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The recyclable paper based on photochromic materials not only reduces the pollution in the paper manufacture process, but also reduces the pollution caused by the use of ink, which receives wide attention. In this paper, a series of phosphomolybdic acid–phosphotungstic acid/ZnO/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PMoA-PWA/ZnO/PVP) hybrid films, which had different ratio of PMoA/PWA, was prepared by the ultrasonic composite method. The results indicated that the hybrid film prepared when the ratio of PMoA to PWA was 3 had the best photochromic performance. In this system, ZnO was the photosensitizer, while PMoA/PWA was the chromophore. The photochromic mechanism of the PMoA-PWA/ZnO/PVP hybrid film was based on the photogenerated electron transfer mechanism. ZnO generated photoelectron under the excitation of visible light, then PMoA and PWA obtained the photoelectron and produced photoreduction reaction to generate heteropolyblue. The visible light photochromic paper was prepared by loaded PMoA-PWA/ZnO/PVP hybrid film (A3) on A4 paper. Application tests showed that the prepared paper had extremely stable, excellent and reversible visible light photochromic properties, whether it was printing patterns or words, and could replace ordinary paper to realize the reuse of paper.

This study presents an innovative lateral flow microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) designed for conducting quantitative paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (p-ELISA), seamlessly executing conventional ELISA steps in a paper-based format. The p-ELISA device utilizes a passive fluidic circuit with functional elements such as a multi-bi-material cantilever (B-MaC) assembly, delay channels, and a buffer zone, all enclosed within housing for autonomous, sequential loading of critical reagents onto the detection zone. This novel approach not only demonstrates a rapid assay completion time of under 30 min, but also boasts reduced reagent requirements, minimal equipment needs, and broad applicability across clinical diagnostics and environmental surveillance. Through detailed descriptions of the design, materials, and fabrication methods for the multi-directional flow assay (MDFA), this manuscript highlights the device’s potential for complex biochemical analyses in a user-friendly and versatile format. Analytical performance evaluation, including a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.4 pM for Rabbit IgG, benchmarks the device’s efficacy compared to existing p-ELISA methodologies. This pioneering work lays the groundwork for future advancements in autonomous diagnostics, aiming to enhance global health outcomes through accessible and reliable testing solutions.

A unique triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using carbon nanotube (CNT) composite papers is proposed in this work. CNT composite papers can be fabricated easily using a method based on the production of Japanese washi paper. To obtain and evaluate the proposed TENGs, several types of CNT composite papers and aluminum plates were prepared. As the CNT composite paper contained many paper fibers, it was expected to be negatively charged, and the aluminum plate was expected to be positively charged across the triboelectric series. Through various experiments, it was confirmed that CNT composite papers could be used as TENGs. In addition, it was found that when a CNT composite paper was used, it contributed to triboelectricity generation, and the contained CNTs efficiently transferred the generated charge to the electrodes. Furthermore, output voltages approaching a maximum RMS value of 300 mV could be obtained. The results of this study will aid in the practical application of paper-based TENGs in the near future.

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the aging life prediction and assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation, and to make up for the deficiencies of traditional characterizers, such as 2-furfural, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, a method for the simultaneous determination of methanol, ethanol, $n-\mathbf{propanol}$, and $n$-butanol in oil with a single injection is established by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measured results show that the determination limits of the four alcohol characterizers can be controlled to $\mathbf{10}\ \mu \mathbf{g}/\mathbf{kg}$ level. Based on this method, the change patterns of the above four alcohols with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization are obtained through thermal aging experimental research. Ethanol, $n$-propanol, and $n$-butanol in oil indicate nearly linear correlations with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization, similar to that of methanol. By analyzing 52 sets of measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation, $n$-butanol is found to have excellent performance, and a new method to evaluate the aging state of oil-paper insulation employing $n$-butanol and methanol is proposed along with the aging attention value model. The measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation indicate that the combination of $n$-butanol and methanol as the preferred characterizers can effectively compensate for the shortcoming of traditional characterizers in the early stages of aging, and the feasibility of the method is verified. Two possible pathways for the generation of $n$-butanol by cellulose cleavage during the aging of oil-paper are proposed from the chemical structure of cellulose.

This study investigates the impact of zirconium-based KZC series crosslinkers with varying zirconium contents and the polyamine-based crosslinker (PBC) on the properties of coated paper, focusing on key performance metrics such as viscosity, wet rub and pick resistance, dry pick resistance, gloss, brightness, ink set-off, and print mottle. The findings reveal that crosslinkers’ type and concentration significantly influence the coating colors’ viscosity, with PBC demonstrating lower low shear viscosity at lower concentrations. The KZC series showed stable viscosity across a zirconium content range of 7% to 20%, and both crosslinker types enhanced wet rub resistance at higher concentrations. Notably, the KZC series, particularly KZC7, exhibited superior wet pick resistance at increased concentrations, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing the durability of the coating layer. All crosslinkers maintained excellent dry pick resistance, ensuring robust coating performance. While gloss and brightness were generally unaffected, KZC20, which had the highest zirconium content, slightly reduced these optical properties. Ink set-off tests indicated that the KZC series performed better at lower concentrations, whereas higher concentrations led to increased ink set-off, potentially due to over-crosslinking. Print mottle remained consistent across all crosslinkers, indicating uniform coating quality. Overall, the zirconium-based KZC series significantly enhances wet resistance and maintains high performance across various properties, though it may slightly reduce gloss and brightness and increase ink set-off at higher concentrations. PBC offers a balanced performance profile, emphasizing the need for careful crosslinker type and concentration optimization to achieve the desired coating properties for specific applications. This comprehensive evaluation provides valuable insights for developing and optimizing high-performance coated papers.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the group velocity of tunable two-dimensional photonic crystals. The first step considers a square lattice consisting of dielectric rods in the liquid crystal background. In the next step, this structure was rotated by 45 degrees and its photonic band structure was investigated. Then, by removing a row of dielectric material (silicon) rods a waveguide is made in the photonic crystal. The waveguide mode and the related group velocity of the waveguide mode were investigated. In the following, the effect of applying an external voltage and changing the refractive index of the background material on the group velocity was studied. Afterward, by applying geometrical changes to the size of waveguide side rods, the effect of mentioned geometrical change on the properties of the waveguide mode and the group velocity was investigated. The calculation results show that the group velocity is reduced and as a result, the group index is increased. The investigations carried out show that quantitatively, by applying an external voltage in the ordinary waveguides, the range of changes in the group index is between 7 and 10, but by applying changes in modified waveguides, this quantity changes in the range of 14 to 27, which can be adjusted by applying an external electric field.

In the present study, the computer simulation has been used to generate the (1+1) and (2+1) surfaces with two types of correlation function Gaussian and correlation function Exponential forms. For this aim, a random number generator is used to generate the surfaces with Gaussian height distribution with zero mean, and their correlation functions were assumed to have Gaussian and exponential formulas. The calculations have been done for isotropic and anisotropic surfaces. For monofractal evaluation of rough surfaces, skewness and kurtosis values have been calculated for these (1+1) and (2+1) dimensional surfaces. Moreover, these values have been analyzed by the behavior of probability distribution of height. Also, the Hurst exponents of surfaces have been evaluated to study the irregularity and jaggedness of produced surfaces. Furthermore, the fractal dimension of these rough surfaces has been obtained to describe the complexity of the irregular fractal surfaces.

All human beings need healthy nutrition to grow, so the lack or excess of low-amount elements causes diseases in humans, for this reason, it is essential to know the presence of elements in food. Arak aluminum production factory is located next to Chogha village, so it is necessary to study the effects of this factory and other industries in the region on its agricultural products. In this study, the content of 11 elements was determined: aluminum, bromine, calcium, chlorine, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, scandium, and zinc in crops as wheat, barley, peas, beans and alfalfa prepared from the village of Chogha in the Arak region by neutron activation analysis, as well as 3 other elements, including arsenic, lead, and cadmium were determined by inductively coupled plasma analysis. Magnesium concentration from 1310 to 3970, manganese from 15.2 to 66.3, sodium from 14.2 to 1490, aluminum from 5.72 to 914, chlorine from 364 to 12000, calcium from 413 to 29600, bromine from 0.23 to 14.50, potassium from 4740 to 14700, iron from 10.1 to 1310.0, scandium from 0.033 to 4.02, zinc from 27.7 to 96.7, arsenic from 0.000 to 0.021, lead from 0.000 to 0.003 and cadmium from 0.00 to 0.02 mg/kg. The results show that the concentration of chlorine, manganese, magnesium, iron, sodium, aluminum, bromine, calcium, scandium, zinc, and lead in alfalfa, the concentration of potassium in pinto beans, the concentration of cadmium in barley, and the concentration of arsenic in wheat are higher than another analyzed sample.

Our knowledge about the origin and transformation mechanisms of the bright points in the solar network has a significant role in understanding the ejection of materials and the transfer of energy into the solar corona. Outside the active region of the Sun (AR), although it is called the Quiet Sun (QS), various types of small-scale bright phenomena constantly occur within the boundary of the super granular cells above the magnetic network. Knowing the bright points is an effective key in considering the solar spicules. In this research, we study the solar transition region bright points and examine their apparent velocities with the local correlation tracking Fourier (FLCT) method. The results illustrate that these points differ in apparent velocity direction and brightness. Their lifetime and average horizontal velocity were estimated at 100 s and 4 kms-1, respectively. Recently, a new group of solar spicules has been observed, those lifetimes are around 100 s, and show a typical horizontal velocity of 3-4 kms-1. According to the analysis of the two-dimensional, apparent velocity of the bright points on the rosettes of the network, these points can be the disk counterpart of the type II spicules. In addition, the analysis of the two-dimensional field of velocities shows rotations that can cause the excitation of Alfvenic pulses.

This study investigated the topological phase transition of InSb and InBi under a non-hydrostatic lattice using density functional theory and the WIEN2K code. The results of examining the band structure of InSb and InBi employing the mBJGGA exchange-correlation potential indicate that InSb is a semiconductor with a small band gap and normal band order at the Γ point. At the same time, InBi is a metal with band inversion at the Brillouin zone center. To transform these compounds into topological semiconductors, the lattice of these compounds is subjected to non-hydrostatic lattice expansion. Non-hydrostatic lattice expansion is applied in two ways. Firstly, the lattice constants are expanded in the ab plane while keeping the lattice constant along the c-axis constant. Then, the lattice constant is expanded along the c-axis while keeping the lattice constant in the ab plane constant. The calculations indicate that under the influence of both types of non-hydrostatic lattice expansion, with the breaking of cubic symmetry, a transition towards topological semiconductors occurs.

This article aims to design and construct a plasma generation device using the surface dielectric barrier discharge method (SDBD) on a laboratory scale to produce a stable and uniform atmospheric pressure plasma layer. For this purpose, a copper electrode with a thickness of 100 microns with a comb- like structure was designed and constructed for this system, and a mica sheet with a thickness of 0.5 mm and dimensions of 10 × 10 cm was built to make the dielectric. According to the experimental data and analytical calculations of the constructed SDBD system in working conditions of 3 kV voltage and 12.5 kHz frequency, the consumption power of this system is calculated at 50 watts. Due to the production of stable and uniform plasma created on the dielectric surface and the measured power consumption, this system will be able to be used in various sciences and industries, including surface processing industries.

Abstract This study identifies important factors for designing an effective biomimetic paper‐based fog harvesting substrate by examining the harvesting properties of different surfaces, including glass, polyethylene, and superhydrophobic paper. In laboratory‐scale fogging tests, the wetting behavior of the substrates is characterized, and the importance of the tilt angle of the respective surface relative to the fog flow is elaborated. Because successful fog harvesting requires both efficient accumulation of water droplets on the surface (by condensation and collision) and sufficient but not excessive roll‐off of the liquid, the amount of water finally collected is clearly related to the pinning effect, which should prevent the smallest droplets from being carried away by the wind but must not lead to full and permanent wetting of the surface. Coalescence is identified as a major phenomenon to improve droplet roll‐off. In this context, superhydrophobic paper indicates to be a more effective water collector than glass or polyethylene, especially when oriented vertically, since it allows the droplets to roll off very efficiently. Finally, the addition of glass particles to the superhydrophobic coating is proposed as a means of enhancing pinning and improving the fog harvesting efficiency.

The sustainable use of natural resources is becoming an increasingly important issue today. Stone paper, produced as an alternative to cellulose-based paper from the forest, is rich in minerals and produced without cellulose and water. This study focuses on the behavior of screen-printing ink on two different papers, stone paper and coated sticker paper. Properties such as ink adhesion, rubbing resistance, optical printing ink density, ink consumption, and lightfastness were measured on these surfaces. Solvent- and UV-based inks were used, and printing was carried out on cellulose-based (coated sticker paper) and mineral-based (stone paper) paper layers using three different mesh counts (90, 120, and 140 tpc). The rubbing resistance and lightfastness of the papers were also measured. The present findings revealed that stone paper had the same printability properties as cellulose-based paper. The study concluded that using a 140 tpc mesh with both types of ink results in a high-lightfastness ink layer and lower ink consumption. UV-based inks exhibited high rub resistance across all mesh counts. Additionally, when printing with stone paper, there will be a reduction in ink consumption, thereby achieving cost savings. Based on the present findings, it was concluded that water- and oil-resistant stone paper can be considered an essential alternative in many fields, including the printing industry.

This study investigates the physical, mechanical, and structural characteristics of handmade paper samples derived from cellulose extracted from grass clippings using two distinct methods as follows: (1) alkali treatment and (2) alkali treatment followed by bleaching, coupled with the incorporation of barium sulfate as a mineral filler. Our investigation revealed that the handmade paper samples’ densities, moisture contents, and thicknesses varied within the ranges of 0.436 to 0.549 g/cm3, 5.60 to 2.51%, and 0.41 to 0.50 mm, respectively. The tensile strength and folding endurance of the papers produced through alkali treatment with barium sulfate were notably superior to those produced from bleached pulp and barium sulfate. Our analysis indicates that several critical factors, including paper density, thickness, the crystallinity index, and the microfibrillar structure of cellulose, intricately influence the mechanical and strength properties of the samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, we identified characteristic cellulose bonds and examined cellulose’s crystalline and amorphous phases. Additionally, the crystallinity index of the samples was determined using both the Segal and peak deconvolution methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed interconnected networks of cellulose fibers with varying thicknesses and lengths, along with incorporated mineral filler within the cellulose fiber structure. Variations in mineral particle retention were attributed to the presence or absence of cellulose microfibrils. These findings contribute to our understanding of the observed strength characteristics of the paper samples and underscore the potential applications of cellulose derived from grass clippings, especially when combined with barium sulfate as a mineral filler in paper production.

This paper addresses the challenges of data sparsity and personalization limitations inherent in current recommendation systems when processing extensive academic paper datasets. To overcome these issues, the present work introduces an innovative recommendation model that integrates the wealth of structured information from knowledge graphs and refines the amalgamation of temporal and relational data. By applying attention mechanisms and neural network technologies, the model thoroughly explores the text characteristics of papers and the evolving patterns of user behaviors. Additionally, the model elevates the accuracy and personalization of recommendations by meticulously examining citation patterns among papers and the networks of author collaboration. The experimental findings show that the present model surpasses baseline models on all evaluation metrics, thereby enhancing the precision and personalization of academic paper recommendations.

In this study, we present the design and fabrication of a V-shaped resonator that served as an absorption chamber in a laser spectroscopy system for water stable isotope measurement (2H, 17O, 18O) based on optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. In the design of a resonator, its length and the radius of curvature of the mirrors guarantee the optical stability of the system. The resonator mirrors are designed considering the condition of stability and based on the desired mode structure of the resonator output. The V-shaped resonator is designed with two arms of 40 cm and inner diameters of 5 mm making an angle of 1.7°. This resonator has an internal volume of 20 cm3 which provides fast response of laser spectrometer. The high reflectivity of mirrors leads to an effective absorption optical path length of 13 km and a high finesse optical resonator of Ƒ~52،000. These values allow low concentration water vapor isotope analyses and resolution of the absorption spectrum of isotopes for accurate isotope measurements, respectively. Resonator mirrors are designed using Mcleod software to have maximum reflectance at a wavelength of 1.4 micrometers. By making a V-shaped optical resonator for measuring stable isotopes of water and subsequent development for measuring stable isotopes of other elements, the possibility of developing the application of stable isotopes in different areas of research will be provided.

In this work, we study the interaction of femtosecond laser with formaldehyde molecule and investigate the effect of intensity and angle of laser polarization on the high harmonic generation. The calculation is done with time-dependent density functional theory in three-dimensional real space. The effect of the ellipticity parameter and the role of different orbitals of this molecule on the high harmonic spectrum is investigated, so that the contribution of different orbitals of the formaldehyde molecule in this process can be controlled. The maximum intensity and the maximum width of the high harmonic spectrum are obtained for the ellipticity parameter of 0.15. Also, if the large diameter of the ellipse of laser polarization is along the y-axis, the intensity of the harmonic spectrum is increased, and the reason for this process is discussed by analyzing the time evolution of the population of ionized electrons. In the following, the effect of incident laser polarization on the output attosecond pulse polarization and its width is investigated, which is resulted in the generation of an elliptically polarized attosecond pulse.

The shock wave or plasma pulse method was presented for the first time in oil wells to solve the problem of worldwide pressure drop and well production. In this study, the technology of underwater electric wire explosion (UWEWE) has been investigated to generate shock waves by using a sudden discharge of very hot plasma energy at a point and then creating a shock wave. The constructed plasma emitting device consists of two electrodes, a set of high voltage capacitors with a voltage of 5 kV and a capacity of 80 microfarads, an electronic block, a Rogovsky coil installed in the electric discharge circuit, and a relay block. For aluminum wire with a diameter of 400 and 500 mm and a length of 30 mm, with a pulsed current at a discharged voltage of 3.8 kV, the total energy deposition is 400 and 500 J, with the energy conversion efficiency of 68 and 66.3%, respectively, and a maximum power of 168 MW.

In this article, we suggested a three-photon quantum scissor that truncates all multiphoton number states with four or more photons and amplifies the remaining photon number states in a probabilistic way. To this end, by assuming the ideality of all beam splitters and detectors of the proposed scheme, the output state of this quantum scissor and its success probability have been derived analytically. In contrast to the one-photon or two-photon quantum scissor, this setup works perfectly for superpositions of up to three photons. For the input coherent state, our results show that the fidelity between ideal amplification and the amplification obtained by this suggested three-photon quantum scissor is as good as that obtained with a network of six one-photon or two two-photon amplifiers. Moreover, the success probability of this generalized quantum scissor is larger than the success probability of six one-photon amplifiers and is comparable to the success probability of two two-photon amplifiers. Therefore, based on the fact that the resources required by the three-photon amplifier are smaller than those required for a network of one-photon or two-photon amplifiers, this proposed device is much more efficient than several one-photon or two two-photon amplifiers.

Using the first-principles calculations, we have investigated the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of the two-dimensional Janus MnSX (X= Cl, Br, I) monolayers. The dynamical stability for the 2D Janus monolayers has been confirmed by phonon spectrum calculation. Also, all manganese sulfide halide monolayers show half-metal with 100% spin polarization and a wide half-metallic gap. The noncollinear DFT calculations indicate that the two-dimensional Janus monolayers are ferromagnetically ordered systems and the preferred direction of magnetization lies in-plane of Janus manganese sulfide halide monolayers. The magnetic anisotropy energy increases from MnSCl to MnSI, related to the strong spin-orbit coupling at the I atom and the increased asymmetry between the sulfide and halide planes. The dispersion relation of magnetic excited states is obtained by applying the linear order Holstein–Primakoff transformation to the anisotropic Heisenberg Hamiltonian. We estimated Curie temperature for the monolayers by a self-consistent calculation of magnetization as a function of temperature. Our study presents a new class of 2D magnetic materials for future spintronics and valleytronics.

In this research, graphene oxide was prepared by Hamers' improved method, then, with the electric arc method, silver nanoparticles enter the graphene oxide environment diluted with deionized water, and a colloid of core-shell,silver-silver oxide is prepared. After the samples were prepared, graphene oxide plates containing silver nanoparticles were fixed on them, and samples with the same concentration and volume were placed under ultraviolet radiation for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes, respectively. Then, various spectra are prepared from the samples and their linear and non-linear behavior is studied in two experiments, Z-scan and phase spatial modulation. The results of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared Fourier transform, and X-ray diffraction show that the resulting solution contains graphene oxide nanoplates and silver oxide nanoparticles. Investigating the nonlinear optical properties of the samples also shows that the nonlinear refractive index of the samples is of the order of , which by ultraviolet radiation to the samples, their nonlinear refractive index changes slightly, and on the other hand, the diffraction pattern with two peaks is observed in the formed structure.

The fields resulting from the brain's neural activities provide essential information in diagnosing and treating brain diseases such as epilepsy, convulsions, and brain tumors. Recording brain magnetic field signals is one of the non-invasive brain functional imaging methods, which usually requires magnetic shielding besides expensive and bulky instruments. Although atomic magnetometers are inherently less sensitive than superconducting quantum interference devices, they are considered the best candidate for measuring bio-magnetic fields due to their low manufacturing cost, small size, and no need for cryogenic equipment. Atomic magnetometers measure the low-strength brain magnetic fields based on detecting Zeeman energy splitting and recording changes in the laser light intensity passing through an alkali vapor cell. To improve the sensitivity of these magnetometers, it is common to remove homogeneous noises in two magnetometer channels. For this purpose, we have presented a gradiometer to suppress unwanted magnetic noises. This gradiometer consists of two atomic magnetometers capable of detecting the field produced by the human brain in an unshielded environment in the presence of the Earth's magnetic field. The gradiometer has a sensitivity of 900 fT⁄√Hz. The designed and built gradiometer is suitable for detecting brain magnetic fields, which can be expanded as a multichannel to record the map of the brain's magnetic field.

The aim is to study nonlinear wave dynamics in solar spicules and jets. The life of jets in the context of Alfven wave dynamics is focused. Here, further insight into the solar atmospheric effects together with initial conditions on the dynamics of Alfven waves along with the characteristic parameters of the spicule or jet itself are provided. Results are based on the theory of magnetohydrodynamics. the location of shock formation by the interplay of the internal and external plasma-beta conditions together with the initial steady flow speeds which are rooted in the initiation location of the solar jet are illustrated. It was known that the plasma-beta of a solar jet affects the shock formation time of torsional Alfven waves. However, its efficiency is shown to be dependent on the external plasma beta conditions. The shock formation time for plasma-beta conditions over unity is directly proportional to the plasma-beta, similar to plasma-beta conditions equal to or below unity. In the case where the plasma-beta inside the magnetic structure is small, the shock formation time is accelerated by increasing the external plasma-beta. In photospheric conditions, as for coronal conditions, the time of shock formation is inversely proportional to the external plasma-beta. When the internal plasma-beta is fixed, for various steady flow speeds, the external plasma-beta accelerates the formation of shocks. These results help us to better understand the role of Alfven waves in solar jets in the transfer of energy to the solar system.

Compounds was born in 2021 as an interdisciplinary journal with a clear vocation towards the scientific community and a tool to present its scientific achievements in an open access format that would allow a rapid and efficient dissemination of its scientific results in the field of chemistry [...]

The research results and evaluation of the applicability of the original composition of hybrid paper based on silver nanowires (AgNWs), cellulose pulp (CP), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are presented and discussed. The material tested was used to manufacture sensors for mechanical deformation resulting from external influences or related to human activity interactions. The sensors were fabricated using an AgNWs + CP suspension and additives by the vacuum filtration method. The substrate obtained was machined and then laminated with a layer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The recorded responses to selected types of imposed mechanical interactions in the form of changes in the relative resistance of the sensor throughout the tests showed a close cause-and-effect relationship. The response of the tested systems when applying an alternating magnetic field was also observed. The results indicate that the proposed solutions can find application in the monitoring of mechanical interactions resulting from the dynamic behavior of physical objects, as well as derived from selected human vital functions.

Abstract Paper, an inexpensive material with natural biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and biodegradability, allows for affordable and cost‐effective substrates for unconventional advanced electronics, often called papertronics. On the other hand, polymeric elastomers have shown to be an excellent success for substrates of soft bioelectronics, providing stretchability in skin wearable technology for continuous sensing applications. Although both materials hold their unique advantageous characteristics, merging both material properties into a single electronic substrate reimagines paper‐based bioelectronics for wearable and patchable applications in biosensing, energy generation and storage, soft actuators, and more. Here, a breathable, light‐weighted, biocompatible engineered stretchable paper is reported via coaxial nonwoven microfibers for unconventional bioelectronic substrates. The stretchable papers allow intimate bioconformability without adhesive through coaxial electrospinning of a cellulose acetate polymer (sheath) and a silicone elastomer (core). The fabricated cellulose‐silicone fibers exhibit a greater percent strain than commercially available paper while retaining hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, combustibility, disposable, and other natural characteristics of paper. Moreover, the nonwoven stretchable cellulose‐silicone fibrous mat can adapt conventional printing and fabrication process for paper‐based electronics, an essential aspect of advanced bioelectronic manufacturing.

Abstract We report an innovative and facile approach to fabricating an ultrasensitive plasmonic paper substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The approach exploits the self-assembling capability of poly(styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine) block copolymers to form a thin film at the air-liquid interface within the single microdroplet scale for the first time and the subsequent in situ growth of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The concentration of the block copolymer was found to play an essential role in stabilizing the droplets during the mass transfer phase and formation of silver nanoparticles, thus influencing the SERS signals. SEM analysis of the morphology of the plasmonic paper substrates revealed the formation of spherical AgNPs evenly distributed across the surface of the formed copolymer film with a size distribution of 47.5 nm. The resultant enhancement factor was calculated to be 1.2 × 107, and the detection limit of rhodamine 6G was as low as 48.9 pM. The nanohybridized plasmonic paper was successfully applied to detect two emerging pollutants—sildenafil and flibanserin—with LODs as low as 1.48 nM and 3.45 nM, respectively. Thus, this study offers new prospects for designing an affordable and readily available, yet highly sensitive, paper-based SERS substrate with the potential for development as a lab-on-a-chip device.

In this paper, the thermo-electric, phonon, electronic, and optical properties of the C3N monolayer have been investigated using the Wien2K computational code based on first principles calculations in the framework of the density functional theory. The study of electronic properties shows the behavior of non-magnetic semiconductors with an indirect gap with a value of 0.5 electron volts for this two-dimensional structure. Also, optical properties such as dielectric function, reflection, energy loss function, absorption coefficient, and optical conductivity are calculated. C3N monolayer is optically anisotropic in z and x direction, which according to the refractive index diagram leads to birefringence, which is a key parameter for this compound's linear optical performance. The results provide a fundamental understanding of the design of composite structures used in nanodevices based on two-dimensional advanced materials. The linear response approach along the symmetric points calculates the phonon dispersion diagram. The results indicate the absence of negative modes in the phonon spectrum, indicating that the structure is dynamically stable. Investigating the thermoelectric properties of the C3N monolayer using the semi-classical Boltzmann theory shows that this monolayer has a value coefficient (ZT) close to one at room temperature and temperatures lower than room temperature. As a result, it can be proposed as a candidate for thermoelectric applications.

Many non-classicality indicators are used to measure the quantum effects of different systems. Kenfack's and Sadeghi's non-classicality indicators are introduced regarding the amount of Wigner distribution function's negativities and interferences in phase space quantum mechanics, respectively. Kenfack’s non-classicality indicator is used for cases just in the Wigner representation, whereas Sadeghi’s non-classicality indicator is effectively, applied for some real distribution functions. In this paper, we investigate these non-classicality indicators for the entangled photon number states in the Wigner, Husimi, and Rivier representations. It is shown that for a two-level entangled state, Sadeghi's indicator has more benefits to measure entanglement with respect to Kenfack's indicator. For the two-level entangled state, we also show a correspondence between Sadeghi's non-classicality indicator and the Von Neumann entropy. It is also shown that for the superposition of the squeezed number state and ground number state, the squeezing parameter affects the entanglement feature and Sadeghi's non-classicality indicator increases with the increase of the squeezing parameter.

Environmental pollution is a significant problem and is increasing gradually as more and more harmful pollutants are being released into water bodies and the environment. Water pollutants are dangerous and pose a threat to all living organisms and the ecosystem. Paper waste is one of the most widespread and largest wastes in the world. This research aims to address two important problems simultaneously: the reduction in solid waste in the environment using activated carbon from paper waste as potential adsorbents and the removal of harmful contaminants from water. Carbon from paper waste was activated with H2O2, HNO3, and KMnO4 for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and MB. SEM, EDX, FTIR, Raman, and BET were used to determine the properties of the materials. The surface morphology of the materials consisted of amorphous particles. EDX shows that all activated samples have a higher content of (O) than carbon paper waste. Adsorption studies showed that there was a stronger interaction between the pollutants and the adsorbent at a higher initial concentration (200 mg/L) than at the lower initial concentrations. The contact time data show that uptake increases when the interaction time between the contaminant and the adsorbent is increased. The tests for the pH of the solution show that the adsorption of Cr(VI) decreases when the pH is gradually increased, whereas the adsorption of MB increases when the pH of the solution is increased. The results fit better with the Freundlich isotherm and PSO models. The temperature studies show that the enthalpy was positive, indicating that the uptake process is endothermic. The Gibbs free energy values were all negative, indicating that adsorption between the adsorbents and the pollutants was favored. After four consecutive cycles, all the samples retained more than 60% of their uptake capability.

To study the current response to space charge in oil–paper insulation, a simultaneous space charge and external current measurement system are developed for a solid–liquid sample. The space charge and external current of oil-immersed paper are tested under different applied voltages. In the oil–paper sample, it accumulates heterocharge at 0.25 kV and homocharge at a higher voltage. The external currents first decrease and then increase with time. The changing timepoint decreases with the applied voltage. It shows that dynamic space charge evolution influences external current development. An unusual phenomenon is observed that the charge on both electrodes increases without heterocharge accumulation in a certain time range after voltage application, resulting in an increase in the average electric field. The transient electric field and displacement current at the cathode are calculated according to the amount of surface charge at the cathode. It indicates that displacement current takes up the main part of external current and decreases to zero when the surface charge amount stops increasing. After this stage, the conduction current is almost equal to the external current. The correlation between conduction current and electric field is analyzed. It reveals that when the electric field is lower than 5 kV/mm, the conduction current of oil–paper seems to be linear to the electric field strength, following Ohm’s law. When the electric field is higher than 5 kV/mm, the conduction current of oil–paper follows the Fowler–Nordheim law that the ln(jc/E2) is linear to 1/E. The transient external current has great potential in diagnosing electrical equipment.

The Japanese Society of Tribologists is pleased to announce that the 2023 Best Paper Award of the Society was awarded to the following papers from Tribology Online. The Award was presented to the authors by Professor Noritsugu Umehara, the President of the Japanese Society of Tribologists, at the award ceremony in the JAST Annual Meeting in Tokyo on 28th May, 2024. The titles and the authors of the awarded papers: ◊ “Experiment Study on the Influence of Lubricant Viscosity and Solid Additives on Irregular Cavitation Noise in the Oscillatory Squeeze Film,” by Xu Liu, Xiaoyang Chen, Rongyu Kang, Dehua Tao, Ben Ni, Tribology Online, Vol. 15, No. 5 (2020) 365-373. ◊“Proposition of Thermal-Diffusion-Induced Spiral Model for the Rapid Oil-Film Breakdown Process during Scuffing,” by Mamoru Tohyama, Takashi Izumi, Shuzo Sanda, Tribology Online, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2021) 89-98. ◊ “Synergistic Enhancement of the Lubrication Performance of Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate by Coexistence with Ionic Liquid,” by Kaisei Sato, Hikaru Okubo, Shouhei Kawada, Seiya Watanabe, Shinya Sasaki, Tribology Online, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2021) 178-191. ◊ “Friction Reduction by Laser Irradiation for a Friction System Using Bearing Steel and Aluminum Alloy in Engine Oil,” by Kento Ihara, Koshi Adachi, Tribology Online, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2022) 335-347. Congratulations! The Best Paper Award is given annually to the author(s), either the JAST members or non-members, of the paper(s) judged as the best paper(s) published in Journal of Japanese Society of Tribologists (Toraiborojisuto) and Tribology Online (TROL) for the previous three years. All papers that appeared in Toraiborojisuto and TROL for the three years are reviewed by the JAST Awards Committee.

Using the experimental results and data, the thermodynamic characteristics and thermal analysis of the electrical arc of torch electrodes and energy deposition in the waste-incinerator primary designed chamber were investigated. The temperature of arc in the intermediate electrode which is called the float nozzle was measured at 7000-8000 Kelvin based on the input power of 2 kW. The plasma plume temperature implied to be lower than the arc temperature according to the cold gas flow in the nozzle. The efficiency of energy transferring to the plasma plume is dependent on the geometrical electrode and nozzle design, and gas flow rate. After ten seconds, the chamber temperature was measured at 1193 Kelvin by thermocouple with the performance of electrical elements and plasma torch. The chamber temperature increasing in an adiabatic process was calculated at 1230 Kelvin after this time. According to the isothermal approach, the heat flow rate, and conduction loss calculation, the chamber temperature was obtained at about 900-1000 Kelvin. Using two approaches with inevitable approximations, the calculated temperature ranges for arc and plasma plume energy estimation have reasonable compatibility and this led to the road map of optimization and development for future torch planning and waste-incinerator chamber design.

In this work, considering the moment theory propagation of the laser beam with relativistic intensity in thermal quantum plasma is studied. Using the Maxwell equation and dielectric function obtained by the quantum hydrodynamic model, the mathematical equation for the laser beam width parameter is achieved and solved numerically by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results show that the stronger self-focusing effect is found in the moment theory compared to paraxial approximation. Also, similar to paraxial approximation, with growing Fermi temperature, plasma density and laser intensity, the oscillation frequency of the beam width parameter increases and focusing length decreases which means improving the self-focusing effect. Furthermore, it is seen that behaviors of the critical radius are not similar in the two theories, as in the moment theory, with increasing laser intensity, critical radius decreases until it becomes independent of the beam intensity, but in the paraxial approximation, the critical radius after a minimum value is enhanced with increasing laser intensity.

Gene expression is known as a phenomenon that shapes human life. This very complex phenomenon is formed from two stages: transcription and translation. In this study, we used the Nose-Hoover thermostat to model the effect of ambient temperature on gene expression since temperature regulates the biological clock of living systems. We have used the Lyapunov exponent approach to investigate the effect of control parameters on gene expression, including the degradation rates of messenger RNA and proteins, and to find critical points (phenomenon boundary limits), mRNA, and protein level boundary values. The rate of degradation in the process of protein synthesis has been investigated with the help of the Lyapunov exponent approach. According to this study, the optimal temperature for the production of mRNA molecules by Escherichia coli bacteria is 306 Kelvin. The study also used the chaos approach to show that the faster the mRNA molecules are degraded, the more they are transcribed, and the more chaotic the system becomes.

Entanglement plays a fundamental role in the field of quantum computing and quantum communication. In real conditions, a physical system is never isolated and inevitably interacts with its surroundings. Temperature is one of these effects that mainly reduces entanglement. In real conditions, the system is at a non-zero temperature, which will lead to a mixed state. Therefore, in the present work, the combined thermal entanglement of electron spin-oscillation in an anisotropic two-dimensional quantum dot is investigated using the negativity criterion. The results show that the combined entanglements are strongly dependent on the changes of the controllable parameters, such as the Rashba parameter and the magnetic field. The thermal entanglement between the spin and the assembly of oscillators is zero at absolute zero temperature and reaches a maximum with increasing temperature and then tends to zero asymptotically. This temperature, at which the amount of entanglement reaches its maximum value, can be controlled by changing the magnetic field and the coupling of the Rashba parameter. These two factors also control the rate of reaching the asymptotic state. These results provide a way to control the degree of entanglement between electron degrees of freedom, which is a fundamental requirement of quantum information processing.

In the last two decades, photonic crystals and structures that are based on them (photonic structures) have been examined and have been widely utilized in various optical applications. In this article, a theoretical and numerical model for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in multilayer dielectric structures is developed. The propagation of ultra-short light pulses in multilayer media and microresonators is investigated, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients depending on the parameters of the environment and duration of the optical pulse are calculated. A method for calculating the transmission and reflection spectra of one-dimensional photonic crystal based on FDTD modeling with the emission of ultra-short optical pulses is proposed. To calculate the transmission and reflection spectrum of a one-dimensional photonic crystal and to simulate the propagation of ultra-short light pulses, in multilayer dielectric structures and microresonators, based on the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations with the finite difference approximation in the space-time domain, is performed.

In this study, The surface plasmon excitations in a dimer structure of closely spaced metallic nanospheres with different radii are investigated using the hydrodynamic model. Initially, an expression was derived to calculate this structure's multipolar surface plasmon excitations. Subsequently, the surface plasmon excitations in the dipole approximation were examined.The surface plasmon excitations in a dimer structure of closely spaced metallic nanospheres with different radii are examined using the hydrodynamic model in this study. It has been observed that the energy of in-phase modes is lower than that of out-of-phase modes in longitudinal or transverse excitations. Furthermore, at each separation distance between the nanospheres, the energy difference between in-phase and out-of-phase longitudinal modes is greater than that of transverse modes. The results show that with an increase in the separation distance between the nanospheres, the energies of in-phase modes increase, and the energies of out-of-phase modes decrease. At large separation distances, two plasmon modes are obtained, with the higher energy mode corresponding to the smaller nanosphere and the lower energy mode corresponding to the larger nanosphere. Finally, the local limit results are presented for comparison.

In this study, the optical and electronic properties of bulk and nano-layer of zinc selenide (ZnSe) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are investigated. The calculations for solving the many-body Schrodinger equations are performed in the framework of density functional theory using the WIEN2K computational package. The Engel-Vosko and gradient generalized approximation (GGA) treat the exchange-correlation potential. To investigate the electronic and optical properties of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide nano layers, the electronic band structure and the real and imaginary parts of complex dielectric function for the bulk and nano-layer with different thicknesses are calculated and compared. The results of electronic band structures show that the energy band gap of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide nano-layers with various thicknesses decreases to zero and are metal. In contrast, the bulk of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide compounds are semiconductors. The results also show that for each compounds the static dielectric function for the perpendicular and parallel direction to the nano-layer surface is different from the bulk static dielectric function. Comparison between the real parts of complex dielectric function for the bulk and nano-layer shows that absorption of electromagnetic radiation for the ZnSe and ZnS nano-layer in comparison to corresponding bulk results occur in lower energies.

Severe vibration of the core of ultra-high voltage (UHV) shunt reactors under operating conditions often leads to the occurrence of suspension electrode, and such a suspended discharge defect will destroy the oil-paper insulation. It is necessary to investigate the influence of vibration on suspended discharge when determining the best operating condition of UHV shunt reactors. The vibration frequency of the suspension electrode and the phase difference between the applied voltage and the vibration are studied by simulation and experiment. The simulation results show that the phase difference between the voltage and the vibration parameters will lead to an increase in the surface maximum field strength. The distortion of the field intensity caused by several typical vibration frequencies of reactor vibration is ranked (in ascending order) thus: 100, 300, 50, and 200 Hz. There is a coupling relationship between the phase difference and the vibration frequency on the suspended discharge, which will lead to an inconsistency between the field intensity and each single factor. The partial discharge test results of the collision between the suspension electrode and the high-voltage electrode show that the discharge generated by vibration at 100 Hz is much higher than that at other frequencies, followed by those at 300 and 50 Hz, and the discharge generated by vibration at 200 Hz is very small. When the phase difference of voltage advance vibration is between 0° and 90°, the quantity of local discharge is large. When the phase difference is between 90° and 180°, the local discharge is small.

In the modern day, explosive detection is essential to public safety, and fluorescent small molecules have gained popularity for their quick and accurate detection. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a series of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based conjugated small organic fluorophores (PQ-Ph-OH, PQ-Ph-NMe, PQ-Ph-OMe, PQ-Ph-Me, and PQ-Ph-CN) as fluorescence-based sensors for explosive molecules. The sensor molecules were synthesized in good to excellent yields using a dehomologative functionalization strategy. They exhibited excellent photophysical characteristics, which was tunable based on the substituent on the phenyl linker at position 3. DFT studies showed that the pyrroloquinoxaline moiety could act as an on-demand electron donor or acceptor, depending on the phenyl substituent. The molecules also exhibited solid state emission due to twisted geometry around the CC single bond between the heterocyclic scaffold and the phenyl derivative. This resulted in low band intense emission for the synthesized molecules. In the presence of electron-deficient nitroaromatic explosives, all the fluorophores showed excellent fluorescence quenching. Detection limits in the range of 10−4 M were obtained for all the fluorophores. Stern-Volmer plots show high values of binding constants, indicating good interaction between the fluorophores and the explosive molecules. The mechanism of sensing was confirmed by UV-PL spectral overlap and fluorescence lifetime measurements, which suggest a static quenching based on the formation of a ground state complex. Owing to solid state emissions in some of the derivatives, the synthesized molecules were applied to paper strips for spot detection of explosive molecules.

Many materials have been explored for the purpose of creating structures with high radiative cooling potential, such as nanocellulose-based structures and nanoparticle-based coatings, which have been reported with environmentally friendly attributes and high solar reflectance in current literature. They each have their own advantages and disadvantages in practice. It is worth noting that nanocellulose-based structures have an absorption peak in the UV wavelengths, which results in a lower total solar reflectance and, consequently, reduce radiative cooling capabilities. However, the interwoven-fiber structure of cellulose gives high mechanical strength, which promotes its application in different scenarios. The application of nanoplatelet-based coatings is limited due to the need for high volume of nanoparticles to reach their signature high solar reflectance. This requirement weakens the polymer matrix and results in more brittle structures. This work proposes a dual-layer system, comprising of a cellulose-based substrate as the bottom layer and a thin nanoparticle-based radiative cooling paint as the top layer, where both radiative cooling potential and mechanical strength can be maximized. Experimental and theoretical studies are conducted to investigate the relationship between thickness and reflectance in the top coating layer with a consistent thickness of the bottom layer. The saturation point is identified in this relationship and used to determine the optimal thickness for the top-layer to maximize material use efficiency. With the use of cotton paper painted with a 125 μm BaSO4-based layer, the cooling performance is enhanced to be 149.6 W/m2 achieved by the improved total solar reflectance from 80 % to 93 %.

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) may cause threats to native biodiversity in ecosystems. Researchers have been investigating all the possible ways that they can be used effectively for other purposes. Since IAPS are capable of forming cellulose fibre nets, in this research, papers were made from three different types of IAPS (Japanese knotweed, giant goldenrod, and black locust). This research examined these IAPS papers and their effectiveness when used as printing substrates. In comparison to commercial office paper, the differences in basic, surface, optical, and microscopic properties were measured. As a widely used technology, inkjet printing was applied. We tested a commonly used sans-serif typeface (which has been established as being more legible than other typefaces in previous research) in three different type sizes (i.e., 8, 10, and 12 pt). According to the results, paper made from IAPS could offer some usable properties and acceptable legibility, especially when printing typefaces with specific attributes, such as moderate counter size, higher x-height, and minimal differences in the letter stroke width, are used. An appropriate typographic tonal density should be achieved in combination with an adequate letter size, e.g., 10 pt type size when a sans-serif typeface is used.

This review explores circular economy principles in regard to ethanol production from paper-mill sludge. Environmental sustainability and renewability over fossil fuels make second generation ethanol an attractive energy source in a rapidly growing population and consumption world. Paper sludge (PS), a by-product of the pulp and paper (P&P) industry, can no longer be recycled for paper production and is mainly disposed of in landfills. Therefore, it poses a major environmental challenge. However, it has shown potential as a valuable raw material for ethanol production, along with other pulp and paper products, due to its abundant availability and high cellulosic content. This waste-to-energy (WtE) technology for ethanol production is proposed as an alternative, aligning with circular economy concepts to maximize resource efficiency and minimize waste. This review underlines the circular economy aspects of bioethanol production within paper mill sludge management systems. Circular economy principles applied to ethanol production from PS offer a promising avenue for sustainable biofuel development that not only addresses waste management challenges but also enhances the overall environmental performance of biofuel production. Furthermore, economic benefits are described, highlighting the potential for job creation and community development.

The advance in the development of augmented reality technologies has attracted interest in their applicability in rescue scenarios. The characteristics of the different missions covered by First Responders, as well as the different objectives they can cover in a rescue operation, condition the importance of the additional information they can receive in these rescue processes through technology. This white paper aims to analyze the difficulties encountered when converging on the design of an interface that is adaptable to the professional and contextual circumstances in a rescue task.

Abstract Health monitoring using wearable artificial intelligence (AI) sensors with sensing and cognitive capabilities has garnered significant attention. The development of self‐contained AI sensors that can operate with low power consumption, akin to the human brain, is necessary. Physical reservoir computing (PRC), which mimics the human brain using physical phenomena, offers a low‐power consumption architecture. Nevertheless, creating a flexible and easily disposable sensors using PRC capable of processing optical signals with sub‐second response times suitable for biological signals presents a challenge. In this study, a disposable and flexible paper‐based optoelectronic synaptic devices are designed, which are composed of nanocellulose and ZnO nanoparticles, for PRC. This device exhibits synaptic photocurrent in response to optical input. To assess its performance, a classification and time‐series forecasting tasks are conducted. The memory capacity of short‐term memory task, indicating the device's ability to store past information, is 1.8. The device can recognize handwritten digits with an accuracy of 88%. These results highlight the potential of the device for PRC. In addition, subjecting the device to 1000 rounds of bending do not affect its accuracy. Furthermore, the device burn in a few seconds, much like regular office paper, demonstrating its disposability.

Partial Discharges (PDs) are a significant factor in reducing the insulation life of traction transformers. In recent years, the Acoustic Emission (AE) method has become the most advanced method for detecting PD signals in transformers. The AE method utilizes AE sensors placed on the transformer tank to detect ultrasonic signals emitted by PD and determine the Time Of Arrival (TOA) of the head wave. The windings and cores of a traction transformer consist mainly of metal, which greatly affects the propagation of PD ultrasonic waves. This paper establishes a 110 kV “pressure acoustic, transient” physical field model of the traction transformer with dimensions of 4.63 × 1.48 × 2.84 m3. The model is used to carry out the PD pressure acoustic physical field simulation study of the traction transformer, to clarify the physical characteristics of the ultrasound of the PD defects, and to establish observation points on the transformer tanks to receive ultrasonic time-domain waveforms for PD detection. The simulation results indicate that PD ultrasonic waves exhibit complex propagation characteristics, including reflection, refraction, and reverberation, as they pass through the windings and cores to the observation points. The TOA of the head wave in the ultrasound time-domain waveform is indicated by the first maximum value of the wave crest line. Finally, this paper proposes a multi-level localization method based on the AE method to determine which winding generates the PD in the large-scale traction transformer using only four dynamically moving observation points.

This study assesses the mechanical properties of mortars incorporating waste paper sludge-derived cellulose fibers. Compression and flexural tests were carried out on specimens prepared with cellulose fibers at different proportions, ranging from 0% to 2% of the total weight of the solid mortar constituents (cement, sand, and lime). In addition, a comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of the preparation method on the mechanical properties of the mortars. To this end, two series of mortars were studied: one prepared following a rigorous control of the preparation parameters and the other made without systematic parameter control to simulate typical on-site conditions. Finally, the applicability of both traditional and eco-friendly mortars in the construction of small-scale masonry walls was assessed through compression tests. Overall, the mechanical properties of mortars with cellulose fibers were comparable to those with 0% waste material, regardless of the production process. Regarding the compressive behavior of masonry walls, experimental tests showed significant similarities between specimens made with traditional and eco-friendly mortar. In conclusion, incorporating cellulose fibers into cement-based mortar shows considerable potential for building applications, enhancing the environmental benefits without compromising the mechanical behavior.

We study a three-species cyclic model whose organisms are vulnerable to contamination with an infectious disease which propagates person-to-person. We consider that individuals of one species perform a self-preservation strategy by reducing the mobility rate to minimise infection risk whenever an epidemic outbreak reaches the neighbourhood. Running stochastic simulations, we quantify the changes in spatial patterns induced by unevenness in the cyclic game introduced by the mobility restriction strategy of organisms of one out of the species. Our findings show that variations in disease virulence impact the benefits of dispersal limitation reaction, with the relative reduction of the organisms’ infection risk accentuating in surges of less contagious or deadlier diseases. The effectiveness of the mobility restriction tactic depends on the deceleration level and the fraction of infected neighbours which is considered too dangerous, thus triggering the defensive strategy. If each organism promptly reacts to the arrival of the first viral vectors in its surroundings with strict mobility reduction, contamination risk decreases significantly. Our conclusions may help biologists understand the impact of defensive strategies in ecosystems during an epidemic.