temperature resistant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study to prepare hydroxypropyl derivatives (HP) instant (partially cold-water swell-able) starches via extrusion technique (Ex) from sorghum and corn. The native and hydroxypropylated (at propylene level 5 % and 12 %) starch extrudates were evaluated for functional, structural, thermal and rheological properties. The development of extrudates provides ease to industries as they are easily soluble in aqueous mediums and does not require any prior heating. The degree of substitution (DS) for all extrudates varied between 0.0083 and 0.1530 which is under limit and save to consume. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that all extrudates exhibited V-type pattern while the intensity of peaks increased due to hydroxypropylation. The starch extrudates showed gel-like behavior since storage modulus (G′) was greater than loss modulus (G″). Non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior was observed for all extrudates. At lower temperature, HP-Ex at higher substitution level (12 %) demonstrated higher complex viscosity than native and low-substituted extrudates. Creep recovery of HP-Ex dispersion was more pronounced than native extrudates suggesting elastic nature of sorghum and corn starch extrudates. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results revealed that HP-Ex were observed to gelatinize at lower temperatures and needed lower enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH gel) because of their weakened structure after modification. • HP-Ex (hydroxypropylated extrudates) showed lower peak viscosity than native extrudates. • Percent crystallinity (%X) of HP-Ex decreased by 50 % compared to native counterparts. • HP-Ex exhibited elastic nature and showed better recoveries as compared to native extrudates. • HP-Ex showed better storage stability and are more suitable for refrigerated and frozen products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium carbide coated diamonds were successfully fabricated by molten salt method. The effect of temperature (from 700 °C to 1000 °C) and molar ratio (carbon:vanadium, from 7:1 to 1:1) on the mechanical and thermal performance of vanadium carbide coatings and coated diamond particles were systematically investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS. The results showed that, compared with uncoated diamonds, the static compressive strength and oxidation resistance of the coated diamonds increased by 42.27 % and 158.82 °C, respectively. The vanadium carbide coatings were mainly composed of V 2 C and VC. As the temperature rose, the thickness of the coatings increased and cracks and holes appeared on the surface of the coating under thermal stress. With the increasing of the relative content of vanadium in raw materials, the crystal structure of vanadium carbide coatings changed from microcrystalline structure to reticular structure and the microcrystalline structure vanadium carbide coatings showed better performance. [Display omitted] • Successfully prepared vanadium carbide coated diamonds by molten salt method. • Systematically studied the effect of multiple preparation parameters on the properties of coated diamonds. • The strength and oxidation resistance of vanadium carbide coated diamonds increased by 42.7 % and 158.82 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tb 1-x Ho x VO 4 (THV) crystal with high quality was firstly grown by the Czochralski method. • The optical and thermal properties of THV were systematically investigated. • The Verdet constants of THV at 532, 633 and 1064 nm are 40 %–95 % higher than these of commercial TGG crystal. • THV exhibits lower absorption coefficient, higher magneto-optical figure of merit and extinction ratio compared with TGG. Tb 1-x Ho x VO 4 (THV) magneto-optical crystal with diameter of 27 mm and length of 40 mm was grown by the Czochralski (Cz) technique for the first time. The structural perfection of THV crystal was studied by the high-resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curve measurement, proving the high crystallinity quality of THV. THV shows high transmittance of greater than 75 % within the wavelength range of 665–1600 nm. The Verdet constants of THV at 532, 633 and 1064 nm are 370, 226 and 56 rad·m−1T−1, 40 %–95 % higher than these of commercial TGG crystal. Additionally, THV exhibits lower absorption coefficient (0.05 cm−1), higher magneto-optical figure of merit (175 deg/dB) and extinction ratio (43 dB) at 1064 nm compared with TGG. Evaluation of thermal performance and laser-induced damage threshold of THV were also made to promote the potential application in high-power optical isolators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to understand the impact of ultrasonication (24 kHz) at a fixed power (100 W) and duration (5–60 min) on the physicochemical, structural, and thermal properties of faba bean protein isolates. Ultrasound-relevant parameters such as acoustic density, intensity, and yield conversion were estimated. The average protein purity (∼85% protein) and yield (up to 22 %) of the ultrasound-assisted protein isolate were higher than those of the control protein isolate. Compared to the original flour, the isolate had significantly lower levels of vicine and convicine. Electrophoresis revealed no substantial alterations in the primary structure of the native and sonicated faba bean isolates. SDS-PAGE and SE-HPLC showed that sonicated samples had profiles similar to those of the native protein isolate. FTIR spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were used to measure structural changes in all faba bean protein isolates (FBPI). XRD study revealed two distinct diffraction peaks at 2 θ = 10° and 2 θ = 20° for protein isolates, indicating that alteration in native conformational crystallite size was altered after the ultrasound application. • Ultrasound-assisted faba bean protein isolate was prepared and characterized. • Isolated faba beans showed lower levels of vicine and content. • Protein yield and content was higher in sonicated faba bean isolates. • Ultrasonication improved absolute solubility of faba bean protein isolates. • Structural differences were observed after ultrasonication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate the structural and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline (Fe 55 Cu 20 Al 25) 90 B 10 powders produced by mechanical alloying. We employ various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) to analyze these properties. The XRD analysis reveals that after 80 h of milling, the powders undergo a transformation, resulting in the formation of a bcc-iron-based solid solution structure. After 16 h of milling, the average grain size is about 8.1 nm. Additionally, the maximum saturation magnetization reaches around 100.85 emu/g. The annealed sample exhibits structural ordering, as evidenced by the presence of Fe and Cu crystal phases, along with an increase in coercivity. The prepared alloy exhibits soft magnetic properties compared to previously investigated mechanically alloyed FeAl-based powders. • Nanocrystalline powders of (Fe 55 Cu 20 Al 25) 90 B 10 were studied using the mechanical alloying method. • The characterization techniques used were XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, and VSM. • After 80 h of milling, a solid solution was formed with 39 % crystallinity and 61 % amorphous fraction. • The grain size reached 8.1 nm after 16 h of milling, with the maximum saturation magnetization measuring 100.85 emu/g. • The annealed sample exhibited structural order, high coercivity, and relatively soft magnetic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At room temperature, monoclinic In 2 W 3 O 12 ceramics exhibits positive thermal expansion. However, it transforms into an orthorhombic phase above 253 ℃, and then stably exhibits negative thermal expansion (NTE). In this work, to improve the NTE performance and extend the NTE temperature range of In 2 W 3 O 12 , the K x Mn x In 2-x W 3 O 12 (0≤x≤0.5) ceramics were synthesized via the solid-state reaction method. The effects of (KMn)3+ double cation co-doping on the composition, microstructure, and thermal expansion behaviors of In 2 W 3 O 12 ceramics were studied using XRD, Raman, XPS, SEM, and TMA. The results show that (KMn)3+ cations can replace In3+ in In 2 W 3 O 12 ceramics. As the (KMn)3+ doping amount increases, monoclinic In 2 W 3 O 12 gradually changed into monoclinic K x Mn x In 2-x W 3 O 12. Meanwhile, the grains grow up and the density of K x Mn x In 2-x W 3 O 12 ceramics was increased. Pure monoclinic K x Mn x In 2-x W 3 O 12 ceramics were prepared when x rises to 0.25 and 0.4. Among them, the thermal expansion coefficient of K 0.4 Mn 0.4 In 1.6 W 3 O 12 ceramics in 100–700 ℃ is as high as -17.83×10-6 ℃-1, which was significantly improved compared to In 2 W 3 O 12 ceramics. In addition, the structural phase transition of In 2 W 3 O 12 ceramics around 253 ℃ was gradually eliminated and the NTE temperature range was widened. Double cation (KMn)3+ co-doping effectively improves the NTE performance of In 2 W 3 O 12. • (KMn)3+ co-doped In 2 W 3 O 12 ceramics were prepared by solid-state method. • (KMn)3+ co-doping induces a phase transition in In 2 W 3 O 12 ceramics. • Monoclinic K x Mn x In 2-x W 3 O 12 ceramics show stronger NTE as x increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the effects of elevated temperatures on nanoconcrete is a complex issue due to multiple factors and conditions that affect it. A comprehensive study is necessary to determine the real behavior of nanomodified concrete at high temperatures using different nano-modifiers for various nanomaterials, including those derived from waste. This study investigated the effect of elevated temperatures (200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C) on concrete containing nano-silica, nano-aluminum, and nano-glass materials as a partial replacement for cement at percentages of 1, 2, and 3 % by weight. Compressive strength test and XRD, TGA and SEM were performed to determine residual Compressive strength, chemical composition, mass loss, and microstructure, respectively. The results showed that incorporating nanomaterials into concrete boosted its residual compressive strength at elevated temperatures. Optimal percentages of nano glass and nano-silica were 1 % at room temperature and 200 °C, and 3 % at 400 °C and 600 °C, respectively. For 800 °C, 2 % nano aluminum was most effective. The findings conform with dense microstructure, particularly in ITZ because of the filling effects and higher CSH with a reduction in calcium hydroxide that was observed by XRD, as well as the correlation with lower mass loss of nano concrete. • Nano modified concrete showed optimal performance before and after exposure to elevated temperatures. • Using 3 % nano-silica, 2 % nano-aluminum, and 1 % nano-glass at elevated temperatures greatly improves the behavior of concrete. • Improvement in microstructure and weight loss were observed through TGA and SEM and analyzed by XRD when using nanomaterials. • using of nano-sized recycled glass in concrete showed good results at different temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of bis(2-aminopyrimidinium)selenate monohydrate were obtained by slow evaporation at ambient temperature from a dilute solution of selenic acid mixed with a hot aqueous solution of 2-aminopyrimidine in a molar ratio of 1:2. Analysis via single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed the compound's crystallization within the monoclinic system, specifically in the centrosymmetric space group P2 1 /c. The lattice parameters were determined as a = 14.160(3) Å, b = 6.6870(13) Å, c = 14.274(3) Å, β = 91.25(3)° and V = 1351.3(5) ų. The vibrational spectra were examined by employing quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations utilizing the B3LYP-6-311++G (d, p) basis set, and the results were compared between experimental and calculated values. DFT computations were utilized to assess vibrational frequencies and electronic characteristics. Confirmation of charge transfers and strong inter- and intramolecular interactions was achieved via frontier molecular orbital analysis and Natural Bond Orbital analysis. The chemical structure of the title compound was established by analyzing its 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. Computational methods were exploited for ground state structure determination and HOMO-LUMO calculations were determined. Experimental and theoretical Ultraviolet–Visible region spectra, including optical emission in the photoluminescence spectrum, were comparable. Insights into intermolecular interactions were gained through three-dimensional Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint maps. Additionally, DSC analysis quantified heat flow concerning temperature. [Display omitted] • Crystals of exhibit centrosymmetric nature with a P2 1 /c space group, as revealed by single crystal XRD. • Structural properties and spectral analyses (FT-IR and FT-Raman) of the compound are performed. • Electronic charge properties of HOMO-LUMO & NBO analysis were assessed in various solvents. • Optical properties of the compound were analyzed through a UV and photoluminescence study. • DSC analysis quantified the heat flow relative to temperature changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

V-type crystalline starch is known for its property to enhance aroma retention. Intra- and interhelical cavities are the first-order characteristics of V-type crystalline starch, which can affect its properties from microscopic level. This work aims to provide a detailed analysis of structural attributes of intra- and interhelical cavities and their influence on the properties of V-type crystalline starches. Helix deformation was caused due to the formation of interhelical cavities, which was reflected by the downfield shift of the signals for C1 and C4 as well as the appearance of an independent signal for C3 in 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra. Unit cell and lamellar structure formed by the aggregation of intrahelical cavities exhibited relatively low cell volume and high fractal dimension at crystal cell and lamellar levels. Toward a larger crystal, d-spacing increased with the formation of interhelical cavities, causing low-angle shifts of V-type crystalline starches in X-ray diffraction profiles. Intrahelical cavities enabled V6I-type crystalline starch to show high crystallinity per unit volume and a favorable short-range order, contributing greatly to the stable thermal properties. The flavor quality improvement in starch-based food is attributed to the structural characteristics of helical cavities and their relationship with the properties of V-type crystalline starches. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Slow evaporation synthesis method at room temperature of (C 6 H 7 N 2 S)NO 3. • Hybrid nitrate salt of 4-pyridinethioamide with a supramolecular crystal structure. • A good thermal stability for a wide range of temperatures. Organic-inorganic hybrid nitrate salt associating the aromatic organic molecule 4-pyridinethioamide with the (C 6 H 7 N 2 S)NO 3 formula was synthesized by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The obtained material is crystallized in the monoclinic system with the centro-symmetric space group P 2 1 / c. The supramolecular crystal structure was built from nitrate anions N O 3 - entities linked to the organic cations (C 6 H 7 N 2 S)+ by hydrogen bonds and weak interactions. Besides, the aromatic pyridinium rings of 4-pyridinethioamide molecules were proven to form chains through π...π interactions. The Hirshfeld analysis results have shown that in all potential molecular contacts, the H...O/O...H constitutes the most important interaction in the crystal with a contribution percentage of 39 %. The thermal behavior studied by thermogravimetric analyses revealed good stability up to 175 °C. Preliminary analyses recorded with infrared and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the existence of vibrational modes corresponding to the formation of the hybrid compound before performing the characterization by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The optical absorption spectrum exhibits two bands located at 4.82 eV (257 nm) and 3.95 eV (314 nm), which can be even observed with the naked eye at room temperature and is due to exaction emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu 1.8 S has received a lot of interest as a prospective thermoelectric material with the best performance and abundant resources. While high charge carrier concentration contributes to the high electrical conductivity and power factor values, grain-boundary engineering is required to improve the phonon scattering and thermal stability of Cu 1.8 S. We used a simple process that combined nanoparticles via mechanical alloying and post-annealing to introduce the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) heterointerface into the Cu 1.8 S matrix. A significant enhancement of power factor has been realized that the highest power factor is 721 μWm−1 K−2 at 550 K in the composite Cu 1.8 S/rGO with 10 % rGO, which is higher than the pure Cu 1.8 S. Furthermore, following four cycles of testing from ambient temperature to 550 K, the composite demonstrated excellent repeatability of power factor, confirming its practical application potential. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Single-phase MgFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles (crystallite size ∼ 27 nm) were synthesized via citrate precursor route. • Saturation magnetization increased from ∼ 26.46 emu/g (300 K) to ∼ 34.79 emu/g (100 K). • Low coercivity (92–187 Oe) from 300 K to 100 K indicated soft magnetic behavior. • Observed remanent magnetization of ∼ 5.58 emu/g and remanence ratio of 0.21 at 300 K. • Blocking temperature estimated at ∼ 573 K, coercivity at 0 K at ∼ 249 Oe, and Curie temperature at ∼ 660 K. Low temperature magnetization measurements of citrate precursor-synthesized magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (MFNPs) of ∼ 27 nm were conducted by progressively lowering the temperature from 300 K to 100 K. Hysteresis curves revealed unsaturated magnetization even at ± 15 kOe, attributed to surface spins. Specific saturation magnetization (σ s) and coercivity (H c) experienced an increase from 26.46 emu/g (300 K) to 34.79 emu/g (100 K), and from 92 Oe (300 K) to 187 Oe (100 K), respectively. Specific remanence magnetization (σ r) rose from 5.58 emu/g (300 K) to 10.14 emu/g (100 K), indicating a notable shift in magnetic behavior. Effective anisotropy constant (K eff) showed significant growth from 2474.14 erg/g (300 K) to 6635.04 erg/g (100 K), highlighting low magnetocrystalline anisotropy at room temperature. The rise in magnetic moment (n B) from 0.95 Am2 at 300 K to 1.25 Am2 at 100 K indicates improved magnetic alignment and stability, particularly at lower temperatures. Correlation analysis revealed strong negative curvilinear correlations between magnetic properties and temperature. Extrapolation estimated the blocking temperature (∼573 K), coercivity at 0 K (∼249 Oe), and Curie temperature (∼660 K). These results suggest promising applications in space technology, underscoring the enhanced sensitivity of MFNPs to external magnetic fields in cold environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explore the pyrolysis of inertinite with quantum chemical calculation and TG-DTG. • Liquefaction activity correlates with chemical bond strength in structural model. • Coals with different inertinite content also have a better liquefaction effect. Coal is heterogeneous, but the inertinite in coal is not conducive to liquefaction, resulting in a lower yield of coal-liquefied oil. Herein, to investigate the liquefaction performance of inertinite, two coal samples with different inertinite contents were obtained by the floating and sinking of coal: low-density inertinite (LDI) and high-density inertinite (HDI). Respectively, the pyrolysis characteristics and liquefaction properties of inertinite in raw coal, LDI and HDI were investigated using molecular structural models combined with quantum chemical calculations, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and liquefaction tests. Quantum chemical calculations revealed that raw coal and LDI comprised more bonds with longer bond lengths and smaller bond orders than HDI. Form Bond-breaking analysis, various cyclic fragments of free radicals were obtained from the pyrolysis of raw coal were primarily monocyclic and bicyclic free radicals, the LDI were primarily binary and ternary annular fragments, and the HDI were mainly composed of quaternary ring fragments. The TGA results revealed that the thermal decomposition reactivity of LDI was comparable to raw coal and superior to HDI. XRD results revealed that the size and content of the aromatics in raw coal residue (RCR) and LDI and LDI residue (LDIR) increased in comparison with raw coal and LDI after liquefaction. The comparison of the liquefaction results of raw coal LDI and HDI revealed that coals with LDI instead of HDI exhibit better liquefaction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of various process control agents (PCAs), including Methanol, Ethanol, Stearic acid, and Zinc stearate, on the properties of AA2024-B 4 C composite powders during the milling was investigated. Through comprehensive analyses encompassing morphological imaging, EDS assessments, particle size measurements, hardness evaluations, apparent density calculations, XRD, TGA examinations, and subsequent hardness and tensile strength tests on bulk samples derived from these composite powders, intriguing findings emerged. The employment of methanol as a PCA manifested an 85% reduction in the average particle size, decreasing from 220 μm (initial powder size) to 35 μm after 5 h of milling. In contrast, the use of zinc stearate resulted in a more conservative 21% reduction, with an average particle size of 174 μm. Notably, methanol usage resulted in superior hardness (144.5 HB) and tensile strength (262 MPa) compared to zinc stearate, which yielded lower values (107.8 HB and 204.5 MPa). [Display omitted] • AA2024-B 4 C composite powders were milled using different PCA types for the first time. • Liquid (Methanol and Ethanol) and solid (Stearic acid and Zinc stearate) PCA types were used. • The effect of PCAs on the morphological, physical, thermal and mechanical properties of composite powders was investigated. • The most effective PCA in the examination of all morphological, physical and mechanical properties is methanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical conductivity of thermoplastic composites made of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) particles and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrices is here investigated, in particular using a manufacturing process based on twin-screw extrusion. PEDOT particles without PSS were first synthesized by oxidative polymerization in an aqueous medium and characterized using various techniques (conductivity measurements, SEM, TGA, laser granulometry, XRD and XPS). The polymerization temperature of PEDOT particles was found to be a crucial factor. A maximal conductivity of 50 S.cm−1 was obtained when synthesized at ambient temperature. Relationships between the polymerization temperature and the structure of PEDOT particles were revealed and discussed. PEDOT particles were then incorporated up to 60 wt% into PEO matrix by twin-screw extrusion to manufacture electrically-conductive PEO/PEDOT thermoplastic composites. Their electrical conductivity increased with the PEDOT content and outstanding electrical conductivities up to 12 S.cm−1 were reached. The electrical percolation of this system was determined and discussed based on morphological studies by SEM and X-Ray tomography. The effect of PEDOT concentration on thermal properties of PEO matrices was also revealed by DSC. This work provides a novel approach for the manufacture of thermoplastic composites with high electrical conductivities using industrial technologies with multiple applicative perspectives, in particular into polymer-based electronics. [Display omitted] • Electrically-conductive PEDOT particles up to 50 S cm−1 were successfully obtained by an oxidative polymerization process. • Polymerization temperature has been identified as the key parameter to obtain highly conductive PEDOT particles and relationships with structural features were explored. • Incorporation of PEDOT particles into a PEO thermoplastic matrix was successfully performed up to 60 wt% by twin screw extrusion. • PEO/PEDOT thermoplastic composites with high electrical conductivities up to 12 S. cm−1 were successfully obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New oxyfluoroniobate glasses were synthesized in the ZnNbOF 5 -BaF 2 -InF 3 system. • The thermal properties of the obtained glasses are determined. • The structures of the glass networks in the system studied are revealed. • Glasses in the ZnNbOF 5 -BaF 2 -InF 3 system show luminescence was properties. • In glasses with luminescent properties, nano-objects 9–13 nm in size were found. Glasses in the ZnNbOF 5 –BaF 2 –InF 3 and ZnNbOF 5 -BaF 2 systems were produced using the ZnNbOF 5 •6H 2 O compound. The structure, thermal and luminescent properties of the obtained glasses were studied with IR-, Raman, SAXS, luminescent spectroscopy methods, calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The highest range of thermal stability and resistance of glass to crystallization has been established for the glass of 20ZnNbOF 5 –40BaF 2 –40InF 3 composition. This value is an order of magnitude higher than in glasses of the same system, but not containing InF 3. Glasses networks are formed from polyhedra of InF 6 , NbO 2 F 4 and NbO 3 F 3. For all glasses containing InF 3 , photoluminescence contribution which depends on the concentration of indium trifluoride in the glass was recorded. This contribution corresponds to the emission levels of 542, 573, 673, 751 nm. Luminescent properties are shown by glasses in which nanoobjects (nanoinhomogeneities) in size of 9-13 nm were detected by SAXS method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultrasonic treatment modified the interfacial properties and thermal behaviour of MFGs/MFGM. • 40 kHz/ 5 min treatment induced the highest ζ- potential of all samples. • Most significant decrease of interfacial tension (π) was observed in 20 kHz/ 15 min treated samples. • 20 kHz and 40 kHz independently or synchronously treatments for 15 min induced the disappearance of α-crystal peaks. • Compared with control, ultrasonic treatment resulted in the appearance of one or two more exothermic events, while undetectable low-melting fractions peaks during the heating stage. Milk fat globules or milk fat globule membranes (MFGs/MFGM) have been added to the infant formula to fortify the phospholipids and narrow the nutritional gap from breast milk. The main aim of this study was to profile the interfacial and thermal properties of MFGs/MFGM prepared from ultrasonicated bovine milk. Bovine milk was sonicated at ultrasonic intensities of 20 kHz and 40 kHz independently or synchronously with the duration time of 0 min (control), 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min (work/rest cycles = 5 s: 3 s). Ultrasonic treatments at 20 kHz/ 5 min and 20 + 40 kHz/ 5 min improved the volume density (%) of smaller particles (1–10 µm) while significantly decreasing the surface hydrophobicity (H 0) (p < 0.05). 40 kHz/5 min samples showed significantly higher ζ- potential than the other samples (p < 0.05), which might be because more negative charges were detected. In comparison with control samples, ultrasonic treatments decreased the interfacial tension (π) between the air and MFGs/MFGM liquid phase. 20 kHz ultra-sonicated treatments decreased the diffusion rate (k diff) of MFGs/MFGM interfacial compositions significantly as the duration prolonged from 5 min to 15 min (p < 0.05) but did not affect the adsorption or penetration rate (k a) (p > 0.05). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that α-crystal peaks only existed in control and ultrasonicated 5 min samples but disappeared in all 15 min samples. According to the different scanning calorimetry (DSC), one or two new exothermic events (in the range of 17.29 – 18.81 ℃ and 22.14 – 25.21 ℃) appeared after ultrasonic treatments, which, however, were not found in control samples. Ultrasonic treatments resulted in the low-melting fractions (LMF) (T M1) peaks undetectable in MFGs/MFGM samples in which only peaks of medium-melting fractions (MMF) (T M2) and high-melting fractions (HMF) (T M3) were detected. Compared with the control, both enthalpies of crystallisation (ΔH C) and melting (ΔH M) decreased in ultrasonicated samples. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment affects the interfacial and thermal properties of MFGs/MFGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]