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This study explores Arab university faculty's views on fully AI-generated assignments and research papers submitted by students, what reasons they give for their stance and how they react in this case. Surveys with a sample of 45 Arab instructors revealed that 98% do not accept AI-generated assignments and research papers from students at all. They gave numerous reasons for their position. If students submit AI-generated assignments or research papers, they would ask them to re-write them. The study recommends raising students' awareness of university policies regarding AI-generated content and introducing faculty and students to AI plagiarism detection tools. Faculty views and recommendations are reported in detail.

Climate change, environmental degradation, and descent-based slavery are prevailing issues in Mauritania. The relationship between the three phenomena has rarely elicited investigation, in part due to the perception that chattel slavery is an institution of the past. Despite being the last country in the world to decree its abolition in 1981, Mauritania is alleged to have one of the highest incidences of slavery in the world today. This study explores the nexus between climate change and slavery in Mauritania. The paper seeks to elucidate how the environmental interactions of the Sahel have transformed slavery's manifestation in this multiethnic northwest African republic for more than a millennium. The author contributes to the rich literature on slavery in Mauritania by arguing that in the twenty-first century, the nexus converges on the issue of development, and that the prevalence of slavery degrades the country's precarious environment and contributes to its underdevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper relocates the study of contemporary Islamic law from state judiciaries and reformist polemics to the learning circles of late colonial Sudan. It focuses on the careers of two Mālikī jurists: ʿUthmān b. Ḥasanayn Barrī al-Jaʿalī (d. 1960) and Abū Ṭāhir Ḥasan Fāy al-Bijāwī (d. 1984). Hardly indifferent to the pressures of modernity, each attempted to resuscitate a Mālikī school beset by colonial reforms from above and revisionist critiques from below. A Sufi, political advisor, and traditionalist, al-Jaʿalī composed an homage to the "slavish imitation" of Mālikī jurists (taqlīd) that nevertheless admitted the intervention and frequent rebuke of its author. al-Bijāwī did the opposite, employing his expertise in ḥadīth to recast demands for dissolving legal schools (madhhab s) in a clever justification of Mālikī doctrine. Together they highlight examples of internal reform, as well as the significance of Africa's jurists, that remain understudied in the contemporary history of Islamic law. Less the dissolution of the madhhab than its resilience, they attest to the ways in which Mālikī scholars continued to defend the classical legal tradition long after its presumed demise at the hands of modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hassi Abyad kaolin deposit is in the southern part of Mauritania, around 45 km east of the town of M'Bout. Hassi Abyad lies in the middle of the Mauritanides Shield, which consists of deformed and metamorphosed Precambrian and Paleozoic formations. Complementary geological, mineralogical, and geochemical studies have been carried out to help answer questions linked to the origin of these kaolin and to determine the potential suitability for different industrial applications. The mineralogical compositions showed that Hassi Abyad kaolin is mainly composed of kaolinite (61–96%) and other minerals such as chlorite, illite, muscovite, cronstedtite, quartz, rutile, magnetite, laumontite, and gibbsite. The average chemical composition of the kaolin samples is 35.84% Al₂O₃, 45.27% SiO₂, and 14.19% LOI. Other oxides occur in low concentrations (less than1%). The higher chemical indices of alteration CIA (99.5%) and CIW (99.6%) indicate that this kaolin deposit underwent a high degree of alteration during the process of kaolinization of the source rock. The absence of high temperature minerals such as pyrite, topaz and dickite, and the presence of high Ce + Y + La and Cr + Nb contents signifies that the development and evolution of this deposit are affiliated with supergene processes. This kaolin is derived from a lateritic material, proving that they are the source rock of this deposit. The geochemical and mineralogical characteristics indicate that Hassi Abyad kaolin is applicable in ceramics, paper, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, bricks making, and pottery. • Hassi Abyad kaolin is composed of kaolinite, quartz, chlorite, illite and gibbsite. • Lacking high temperature minerals, high Ce, Y, La, Cr, Nb indicate supergene origin. • High CIA and CIW indicate that the deposit formed underwent high alteration degree. • The deposit is applicable for ceramics, paper, pharmaceutics, bricks, and pottery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the second female cancer in Mauritania (Northwest Sahelian Africa). We assessed the distribution of HPV genotypes in Mauritanian women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3) or invasive cervical cancer (ICC). A prospective study was conducted in the Centre Hospitalier National, Nouakchott, Mauritania, to collect cervical biopsies among women suspected of CIN2/3 or cancer. HPV DNA detection and genotyping were carried out from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies using multiplex PCR (Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Real-Time PCR Kit, Bioperfectus Technologies Co., Taizhou, China). Fifty biopsies were included from women (mean age: 56.7 years) suffering from CIN2/3 (28.0%) and ICC (72.0%) which corresponded to 32 (64.0%) squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 4 (8.0%) adenocarcinomas (ADC). HPV DNA detection was successful in 47 (94.0%) samples. The most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes were HPV-45 (40.4%), HPV-16 (38.3%), HPV-39 and HPV-52 (23.4%), HPV-33 (17.0%), HPV-18 (14.9%), HPV-35 (4.2%), and HPV-56 (2.1%). The majority (93.6%) of HPV-positive biopsies contained at least one HPV type covered by the 9-valent Gardasil-9® vaccine, and 40.9% were infected by multiple vaccine HPV genotypes. To eradicate cervical cancer in Mauritania, prophylactic HPV vaccination must be combined with primary molecular screening of cervical HR-HPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of this study was therefore to analyze the rational use of medicines in public and private not-for-profit health facilities, in five health districts in Mauritania. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the rational use of medicines. We used the standard indicators derived from the methodologies of the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD). Data were prospectively collected from 1050 prescriptions/patients, in thirty-one public and private not-for-profit health posts/centers in 5 health districts. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. P value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval considered for significance of relationships for associations in statistical test. Results: The average number of medicines per prescription was 2.21; 83.1% (1931/2325) of medicines were prescribed by generic name, but only 54% (1253/2325) were on the National Essential Medicine List (NEML). Antibiotics were prescribed in 62.4% (655/1050) of the consultations, and injectable medicines were prescribed in 15.6% (164/1050) of the consultations. The average consultation time was 16.32 minutes, and the average dispensing time was 97 seconds. Dispensed medicines were correctly labeled, and 83% (871/1050) of patients met the correct administration schedule. The NEML, and the "restricted NEML" for 76 commonly-used medicines, were available in all surveyed health facilities, but the National Therapeutic Guidelines were available in only 60.26% of them. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a possible excess of antibiotics prescriptions, and a likely lack of knowledge of the National Therapeutic Guidelines. There is a need to investigate in more detail the prescription patterns versus disease-specific therapeutic guidelines, and to qualitatively investigate the factors that contribute to the observed irrational prescribing. Moreover, training local staff in the rational use of medicines seems important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2004, the processing of the iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) ore of Guelb Moghrein, Akjoujt, Mauritania, has resulted in the generation of approximately 40 million tons of mine tailings. The storage of these tailings poses significant environmental challenges particularly to surface and underground water resources. To address this issue, we propose an approach involving both mineralurgical and environmental characterization. Our mineralogical analysis reveals that the TSF tailings consist of sulfides and iron oxides associated with a silico-carbonated matrix. This mineralogical analysis also shows that the TSF tailings consist of secondary minerals, resulting from sulfides oxidation. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the chemical analysis of the TSF tailings contains potential toxic elements (PTEs) such as Cu, As, Co, Ni, Sb, and Se. Regarding the environmental characterization of the tailings, conducted through acid-based accounting (ABA) static tests, we demonstrate that leaching from the tailings generates a contaminated neutral drainage (CND). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]