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Sour rot (SR) is one of the major diseases affecting grapevine berries, causing severe yield losses and deterioration of wine quality. SR is caused by an etiologic complex of microorganisms, including yeasts, bacteria, and filamentous fungi. This systematic review focuses on the etiology, epidemiology, and control of SR. A total of 74 papers published between 1986 and 2023 were assessed in this review. Description of disease symptoms was quite consistent across the papers, including oxidation of the grape skin, disaggregation of the internal tissues, and detachment of the rotten berries from the pedicel. The affected bunches are characterized by the smell of acetic acid and ethyl acetate that attracts fruit flies (Drosophila spp.). However, several knowledge gaps and/or inconsistencies were identified with respect to SR etiology, epidemiology, and control. Overall, 146 microorganisms were isolated from the affected berries (44.5% yeasts, 34.3% bacteria, and 21.2% filamentous fungi); however, the selected papers could not definitively clarify which species are primarily involved in the etiology of the disease. A general inconsistency was also observed in the methods used to assess the incidence and severity of SR in vineyards, making inter-study comparisons extremely challenging. Inconsistencies were also found in the methods used for pathogenicity assessment in artificial inoculation studies. Furthermore, gaps were detected in terms of SR epidemiology, with a focus on environmental conditions affecting the disease development. The SR management options are limited, and efficacy trials often result in poor, variable, and inconsistent levels of control, which might be attributed to the lack of knowledge on disease epidemiology. These knowledge gaps and inconsistencies were analyzed in this review to inform future research activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, humanity has suffered and endured deadly pandemics of varying mortality rates. Irrefutably, research shows that the outbreak of pandemics is flooded by mythical and fallacious information among the public, hence stifling the prevention, treatment, and management of diseases. This paper focused on comparing selected aspects of the two pandemics, that is, HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus. This comparative analysis is important for drawing informative lessons for effective response and management of pandemics in the future. Through a literature review analysis, the paper established that both pandemics have more similarities than distinctions. The etiology and epidemiology of the diseases assume a similar cascading trajectory; the public health information about the diseases is characterized by myths, conspiracy theories, illusions, and delusions from the public. The myths associated with pandemics prevail around causation, disease transmission, and cure. The pandemics present economic paradoxes, though arguably the negatives outdo the positives. There is a need for the governments and international health custodians to be richly prepared for the pandemics in the future. This implies having special budgetary allocations for possible pandemic outbreaks, investing in vaccine development and disease surveillance, and training and skilling personnel in all social-health-related sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvent. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on nonsurgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the "PubMed" and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disease that does not yet have a cure. Although many statistical and computational methods have been effective in its early prediction and prognosis, our understanding of the biological mechanisms of the disease is far from satisfactory. Due to the complex nature of the disease and the lack of diversity in existing data, a multimodal systems biology approach is best suited to elucidate the etiology of the disease while abstracting variant differences among populations of different ethnicities. Although Alzheimer's is a complex disease with many contributing factors, genetic risks have been shown to have a significant impact on its manifestation. Using a systems biology approach, this paper uses graph theory, network analysis, omics data integration, and visualization to develop a functionally coherent AD module. This genetic tool, combined with other existing biomarkers and predictive algorithms, can enhance the accuracy of AD early prediction and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a list of articles published in the journal Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. The articles cover a wide range of topics related to platelets, coagulation, and thrombosis. Some of the topics include the role of platelets in cancer, the measurement of microparticles, risk factors for venous thromboembolism, and the use of statins in COVID-19 patients. The articles provide valuable information for researchers and healthcare professionals interested in these areas of study. [Extracted from the article]

Atherosclerosis is classified as "vessel bi" in traditional Chinese medicine, and cold evil is one of its important causes. Cold, having the properties of coagulation, stagnation, and contraction, tends to narrow the diameter of blood vessels and slow down blood flow, which can promote the pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis. At present, the etiological theory of vessel bi caused by cold evil has not been fully elaborated. Based on the explanations of " evening" in "pathogenic cold affecting in the evening", such as "ying", "end of year", "end of day", and "time of yang decline and yin exuberance", this paper proposes the viewpoint that the cold evil tends to affect ying-blood and cause vessel bi, and discusses its pathogenesis. From the perspective of the external environment, cold evil affecting the vessel is conditional, often occurring in winter and in the middle of the night. From the perspective of internal environment, the cold evil affects the vessel in a process which can be manifested in three stages: cold injury, cold stagnation, and cold congelation. The strength of yang qi is the factor that determine whether the cold evil can cause disease. Exploring the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from the perspective of "pathogenic cold affecting in the evening" provides a new idea for further elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease and expanding its clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on numerous species have demonstrated strikingly conserved mechanisms that determine the aging process, from yeasts to worms, flies, zebrafish, mice, and humans. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model organism for studying the biological basis of normal aging and etiology of age-related diseases. Since its inception in 1967, the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC) has grown into the largest collection of documented D. melanogaster strains (currently > 91,000). This paper aims to briefly review conserved mechanisms of aging and provides a guide to help users understand the organization of stock listings on the BDSC website and familiarize themselves with the search functions on BDSC and FlyBase, with an emphasis on using genes in conserved pathways as examples to find stocks for aging studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pneumonia was the leading cause of respiratory failure and death. In addition to SARS-COV-2, it can be caused by several other bacterial and viral agents. Even today, variants of SARS-COV-2 are endemic and COVID-19 cases are common in many places. The symptoms of COVID-19 are highly diverse and robust, ranging from invisible to severe respiratory failure. Current detection methods for the disease are time-consuming and expensive with low accuracy and precision. To address such situations, we have designed a framework for COVID-19 and Pneumonia detection using multiple deep learning algorithms further accompanied by a deployment scheme. In this study, we have utilized four prominent deep learning models, which are VGG-19, ResNet-50, Inception V3 and Xception, on two separate datasets of CT scan and X-ray images (COVID/Non-COVID) to identify the best models for the detection of COVID-19. We achieved accuracies ranging from 86% to 99% depending on the model and dataset. To further validate our findings, we have applied the four distinct models on two more supplementary datasets of X-ray images of bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia. Additionally, we have implemented a flask app to visualize the outcome of our framework to show the identified COVID and Non-COVID images. The findings of this study will be helpful to develop an AI-driven automated tool for the cost effective and faster detection and better management of COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was an important finding in Australian science, involving a self-educated field naturalist and a small team of plant pathologists who had to work in relative academic isolation and with inadequate glasshouse facilities. After its discovery in Melbourne in 1915, TSWV rapidly spread throughout Australia and by 1929, it posed an existential threat to the tomato industry. To address this problem, a joint project between the Waite Agricultural Research Institute and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was initiated in 1926. This collaboration, led by University of Adelaide plant pathologist Geoffrey Samuel, was initially turbulent but ultimately highly productive. Within an eight-year period, significant advances were made in understanding the aetiology of the disease, particularly by establishing that it was caused by a thrips-transmitted virus. Aspects of the epidemiology and control of the virus were also elucidated such as investigating alternative hosts of the virus. This research was made possible through substantial improvements in mechanical inoculation techniques. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most economically important viruses in the world. Before it became a global problem, it devastated tomato crops in Australia. This paper describes how TSWV was identified and biologically characterised by Australian scientists at a time when few techniques existed to detect the virus. It is a remarkable story of human endeavour by a small team of people working in academic isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosis and management of oral pigmented lesions can be challenging in clinical practice owing to their variable aetiology and different prognoses that range from benign, physiological conditions to systemic disorders, localised mucosal abnormalities and ultimately life-threatening malignant neoplasms such as malignant melanoma. In this paper, Peter Thomson outlines a pragmatic, clinically based approach to assessment, diagnosis and management of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a rare disease of poorly understood etiology. The cause is mostly idiopathic. However, congenital and acquired structural changes in the central nervous system are also involved. Prevalent organic changes in the central nervous system, especially among boys, prompt imaging assessment in each case of CPP. In addition, genetic and environmental factors have been reported. Safe and effective treatment is available. The time of treatment implementation is crucial to the successful outcome. Proper diagnosis and treatment make it possible to avoid a number of complications of untreated CPP. There are only a few studies analyzing the prevalence and risk factors for the disease. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current causes of CPP with particular consideration of neurological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious diseases seriously threaten the lives of children. Timely and accurate detection of pathogenic microorganisms and targeted medication are the keys to the diagnosing and treatment of infectious diseases in children. The next-generation metagenomic sequencing technology has attracted great attention in infectious diseases because of its characteristics such as no culture, high throughput, short detection cycle, wide coverage, and a good application prospect. In this paper, we review the studies of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in pediatric infectious diseases and analyze the challenges of its application in pediatric diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein produced by liver, belonging to the serine protease inhibitor family. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is very common autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by point mutation in SERPINA1 gene. Mutations in the alpha-1 antitrypsin gene lead to production of misfolded AAT resulting in impaired release into the blood. This disorder leads to destruction of connecting tissue especially in lungs and to accumulation of retarded protein in the liver. Purpose: Most studies addressing AAT deficiency focus on presenting symptoms related to the lungs and liver. We want to take a broader look at this issue, so we have closely examined scientific reports on the presentation of the disease in organs other than the lungs and liver. The goal is to gather holistic knowledge about the disease to enhance awareness and treatment. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the issue of AAT deficiency comprehensively. We explored symptoms with an emphasis on organs beyond the liver and lungs. We also delved into the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease. Discussion: The clinical symptoms of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency extending beyond the liver and lungs remain inadequately described. We know that AAT deficiency can lead to excessive destruction of connective tissue in any organ, not just the lungs and liver. Unfortunately, this condition continues to go undiagnosed, and the number of scientific publications on symptoms from other organs is too limited. This affects the insufficient attention given by doctors to tissue destruction in organs other than the lungs and liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Eales' Disease, an ocular condition characterized by unknown pathophysiology, exhibits a higher prevalence among young males. Since the etiology of the disease remains unclear, a comprehensive exploration of clinical presentations and diagnostic approaches is undertaken to deepen insights into its current understanding. Furthermore, potential cofactors that may trigger Eales' Disease are reviewed, investigating the association between Eales' Disease and other ocular conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Additionally, diverse therapeutic interventions across disease stages are examined to assess the efficacy and possibility of repurposing treatments from related conditions. Through this review, the aim is to extend and elucidate potential study areas to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of Eales' Disease and aid patients in preventing the disease or finding optimal treatment strategies. Eales' Disease is an idiopathic peripheral retinal vasculopathy first described by British ophthalmologist Henry Eales in 1880. Most prevalent in healthy young males, Eales' Disease often presents with symptoms of sudden blurry or decreased vision and floaters. Although no clear, standardized stage of the disease exists, it progresses through three overlapping phases—peripheral periphlebitis, ischemic capillary ischemia, and retinal neovascularization. The etiology of Eales' Disease is unknown and appears to be multifactorial, but post-TB hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein and M. tuberculosis DNA is the most potential cause in the etiology of Eales' Disease. With a thorough examination of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of Eales' Disease—incorporating the latest clinical findings related to the condition—the investigation for Eales' Disease extends to explore recent potential connections with other ocular conditions or possible cofactors, such as glaucoma, uncontrolled diabetes, drug abuse, or inherited medical conditions. Moreover, focusing on critical insights into the treatment of Eales' Disease across its various stages of progression, the overarching goal of the paper is to refine and suggest possible future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Widening our understanding of pathophysiology and utilizing various treatment options for individual patients holds immense potential for advancing ocular medicine and optimizing patient care for people with this disease with unknown pathophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that can affect almost any organ. Although the acute form can have spontaneous regression, a certain number of patients can have a chronic form, which leads to an increase in mortality and a decrease in the quality of life. Considering that the risk factors are still unknown, we wanted to compare the characteristics of patients with acute and chronic forms of sarcoidosis in Serbia in order to determine significant differences between them with hopes of contributing to everyday clinical practice. A total of 2380 patients treated in our clinic were enrolled in this study. They were separated into the following two groups: 1126 patients with acute form and 1254 patients with chronic form. They were further compared by gender, smoking status, radiological status, exposition, biomarkers for sarcoidosis, organ involvement, and other comorbidities; the distribution of patients according to regions of Serbia was also noted. Statistical significance was found in radiological findings (p < 0.001), biomarkers (calcium in 24 h urine p < 0.001; chitotriosidase p = 0.001), and the affliction of organs (p < 0.001). The differences noted in this paper could help improve our understanding of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases, among which includes coronary artery disease, represent one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Research aimed at determining the risk factors involved recognizes a group of "traditional" risk factors, but also more recent studies identified over 100 "novel" ones which may have a role in the disease. Among the latter is the thrombophilia profile of a patient, a pathology well-established for its involvement in venous thromboembolism, but with less studied implications in arterial thrombosis. This paper reviews the literature, explaining the pathophysiology of the thrombophilia causes associated most with coronary thrombosis events. Results of several studies on the subject, including a meta-analysis with over 60,000 subjects, determined the significant involvement of factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A mutation, plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 and antiphospholipid syndrome in the development of coronary artery disease. The mechanisms involved are currently at different stages of research, with some already established and used as therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder affecting women of reproductive age, with an estimated global prevalence of 47.8%, with severe symptoms occurring in 3-8%, significantly affecting daily functioning. GABA conductance and changes in neurosteroid levels, particularly allopregnanolone, are suspected to play a substantial role in the disorder's etiology. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent reports on the etiology and recognized therapeutic approaches, encompassing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Our examination includes studies on SSRIs, hormonal agents, neurosteroids, supplementation, and therapeutic roles. We aim to determine the most favorable treatment regimen by comparing medication effects and alternative methods. The treatment of PMS is crucial for enhancing the quality of life for affected women. Medications used in PMS treatment should be individually selected to achieve the best therapeutic effect, considering the clinical situation of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypospadias, characterized by abnormal position of the urethral opening, is the second most common congenital anomaly in men. Its incidence is increasing year by year, and it has become the fourth largest birth defect disease in China. Not only does it bring both physical and psychological distress to the patients, but its surgical repair and long-term postoperative management also occupy a large amount of social economic and medical resources. Hypospadias can be isolated or present as a manifestation of some syndrome. At present, there are a variety of methods used to define and evaluate hypospadias, and it is imperative to develop a uniform classification standard to standardize care and surgical methods. In humans, the normal development of the penis structure has experienced an early androgen-independent stage and a late androgen-dependent sexual differentiation stage. In addition to genetic changes, endocrine or external environmental influences can cause damage or loss of the basic elements of penile development, which can induce hypospadias. Therefore, the disease is the result of genetic, endocrine and environmental factors and their interaction, with genetic factors generally considered to be more important than others. Based on different population cohorts, this paper elucidates the causes of hypospadias from the perspective of classical genetic variation, involving gene polymorphism, single nucleotide polymorphism and copy number variation of genes in normal biological processes such as growth differentiation of reproductive nodules, gonadal development and testis differentiation, androgen and estrogen production, etc. Moreover, the candidate genes related to human hypospadias are summarized. This paper will provide theoretical basis for the screening, intervention and clinical treatment of hypospadias, and contribute to improve the quality of birth population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The associations between the aetiology of preterm birth and later neurodevelopmental outcomes are unclear. A systematic review and meta‐analysis examined the existing evidence. Methods: The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for papers published in English from inception to 16 December 2020. We included original papers on the causes of preterm birth and the risks of cerebral palsy (CP) and suboptimal cognitive development. Two reviewers independently evaluated the studies and extracted the data. Results: The literature search yielded 5472 papers and 13 were selected. The aetiology of preterm birth was classified under spontaneous or medically indicated delivery. A meta‐analysis was performed, comprising 104 902 preterm infants from 11 papers on CP. Preterm infants born after a medically indicated delivery had a lower CP risk than infants born after spontaneous delivery, with a pooled odds ratio of 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.40–0.86). This result was robust in the subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Cognitive development was reported in three papers, which suggested that worse outcomes were associated with medically indicated deliveries. Conclusion: The aetiology of preterm delivery may contribute to the risk of CP and cognitive delay. Further research is needed, using individual‐level meta‐analyses to adjust for possible confounders, notably gestational age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrapanax papyrifer, the rice‐paper plant, is an evergreen shrub and is traditionally used as a herbal medicine in China. In October 2021, a serious leaf spot disease was extensively observed on T. papyrifer in Guizhou, China. Given the limited information available about the aetiology of this disease, isolations were performed, the morphological characteristics and multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis of the fungus associated with the disease were described, and the pathogenicity tests and Koch's postulates were completed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on T. papyrifer caused by Alternaria tenuissima in China. Among 11 fungicides tested, 10% difenoconazole WDG had the best inhibition effect in vitro with EC50 values at 0.1 μg mL−1. This study provides new information for the identification and chemical control of Alternaria leaf spot of T. papyrifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous version was presented as an oral paper at the Annual National Conference of The Indian Psychiatric Society (ANCIPS), Ranchi, India, 2018. ABSTRACT Intracranial space-occupying lesions (ICSOLs) like hematomas, neoplasms, granulomas, or brain abscesses can present with diverse neuropsychiatric manifestations. Subtle cognitive deficits, anxiety, affective symptoms--especially depression, personality changes, and psychosis, most commonly hallucinations, have been associated with organic etiology. Catatonia has seen a paradigmatic shift in its etiological basis and space-occupying lesion is a rare yet important cause to be investigated for, as it poses a challenge in terms of searching for early clinical indicators of cerebral pathology and difference in treatment outcome due to etiology. Here we present a case of catatonia due to ICSOL in a patient of affective disorder with a history of recurrent catatonic episodes, highlighting the importance of approaching each catatonic presentation as a syndrome with diverse possible etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To formulate a plan of action for bringing about a decisive and reasonably stable end to an injustice, it is helpful to understand the factors and conditions that critically make the difference in causing that injustice. This intuitively seems correct regarding active and ongoing problems. But what precisely is involved in this kind of explanatory endeavor, and what is its role in practical efforts to confront existing wrongs? This paper offers an introduction to etiology of injustice, which is the study and explanation of the operative causation of injustices. Drawing on insights from the philosophy of social transformation, causation, and remedial justice, I sketch a conceptual framework for understanding and undertaking the task of etiology of injustice and outline the contours of the etiological tradition of thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Syndromic management is widely used to treat symptomatic sexually transmitted infections in settings without aetiologic diagnostics. However, underlying aetiologies and consequent treatment suitability are uncertain without regular assessment. This systematic review estimated the distribution, trends, and determinants of aetiologies for vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods and findings: We searched Embase, MEDLINE, Global Health, Web of Science, and grey literature from inception until December 20, 2023, for observational studies reporting aetiologic diagnoses among symptomatic populations in SSA. We adjusted observations for diagnostic test performance, used generalised linear mixed-effects meta-regressions to generate estimates, and critically appraised studies using an adapted Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Of 4,418 identified records, 206 reports were included from 190 studies in 32 countries conducted between 1969 and 2022. In 2015, estimated primary aetiologies for vaginal discharge were candidiasis (69.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 44.3% to 86.6%], n = 50), bacterial vaginosis (50.0% [95% CI: 32.3% to 67.8%], n = 39), chlamydia (16.2% [95% CI: 8.6% to 28.5%], n = 50), and trichomoniasis (12.9% [95% CI: 7.7% to 20.7%], n = 80); for urethral discharge were gonorrhoea (77.1% [95% CI: 68.1% to 84.1%], n = 68) and chlamydia (21.9% [95% CI: 15.4% to 30.3%], n = 48); and for genital ulcer were herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (48.3% [95% CI: 32.9% to 64.1%], n = 47) and syphilis (9.3% [95% CI: 6.4% to 13.4%], n = 117). Temporal variation was substantial, particularly for genital ulcer where HSV-2 replaced chancroid as the primary cause. Aetiologic distributions for each symptom were largely the same across regions and population strata, despite HIV status and age being significantly associated with several infection diagnoses. Limitations of the review include the absence of studies in 16 of 48 SSA countries, substantial heterogeneity in study observations, and impeded assessment of this variability due to incomplete or inconsistent reporting across studies. Conclusions: In our study, syndrome aetiologies in SSA aligned with World Health Organization guidelines without strong evidence of geographic or demographic variation, supporting broad guideline applicability. Temporal changes underscore the importance of regular aetiologic re-assessment for effective syndromic management. PROSPERO number: CRD42022348045. Julia Michalow and colleagues estimate the aetiologies and aetiologic distributions of vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer in sub-Saharan Africa. Author summary: Why was this study done?: Symptom-based case management is common for treating sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Characterising the infectious aetiologies (causes) of each syndrome is crucial to ensure adequate choice of treatment. Recent comprehensive assessments on the aetiologies for vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer are lacking in SSA. What did the researchers do and find?: We conducted a systematic review that included 190 studies in 32 SSA countries spanning 1969 and 2022. We accounted for the sensitivity and specificity of different diagnostic tests used across studies and used meta-regression models to estimate the distribution of infections causing each symptom. We determined that the main aetiologies for vaginal discharge were candidiasis (69% of cases in 2015), bacterial vaginosis (50%), chlamydia (16%), and trichomoniasis (13%); for urethral discharge were gonorrhoea (77%) and chlamydia (22%); and for genital ulcer were herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (48%) and syphilis (9%). Distributions of infectious aetiologies were similar across regions and population subgroups but changed over time. What do these findings mean?: The findings support the applicability and continued use of World Health Organization guidelines for symptomatic STI management across SSA settings. National STI programmes should re-assess aetiologies regularly due to changes over time. Limitations of the review include that no data were available in 16 of 48 SSA countries, there was large variability in results across studies identified in the review, and certain information of interest was missing or inconsistently reported across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases with unknown etiology. Gap junctions composed of connexins (Cxs) have been recently validated as an important factor in the development of IBD. Under IBD-induced inflammatory response in the gut, gap junctions connect multiple signaling pathways involved in the interaction between inflammatory cells with other intestinal cells, which altogether mediate the development of IBD. This paper is a narrative review aiming to comprehensively elucidate the biological function of connexins, especially the ubiquitously and predominantly expressed Cx43, in the pathogenesis of IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rotterdam Study is a population-based cohort study, started in 1990 in the district of Ommoord in the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, with the aim to describe the prevalence and incidence, unravel the etiology, and identify targets for prediction, prevention or intervention of multifactorial diseases in mid-life and elderly. The study currently includes 17,931 participants (overall response rate 65%), aged 40 years and over, who are examined in-person every 3 to 5 years in a dedicated research facility, and who are followed-up continuously through automated linkage with health care providers, both regionally and nationally. Research within the Rotterdam Study is carried out along two axes. First, research lines are oriented around diseases and clinical conditions, which are reflective of medical specializations. Second, cross-cutting research lines transverse these clinical demarcations allowing for inter- and multidisciplinary research. These research lines generally reflect subdomains within epidemiology. This paper describes recent methodological updates and main findings from each of these research lines. Also, future perspective for coming years highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The non-reporting of negative studies results in a scientific record that is incomplete, one-sided and misleading. The consequences of this range from inappropriate initiation of further studies that might put participants at unnecessary risk to treatment guidelines that may be in error, thus compromising day-to-day clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Melasma, a prevalent pigmentary disorder, is characterized by its complex etiology, propensity for recurrence, and resistance to treatment. However, there is currently no research on melasma through bibliometrics and visualisation. This study analyses the hotspots and trends in the field based on 2,709 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). We carried out bibliometric analyses using Citespace software for different countries/regions, institutions, authors, and keywords. References were also analysed using VoSviewer. The results indicate that overall, there has been an increase in publications related to melasma since 2014. According to the analysis of the collaborative network diagram, the United States, Egyptian Knowledge Bank, and Benjakul Soottawat are the most contributing countries, institutions, and authors, respectively. Reference and keyword analyses have identified the pathogenesis and treatment of melasma as a prevalent topic in recent years. And how to find new treatment options and more effective therapeutic drugs is a future research trend. This is the first bibliometric and visual analysis of melasmarelated literature to explore research hotspots and trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with severe inflammatory diseases are challenging to diagnose and treat, and the etiology of disease often remains unexplained. Here we present DIAPH1 deficiency as an unexpected genetic finding in a child with fatal inflammatory bowel disease who also displayed complex neurological and developmental phenotypes. Bi-allelic mutations of DIAPH1 were first described in patients with a severe neurological phenotype including microcephaly, intellectual disability, seizures, and blindness. Recent findings have expanded the clinical phenotype of DIAPH1 deficiency to include severe susceptibility to infections, placing this monogenic disease amongst the etiologies of inborn errors of immunity. Immune phenotypes in DIAPH1 deficiency are largely driven aberrant lymphocyte activation, particularly the failure to form an effective immune synapse in T cells. We present the case of a child with a novel homozygous deletion in DIAPH1, leading to a premature truncation in the Lasso domain of the protein. Unlike other cases of DIAPH1 deficiency, this patient did not have seizures or lung infections. Her major immune-related clinical symptoms were inflammation and enteropathy, diarrhea and failure to thrive. This patient did not show T or B cell lymphopenia but did have dramatically reduced naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, expanded CD4-CD8-T cells, and elevated IgE. Similar to other cases of DIAPH1 deficiency, this patient had nonhematological phenotypes including microcephaly, developmental delay, and impaired vision. This patient's symptSoms of immune dysregulation were not successfully controlled and were ultimately fatal. This case expands the clinical spectrum of DIAPH1 deficiency and reveals that autoimmune or inflammatory enteropathy may be the most prominent immunological manifestation of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The review aims to summarize the markers used in diagnosing relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) and compare them with the REDs CAT2 score. Methods: A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases during April 2023. The descriptors used were “athlete” AND “REDs,” along with respective entry terms. The selection process followed the PRISMA 2020 recommendations, identifying 593 records, from which 13 studies were ultimately selected. Seventy-nine markers were identified and categorized into six groups: bone mineral density (BMD), metabolic resting rate, blood biomarkers, anthropometrics, nutritional intake, and performance parameters. The most frequently utilized biomarkers included BMD, anthropometric parameters (e.g., body mass index, body mass, and fat mass), and the triiodothyronine (T3) concentration. Results: According to the REDs CAT2 pointed indicators, the biomarkers varied among the studies, while 7 out of the 13 included studies achieved a ≥60% agreement rate with this tool. The prevalence of low energy availability, an etiological factor in the development of REDs, was detected in 4 out of 13 studies, with an average of 39.5%. Conclusion: In conclusion, this review highlights the most commonly used markers in diagnosing REDs, such as BMD, anthropometric parameters, and T3 hormone concentration. Due to the current inconsistencies, standardizing diagnostic methodologies is crucial for future research. By focusing on widely used markers, this review aids future research planning and result interpretation and points out the ongoing need for methodological consistency in evolving diagnostic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An outbreak of acute severe hepatitis of unknown aetiology (AS-Hep-UA) in children during 2022 was subsequently linked to infections with adenovirus-associated virus 2 and other 'helper viruses', including human adenovirus. It is possible that evidence of such an outbreak could be identified at a population level based on routine data captured by electronic health records (EHR). Methods: We used anonymised EHR to collate retrospective data for all emergency presentations to Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust in the UK, between 2016–2022, for all ages from 18 months and older. We investigated clinical characteristics and temporal distribution of presentations of acute hepatitis and of adenovirus infections based on laboratory data and clinical coding. We relaxed the stringent case definition adopted during the AS-Hep-UA to identify all cases of acute hepatitis with unknown aetiology (termed AHUA). We compared events within the outbreak period (defined as 1st Oct 2021—31 Aug 2022) to the rest of our study period. Results: Over the study period, there were 903,433 acute presentations overall, of which 391 (0.04%) were classified as AHUA. AHUA episodes had significantly higher critical care admission rates (p < 0.0001, OR = 41.7, 95% CI:26.3–65.0) and longer inpatient admissions (p < 0.0001) compared with the rest of the patient population. During the outbreak period, significantly more adults (≥ 16 years) were diagnosed with AHUA (p < 0.0001, OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 2.20–4.12), and there were significantly more human adenovirus (HadV) infections in children (p < 0.001, OR = 1.78, 95% CI:1.27–2.47). There were also more HAdV tests performed during the outbreak (p < 0.0001, OR = 1.27, 95% CI:1.17–1.37). Among 3,707 individuals who were tested for HAdV, 179 (4.8%) were positive. However, there was no evidence of more acute hepatitis or increased severity of illness in HadV-positive compared to negative cases. Conclusions: Our results highlight an increase in AHUA in adults coinciding with the period of the outbreak in children, but not linked to documented HAdV infection. Tracking changes in routinely collected clinical data through EHR could be used to support outbreak surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In gut ecosystems, there is a complex interplay of biotic and abiotic interactions that decide the overall fitness of an individual. Divulging the microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions may lead to better strategies in disease management, as microbes rarely act in isolation. Network inference for microbial communities is often a challenging task limited by both analytical assumptions as well as experimental approaches. Even after the network topologies are obtained, identification of important nodes within the context of underlying disease aetiology remains a convoluted task. We therefore present a network perspective on complex interactions in gut microbial profiles of individuals who have multiple sclerosis with and without Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Our exposé is guided by recent advancements in network-wide statistical measures that identify the keystone nodes. We have utilised several centrality measures, including a recently published metric, Integrated View of Influence (IVI), that is robust against biases. Results: The ecological networks were generated on microbial abundance data (n = 69 samples) utilising 16 S rRNA amplification. Using SPIEC-EASI, a sparse inverse covariance estimation approach, we have obtained networks separately for MAP positive (+), MAP negative (-) and healthy controls (as a baseline). Using IVI metric, we identified top 20 keystone nodes and regressed them against covariates of interest using a generalised linear latent variable model. Our analyses suggest Eisenbergiella to be of pivotal importance in MS irrespective of MAP infection. For MAP + cohort, Pyarmidobacter, and Peptoclostridium were predominately the most influential genera, also hinting at an infection model similar to those observed in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs). In MAP- cohort, on the other hand, Coprostanoligenes group was the most influential genera that reduces cholesterol and supports the intestinal barrier. Conclusions: The identification of keystone nodes, their co-occurrences, and associations with the exposome (meta data) advances our understanding of biological interactions through which MAP infection shapes the microbiome in MS individuals, suggesting the link to the inflammatory process of IBDs. The associations presented in this study may lead to development of improved diagnostics and effective vaccines for the management of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study aims to assess the prevalence of erosive tooth wear and risk levels amongst different age groups utilising Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) amongst the population of South West Coastal India. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty healthy people participated in the research (n = 32 per group). Using sextants and the BEWE, index (0-18) allowed for the evaluation of erosive tooth wear. Questionnaires supplemented clinical data. Each participant was assigned to groups based on the severity of their erosive wear: high (BEWE sum ≥ 14), moderate (BEWE sum 9-13), low (3-8) and none (0-2). Results: There is no significant difference in the degree of erosive tooth wear across different age groups (χ²-20.11, P-0.067 [not‑significant]). There is a significant difference in response to questions across different age groups (χ²-487.21, P-0.01 [significant]). Conclusion: The prevalence of erosive tooth wear grows as individuals age. Older age groups, patients who are at a higher risk level require a more comprehensive form of treatment. The aetiology of dental erosion remained unknown to the patients, indicating a deficiency in their understanding of erosive tooth wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 3% of all diagnosed cases of ascites are of cardiac etiology. Although more commonly associated with heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension is a known but rare cause of cardiac ascites, which has not been associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. We present a case of a 75-year-old male with known pulmonary arterial hypertension and new-onset ascites, the fluid analysis of which was consistent with both cardiac ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. He was successfully managed with antibiotics, loop diuretics, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may cause acute respiratory failure, but also remains responsible for many other pathologies, including electrolyte disorders. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes disorders in many systems and can disrupt water homeostasis with thirst and appetite abnormalities. Dysnatremia affects prognosis, and may be associated with mortality in patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods: The study included 209 patients admitted to the ICU between 12 April 2021 and 1 March 2022 who were over 18 years old and diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection by clinical and thoracic tomography findings or with a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test result. The laboratory markers, treatment modalities, nutritional, and respiratory support also for outcome evaluation, length of stay in the ICU, total hospitalization duration, and mortality in the ICU were recorded. The laboratory marker comparison was made using admission with the final assessment performed before the time of mortality in the ICU or after discharge. Results: Inotropic requirements among patients were high, which reflected mortality in the ICU. Hypernatremia presence was associated with an increase in enteral support, the inotropic support requirement, and mortality. Hypernatremia was correlated with diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, and a longer duration under mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: Hypernatremia was an important risk factor in ICU patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was also affected by the treatment regimens given themselves. This complex relationship underlies the importance of proper electrolyte management, especially in patients who were under severe stress and organ failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior nasal septum abscess is not a rare clinical disease entity. In terms of the etiologies of the disease, bacteria are obviously more common than fungi. Fungal culture and pathological examination are essential for diagnosis of a fungal abscess of the anterior nasal septum and the basis of prescription of antifungal agents. We report a 57-year-old male patient who came to our outpatient clinic due to refractory nasal congestion for 3 weeks despite receiving treatments by a local medical doctor. Radical surgery with postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy for the right buccal cancer was carried out 14 years ago. The patient has diabetes mellitus and the blood sugar level has been well controlled by oral hypoglycemic agents over the past several years. Computed tomography revealed an abscess in the anterior septum along with rhinosinusitis. Incision and drainage of the nasal septum abscess and functional endoscopic sinus surgery were carried out. Fungal culture and pathological examination confirmed a fungal abscess in the anterior nasal septum and fungal ball rhinosinusitis. Antibiotics and an antifungal agent were given, and the postoperative course was uneventful. A dialectical argument was made regarding the causal relationship between the fungal abscess of the anterior nasal septum and maxillary fungal ball sinusitis. A literature review of the previous case reports was carried out to elucidate the immune status of patients of this disease. In order to reach a rapid establishment of a fungal abscess of the anterior nasal septum, clinicians should keep this disease in mind and remain vigilant. An immuno-compromised status is more commonly found in patients with fungal abscess of the anterior nasal septum and is another important characteristic of this disease. Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are equally important in patients with lower immune status of this kind, and the latter is based on the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers, generally considered low-risk, can lead to rare late-onset reactions (LORs) manifesting between 3 and 4 months postinjection, occasionally even as early as 24 h postinjection. The Complication Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) board was established to review these reactions. In this publication, the authors aims to explore the etiological hypotheses underlying LORs, associated risk factors, prevention, and management approaches suggested by the CARE board. The CARE board identified three etiological hypotheses contributing to LORs. Firstly, the physicochemical structure of the filler, particularly low molecular weight HA, which may trigger an immune response. Secondly, infection, potentially introduced during injection or by dormant biofilm activation. Lastly, an imbalance in the host immune system, caused by factors like autoimmune diseases or viral infections, may lead to extended foreign body reactions, delayed type IV hypersensitivity, or adjuvant-based reactions. Based on these hypotheses, the board categorized various risk factors as patient-related (e.g., recent dental treatment, current medical status, active autoimmune disease), product-related (e.g., molecular weight), and procedure-related (e.g., aseptic technique and trauma). To reduce the risk of LORs, the CARE board recommends diligent patient selection, including comprehensive medical history assessment and informed consent. Practitioners should maintain an effective aseptic technique, and choose an appropriate product and injection depth for the anatomical location. Post-procedure, patients should receive education on proper filler care. Management of LORs depends on the suspected etiology, and the CARE board has proposed an algorithm to determine the most appropriate treatment. Hyaluronidase is recommended for noninflammatory reactions in the absence of active infection, while watchful waiting and/or steroid treatment may be preferred for inflammatory reactions. Hyaluronidase is not recommended as a first-line treatment for infections, which require drainage, bacterial culture, and antibiotic treatment. However, the board emphasizes the need for individualized evaluation and treatment in all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study is an observational clinical study carried out in 10 patients of Sheetapitta to evaluate the efficacy of Nimba Kashaya Yoga for Vamana. Sheetapitta disease explained in Ayurvedic classics shares similar aetiology, signs, and symptoms as that of Urticaria. Urticaria denotes the sudden appearance of hives and/or angioedema. Shodhana Chikitsa, mainly,Vamana or/ and Virechana is the main line of treatment advocated here to treat the disease. Special formulations are mentioned in classics for Vamana, which includes Patola Kashaya, Nimba Kashaya, Vasa Swarasa. Patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria were treated with Deepana Pachana, Snehana and Vamana with Nimba Kashaya Yoga. Assessment carried out using Urticaria Activity Score 7 showed marked improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown. Pathogenesis likely relies on a complex interaction between multiple environmental, genetic, and behavioral risk factors. However, a growing body of literature supports the role of a preceding Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the majority of cases. In this narrative review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the potential role of EBV as a predisposing event inducing new onset of MS. EBV interactions with the genetic background and other infectious agents such as human endogenous retrovirus are explored. Additional data regarding the role of EBV regarding the rate of mid- and long-term disease progression is also discussed. Lastly, the effect of currently approved disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for MS treatment on the EBV-based molecular mechanisms and the development of new EBV-specific therapies are further reviewed. Recent strong epidemiological findings support that EBV may be the primary inducing event in certain individuals that shortly thereafter develop MS. More studies are needed in order to better understand the significant variability in susceptibility based on environmental factors such as EBV exposure. Future investigations should focus on determining the specific EBV-related risk antigen(s) and phenotyping people with likely EBV-induced MS. Targeting EBV via several different avenues, including development of an EBV vaccine, may become the mainstay of MS treatment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare autosomal recessive condition. Effective treatment is important as patients are at risk for severe and potentially fatal acute pancreatitis. We review recent developments in pharmacologic treatment for FCS, namely biological inhibitors of apolipoprotein (apo) C-III and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3). FCS follows a biallelic inheritance pattern in which an individual inherits two pathogenic loss-of-function alleles of one of the five causal genes – LPL (in 60–80% of patients), GPIHBP1, APOA5, APOC2, and LMF1 – leading to the absence of lipolytic activity. Patients present from childhood with severely elevated triglyceride (TG) levels >10 mmol/L. Most patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia do not have FCS. A strict low-fat diet is the current first-line treatment, and existing lipid-lowering therapies are minimally effective in FCS. Apo C-III inhibitors are emerging TG-lowering therapies shown to be efficacious and safe in clinical trials. ANGPTL3 inhibitors, another class of emerging TG-lowering therapies, have been found to require at least partial lipoprotein lipase activity to lower plasma TG in clinical trials. ANGPTL3 inhibitors reduce plasma TG in patients with multifactorial chylomicronemia but not in patients with FCS who completely lack lipoprotein lipase activity. Apo C-III inhibitors currently in development are promising treatments for FCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural population in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka is largely affected by Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu). According to the multidisciplinary research carried out so far, quality of groundwater is considered one of the possible causative factors for CKDu. Therefore, assessment of the quality of groundwater being used for drinking and its evolution mechanism is the key to identifying the linkage between CKDu and drinking water. This study aimed to perform a detailed investigation on groundwater sources using isotopic, chemical, and hydrogeological methods in the CKDu-endemic (site A) and the control area (sedimentary formation—site B) in the Malwathu Oya basin and the control areas in the Malala Oya basin (site C) selected for a systematic comparison. Our investigation shows that elevated levels of TDS, magnesium, and fluoride in the shallow groundwater affected by climatic, geochemical, and hydrogeological processes may contribute to the CKDu in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. All the groundwater samples analysed have exceeded the hardness threshold. Prominent Mg hardness proportion together with excess F− in the CKDu endemic area may produce nephrotoxic MgF2 complexes that may trigger renal damage. In contrast, NaF complexes in the CKDu control area leads to reduction of F− toxicity in the human body. Elevated F− and Mg2+ are found in site A, low F− and high Mg2+ in site B, and either combinations of low F− and low Mg2+, high F− and low Mg2+, or low F− with high Mg2+ in site C. TDS, hardness, Mg2+, Na+, and F− are formed with different mechanisms in the three selected areas. The primary process that regulates the evolution of groundwater types and contents in sites A and C is the weathering of silicates. Similarly, in site A, carbonate dissolution and reverse ion exchange are quite strong. Cation exchange and evaporite dissolution are more pronounced in site C. Shallow groundwaters are evapo-concentrated, hence their quality deteriorates more significantly than the deep groundwater in the CKDu endemic area. Dilution decreases the ion content in site A while evaporite dissolution increases it in site C after the rainy season. Evaporation and seawater mixing affect the quality of groundwater in site B. It is also found that a statistically significant difference exists in the F−/Na+, F−/Mg2+, and F−/Ca2+ between the endemic and control areas. Intensive rock weathering combined with desorption has added excess F− to the groundwater in site A, while cation exchange and fluorite dissolution are contributing factors in site C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroinflammation is an underlying feature of neurodegenerative conditions, often appearing early in the aetiology of a disease. Microglial activation, a prominent initiator of neuroinflammation, can be induced through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment resulting in expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO). NO post‐translationally modifies cysteine thiols through S‐nitrosylation, which can alter function of the target protein. Furthermore, packaging of these NO‐modified proteins into extracellular vesicles (EVs) allows for the exertion of NO signalling in distant locations, resulting in further propagation of the neuroinflammatory phenotype. Despite this, the NO‐modified proteome of activated microglial EVs has not been investigated. This study aimed to identify the protein post‐translational modifications NO signalling induces in neuroinflammation. EVs isolated from LPS‐treated microglia underwent mass spectral surface imaging using time of flight‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS), in addition to iodolabelling and comparative proteomic analysis to identify post‐translation S‐nitrosylation modifications. ToF‐SIMS imaging successfully identified cysteine thiol side chains modified through NO signalling in the LPS treated microglial‐derived EV proteins. In addition, the iodolabelling proteomic analysis revealed that the EVs from LPS‐treated microglia carried S‐nitrosylated proteins indicative of neuroinflammation. These included known NO‐modified proteins and those associated with LPS‐induced microglial activation that may play an essential role in neuroinflammatory communication. Together, these results show activated microglia can exert broad NO signalling changes through the selective packaging of EVs during neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis with an extremely rare etiology of Capnocytophaga canimorsus. A 42-year-old asplenic patient with bilateral deterioration of visual acuity presented to the Emergency Department. The sudden deterioration of visual acuity, which prompted the patient to visit the ophthalmologist, was the first sign of the onset of sepsis. The physicians' attention, in addition to poor visual acuity and intense inflammation on ophthalmologic examination, was drawn to the reported flu-like symptoms. They were accompanied by high C-reactive protein results and abnormalities in echocardiography. A blood culture isolated the bacterium Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to C. canimorsus infection. Endophthalmitis of this etiology has a very aggressive course, both ophthalmic and systemic. Therefore, quick diagnosis and initiation of adequate therapy are crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a combination of clinical features from systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and inflammatory muscle disease, along with the presence of positive anti-U1-ribonucleoprotein (U1-RNP) antibodies. The exact etiology of the disease remains unclear, but it is believed to involve vascular damage within the context of heightened autoimmune responses. Consequently, Raynaud's phenomenon and pulmonary arterial hypertension are observed in patients with MCTD. While specific biomarkers for MCTD have not yet been identified, the recent study of the utility of anti-survival motor neuron complex (SMN) antibodies in MCTD suggests a promising avenue for further research and the accumulation of additional evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is important to assess the effectiveness of an antiseizure medication in treating different epilepsy aetiologies to optimise individualised therapeutic approaches. Data from the PERaMpanel pooled analysIs of effecTiveness and tolerability (PERMIT) Extension study were used to assess the effectiveness and safety/tolerability of perampanel (PER) when used to treat individuals with a range of epilepsy aetiologies in clinical practice. Methods: A post hoc analysis was conducted of PERMIT Extension data from individuals with a known aetiology. Retention was assessed after 3, 6 and 12 months. Effectiveness was assessed after 3, 6 and 12 months and at the last visit (last observation carried forward). Effectiveness assessments included responder rate (≥ 50% seizure frequency reduction) and seizure freedom rate (no seizures since at least the prior visit). Safety/tolerability was assessed by evaluating adverse events (AEs) and AEs leading to discontinuation. Results: PERMIT Extension included 1945 individuals with structural aetiology, 1012 with genetic aetiology, 93 with an infectious aetiology, and 26 with an immune aetiology. Retention rates at 12 months were 61.1% (structural), 65.9% (genetic), 56.8% (infectious) and 56.5% (immune). At the last visit, responder rates (total seizures) were 43.3% (structural), 68.3% (genetic), 37.0% (infectious) and 20.0% (immune), and corresponding seizure freedom rates were 15.8%, 46.5%, 11.1% and 5.0%, respectively. AE incidence rates were 58.0% (structural), 46.5% (genetic), 51.1% (infectious) and 65.0% (immune), and corresponding rates of discontinuation due to AEs over 12 months were 18.9%, 16.4%, 18.5% and 21.7%, respectively. The types of AEs reported were generally consistent across aetiology subgroups, with no idiosyncratic AEs emerging. Conclusion: Although PER was effective and generally well tolerated when used to treat individuals with a range of epilepsy aetiologies in clinical practice, variability in its effectiveness and tolerability across the subgroups indicates that PER may be particularly useful for individuals with specific epilepsy aetiologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In atherothrombotic acute ischemic stroke (AIS), when the atheroma breaks down, the clot can incorporate foam cells (FCs). The identification of the correct etiology is paramount for secondary stroke prevention. This study aims to evaluate the presence of the FC in the arterial clot, and to determine whether patients with FCs and patients without FCs (NFCs) had different cerebrovascular risk factors, haemato-chemical parameters, and atherosclerotic disease incidence, in order to predict the etiological diagnosis. Methods: We collected 100 clots retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy from 495 consecutive AIS patients with large vessel occlusion. An expert pathologist evaluated the FC presence by histological examination stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: We observed FCs in 29/100 (29%) of retrieved clots and divided the patients into two groups, with/without FCs. The two groups had similar clinical and laboratory features, with a discrepancy between the FC presence in the clot and the clinical etiological diagnosis, even if not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our study showed the presence of FCs in approximately one-third of the retrieved clots, but the identification of the clot that presumably comes from the atheromatous plaque rupture tended to disagree with the clinical diagnosis. Future studies may reveal their potential to disclose clot origin or specific patient characteristics, guiding treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchial asthma (BA) continues to be a difficult disease to diagnose. Various factors have been described in the development of BA, but to date, there is no clear evidence for the etiology of this chronic disease. The emergence of COVID-19 has contributed to the pandemic course of asthma and immunologic features. However, there are no unambiguous data on asthma on the background and after COVID-19. There is correlation between various trigger factors that provoke the development of bronchial asthma. It is now obvious that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is one of the provoking factors. COVID-19 has affected the course of asthma. Currently, there is no clear understanding of whether asthma progresses during or after COVID-19 infection. According to the results of some studies, a significant difference was identified between the development of asthma in people after COVID-19. Mild asthma and moderate asthma do not increase the severity of COVID-19 infection. Nevertheless, oral steroid treatment and hospitalization for severe BA were associated with higher COVID-19 severity. The influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection is one of the protective factors. It causes the development of severe bronchial asthma. The accumulated experience with omalizumab in patients with severe asthma during COVID-19, who received omalizumab during the pandemic, has strongly suggested that continued treatment with omalizumab is safe and may help prevent the severe course of COVID-19. Targeted therapy for asthma with the use of omalizumab may also help to reduce severe asthma associated with COVID-19. However, further studies are needed to prove the effect of omalizumab. Data analysis should persist, based on the results of the course of asthma after COVID-19 with varying degrees of severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]