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This article investigates the causes of structural change in Brazil, through the rise and the fall of the manufacturing industry, and the consequences for total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity, from 1947 to 2021. Our results show that the industrialization of the Brazilian productive structure is positively associated with expansions in infrastructure investments and with the pursuit of a competitive real exchange rate, that is, with policies oriented towards economic development. Our findings also indicate that such variables exert a direct influence on total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity and an indirect influence through their impacts on the Brazilian productive structure. Our conclusions suggest that an important cause of the Brazilian premature deindustrialization, and then of its poor performance in terms of total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity, is the adoption of policies not oriented towards economic development adopted since the neoliberal reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has changed its focus from traditional high-speed economic growth to high-quality economic development (HQED) and the implementation of environmentally friendly practices. This transition can have parallel or unparallel impacts on energy insecurity (EIS). In this regards, HQED, inter Alia, is crucial in mitigating EIS and combating the energy crisis. Our study explores the impact of economic growth (EG) and HQED on EIS using the provincial panel data of China for the period 2011-2017. From the perspective of comparative analysis, the results reveal that HQED reduces EIS while EG increases it. The robustness checks indicate that industrial structure (IS) has a negative impact on EIS, whereas industrial structure upgrading (ISU) and green innovation (GI) have a positive influence. This implies that IS contributes to an increase in EIS, whereas ISU and GI result in a decrease in EIS. In addition, the analysis reveals that digital financial inclusion (DFI) exhibits a significant positive relation with EIS, albeit occasionally a negative but insignificant link. The policy implication is that the government should stimulate policies to promote HQED which reduces the EIS., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This article examines Brazil's economic experience between 2003 and 2016, its limits in promoting development and structural change while analyzing the policies adopted and their consequences. The economic growth model based on the conciliation of competing interests and the maintenance of liberal orthodoxy proved unsustainable in the medium term. Maintaining the overvalued exchange rate and high-interest rate hindered industry and national development. The timid attempt at developmentalism could not contain the process of deindustrialization and financialization. The neoliberal agenda was maintained, which prevented structural changes and deepened financialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development aims to both alleviate poverty and protect the environment. Previous research has explored the connection between poverty and carbon emissions. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, nearly half of the population lives below the international poverty line, hindering economic growth and sustainable development. Therefore, this current study aims to further explore different age groupings of poverty and economic growth relates to environmental pollution, in 43 Sub-Saharan African nations. This study addresses existing gaps by employing the Driscoll-Kraay (D-K) standard error technique and the method of moments quantile regression to examine the connections between variables, yielding significant findings. The results indicate that youth and middle age poverty has an inverse relationship with environmental pollution. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the critical importance of addressing poverty in the formulation of policies aimed at mitigating environmental pollution and promoting sustainable development in Sub-Saharan African countries. Insights from this research can inform policymakers and other stakeholders in designing more effective interventions, programs, and initiatives to combat both poverty and environmental degradation, ultimately leading to a better and more equitable environment., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Previous failures of policymakers to minimize the effects of industry-born air pollution created a decrease in conditions for low-income communities in the U.S. and a rise in environmental racism. The dominating explanation for this trend is housing discrimination, attributed to the 1930s residential security maps deconstructing neighborhoods based on class, nationality, and skin color under the guise of mortgage default threats. However, other racist and anti-immigrant policies in America also contributed to the new form of segregation that barred marginalized communities from affluent and middle-class neighborhoods because they were used to benefit private enterprises for the sake of economic growth. Today, racial and ethnic minorities and low-income people are disproportionately impacted by airborne particulate matter. As methods of combating pollution-borne diseases create a more significant financial burden on these communities, individuals affected by environmental racism in industrial areas may reside in inadequate facilities, further increasing the risk of long-term exposure to pollution (PM2.5). Introducing air pollution mitigation strategies such as renewable energy, green infrastructure, and deindustrialization in low-income communities can help alleviate the effects of air pollution, ending environmental racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Most Latin American countries entered the ranks of middle-income levels almost simultaneously with Japan and South Korea. However, while Japan and South Korea embarked on the path of economic development through technological innovation and industrial upgrading, Latin America fell into the middle-income trap. By examining the history of industrial and technological development in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, three representative countries in Latin America, this paper finds that the fundamental reasons for Latin America falling into the middle-income trap lie in the tension between the choice of industrialization path and primitive accumulation, as well as the institutional deficiencies in technology and industrial development. Latin America, which has fallen into the middle-income trap, finds it hard to upgrade its technology and is trapped in premature industrialization and the middle-technology trap. It can be said that Latin America has fallen into a double trap, which reinforces each other and forms a solid trap pattern. The warning from the Latin American experience is that late-developing countries need to maintain an open attitude during the process of technological catching up, build a complete technological innovation system, enhance industrial and technological governance capabilities, and seize the window of opportunity for technological and industrial upgrading. Otherwise, there is a significant risk of falling into the middle-income trap and even the double trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Constitution of Kosovo establishes the basis of the country's political system, the fundamental rights, and the functioning of the economy. Laws in post-communist societies are crucial for creating a reliable legal environment for economic development. This paper explores the role of the Constitution in regulating economic governance and its impact on public-owned enterprises. Also, the aim of this paper is to highlight, through this case resulting from the approach to the economy, the administration of the economy through legal norms. To present such a relationship, the case of Trepça JSC has been examined, analyzing the legal and constitutional regulations within the context of economic development. For a more comprehensive perspective, this case has been analyzed within the context of history, and politics, but not only. It can be concluded that strong state regulation is required to ensure stability, emphasizing the intricate nature of state intervention in the economy within the constitutional framework, as evidenced by constitutional and legal provisions governing public enterprises such as Trepça, with the suggestion of amendments to address regulatory gaps. The paper serves as a foundation for further research into the constitutional and legal regulation of public enterprises and their relationship with the economy. Additionally, it provides a comparative basis for future studies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines prospects for policy to enhance contemporary economic development. Shortcomings of mainstream economic analyses are evident since the Cold War, with failure to establish policy doctrines engaging with developing countries' structural transformation: on average, not industrialisation, but servicization: capital and labour moving from agriculture to services. Faster-growing countries show greater servicization, yet overtly services-focused strategies are rare, and policy doctrine and economic analysis focuses on industrialisation. Literature searches show that servicization is largely ignored, reducing possibilities for policy-supported growth. Demonstrating this, the article argues that "internal" aspects of mainstream data and theory create severe confirmation bias, explaining this failure. If the "state" is there to support capitalism, in this area it seems to be doing rather badly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 2000s, plant closures have been a significant concern in Ontario, Canada. Scholars and policymakers alike aim to investigate the causes of plant closures and determine how to mitigate their impacts. Despite the large body of literature on plant closures, local economic development practitioners' perspectives and experiences have been neglected. To fill this gap, this paper interviewed twenty-two practitioners from various cities in Ontario to understand how practitioners perceive and respond to plant closures. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the various dynamics of plant closures. Also, based on the findings, seven policy recommendations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze a range of influential challenges to realize AI based economic transformation, thereby producing a comprehensive AI development strategy to maximize the benefits of AI with the minimum possible risk. Research data was obtained from interviews, observations, literature studies, and data triangulation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the Indonesian Government needs to take several strategic steps in an effort to realize AI optimization to support economic transformation by strengthening the availability of equitable digital infrastructure to support AI implementation, increasing the availability of skilled human resources equivalent to AI technology capacity, providing conducive policy and regulatory support for AI investment and research, and optimizing the ecosystem that supports Innovation and technology startups for the development of AI-based products and services, in order to increase national economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inflow of foreign capital from multinational companies from all over the world, in the form of foreign direct investments (FDI), intensified economic dynamics and contributed to the improvement of macroeconomic performance. In certain economic sectors and activities, FDI has become the carrier of economic growth, encouraged by intensive processes of deindustrialization and reindustrialization. Namely, FDI can have both positive and negative impact on economic growth and development. This depends on the ability of the economic sectors to overcome the negative effects of FDI in a certain period of time, which can only be achieved if the sectors are export-oriented and introduce new technologies into their operations, thereby increasing productivity and competitiveness. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) panel regression showed this was not the case in the primary and secondary sectors in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Western Balkans (WBs), which are still predominantly labor-intensive and therefore have a negative impact on economic development. As opposed to the agricultural and industrial sectors, the services, under the influence of technological progress, is profiled as a capital-intensive sector with a statistically significant positive impact on economic growth and development.

Titanic heritage tourism has recently become a major objective in Belfast, Northern Ireland, as civic leaders look to leverage the infamous liner's local origins to advance the city's post-industrial, post-conflict economic development. Much of this activity has centred on the Titanic Quarter, a new residential, commercial, and cultural district emerging in the historic docklands of East Belfast. This district is home to Titanic Belfast, an ostentatious, new-build visitor attraction created to tell a celebratory, Belfast-focused Titanic origin story. Titanic Belfast is surrounded by numerous heritage elements once associated with the Harland and Wolff shipyards where Titanic was built, which have been incorporated into two heritage trails traversing the Titanic Quarter. This article draws on literature related to authenticity, heritage trails, and memoryscapes to interrogate how these trails underscore the place authenticity of the heritage assets dispersed throughout the Titanic Quarter. It also examines how these trails position Titanic Belfast as the focal point of a vast and coherent maritime heritage memoryscape, revealing a symbiotic relationship whereby Titanic Belfast draws people and capital to the area while the authentic heritage elements nearby furnish the 'credibility armour' needed to justify this grandiose new signature attraction and the celebratory narrative it offers visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments around the world are increasingly shifting economic development expenditures to the support of early-stage businesses. In the United States, state governments have also expanded their development agencies' mandates from primarily serving as tourism-support operations to now working as engines of small business development. This Article challenges the conventional wisdom driving the creation of state venture capital programs and argues that the structure of state venture capital is deeply flawed. Rather than remedy inequities between states and within states--for instance, in the urban/rural divide that is a feature of most states' political economies--state venture capital is more likely to perpetuate and even exacerbate inequality. Furthermore, it introduces the potential for waste and corruption that jeopardize governmental legitimacy. From a legal perspective, state venture capital makes use of existing private financing and its accompanying legal infrastructure to channel financing and fill funding gaps, particularly for marginalized entrepreneurs. However, by co-opting private entity forms, it often impairs the administrative mechanisms designed to safeguard public funds. State venture capital also faces daunting market headwinds that make it difficult for venture financing to thrive outside of Silicon Valley and a few other venture capital hubs. Despite these challenges, state venture capital can be structured to give it better odds of success. This Article proposes reforms that can help governments create economic environments in which entrepreneurship is more likely to thrive, governance mechanisms that can foster accountability, and investment selection and contract design features that make it more likely that state venture capital programs will succeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to determine the state of economic security, ways to ensure its level, and ways to restore socio-economic development under the cumulative impact of threats. In order to realize this goal, an expert assessment of the components of economic security provided and the need to take into account the component of military-economic security indicated. It indicated that the task of neutralizing threats to military and economic security opens up new windows of opportunity, in particular opportunities in ensuring socio-economic development. Prerequisites for the use of opportunity windows are defined. The dynamic nature of threats of war that require institutional measures for permanent monitoring of dynamic threats, their operational analytical assessment and the introduction of tactics to neutralize threats and reduce their long-term negative impact, are indicated. An analysis of the state economic security provided, directions for improving this state by components of economic security indicated. The main factors on which the well-being of the country's population depends are determined, the effects of crises on the indicators of the levels of income and expenditure of the population analyzed, and the drivers of the deterioration of well-being are established. It noted that the deterioration of the socio-economic situation of households led to the narrowing of the domestic market, which had a negative impact on the functioning of SMEs. It indicated that this created a negative inverse multiplier effect on the well-being of the population. The negative effects of the crisis, which led to a reduction in production volumes in the agricultural sector, were identified. It indicated that this significantly limited the ability of the branch to fulfil food security tasks. Proposed ways to reduce the negative impact of war on agricultural production to ensure food security. The directions and recommendations for economic and food security and restoring socio-economic development are specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we stand on the cusp of what Schwab claims to be the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), the world of work is undergoing a rapid and profound transformation. Zimbabwe strives to ready its labour market for the seismic changes already underway. In order to thrive in the future of work, the World Economic Forum advises that a country must educate its populace in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. Unfortunately, Zimbabwean women remain underrepresented in STEM professions, with a mere 28.79 percent of women holding STEM degrees, compared to 71.21 percent of men. These statistics underscore the urgent need to educate more women in STEM fields. This paper addresses the bigger question: "Is Zimbabwe ready for the future of work"? To this end, this paper offers a nuanced analysis of the 4IR and its implications for Zimbabwe's future of work. Drawing on primary and secondary literature, we map out women's barriers and propose strategies to overcome them. This paper uses an integrative literature review, making a valuable novel contribution to the burgeoning literature on the intersection of the 4IR, gender equality and the future of work in Zimbabwe. The paper showcases that Zimbabwe is unprepared for the changing nature of work and needs to increase women's participation in STEM subjects. By empowering Zimbabwe's women in STEM fields, we can ensure that they can thrive in the future of work and that Zimbabwe can participate fully in the digital economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines a paradigmatic example of post-conflict economic development of Vukovar, Croatia. It represents a pertinent case study for localities encountering analogous challenges, most notably urban areas in Ukraine in the near future. The war that broke out in 1991 brought significant human casualties, population displacement, and extensive destruction of residential, social, and economic infrastructure. The completion of the peaceful reintegration of Vukovar into Croatia's legal system in 1998 marked the beginning of the socio-economic revitalization process. The research scrutinizes the primary impediments and prospects for Vukovar's economic growth, probing why substantial investments in reconstructing housing, transport, communal infrastructure, and fiscal incentives for businesses have not paralleled its economic performance. It concentrates on the local business climate and influential factors as potential explanations for this discrepancy. The topic was designed as a case study and was covered by document analysis, survey method, and semi-structured interviews. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study collates perspectives from entrepreneurs and business support institutions. The results confirmed that reconstruction of housing and social infrastructure is necessary, but more conditions are needed for successful post-conflict economic development, and that the business climate in lagging local units highly depends on state- and locally designed business-support measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban transition is generally imagined as a large-scale permanent migration of people from villages to cities. The formation of new cities is also theorized as occurring through the migration of people. However, recent scholarship implies that parts of India may be witnessing an urbanization process that depends on natural population growth rather than in-migration. This claim carries significant implications for urban theory, but it has never been tested empirically. This article addresses that gap by examining migration patterns in India alongside urbanization—measured in terms of densification of population and built-up area and an economic transition away from agriculture. I find that certain parts of the country, notably the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, are exhibiting all the trends constitutive of urbanization even as they experience negative net migration—a phenomenon I term "urbanization from within." My analysis also highlights that these same regions see high rates of temporary out-migration—suggesting that human mobilities may play a role in the in situ urbanization of rural settlements, but not in the ways that foundational urban and development theories would predict. I discuss the inequalities of India's economic transition and its spatial regime of social welfare as possible causal underpinnings of the trends I observe. The article's findings suggest that urban social scientists should reevaluate long-held assumptions about the relationship between urbanization and migration in the context of 21st-century urban transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The global crises that emerged during the last two decades proved that economies that focus their development on demand are the most vulnerable during crises. However, development strategies depend on specific internal and external circumstances impacting development of particular country. In that sense, this research aims to identify how digitalization, science and technology, and ICT trade impact globalization in market and transition economies. Research methodology -- Authors employed the PLS-SEM methodology on available dataset for 32 European economies. Findings -- According to the findings, digitalization is the factor that has the highest positive impact on globalization in market economies, while ICT trade has the greatest positive impact on globalization in transition economies. Science and technological advancements have a diverse impact. The MGA results stressed out the difference between these groups even more clear. Research limitations -- The presented model does not consider country-level analysis of globalization. Practical implications -- The study is providing theoretical and empirical base for strategy and policy development in the globalization domain in line with economy character. Originality -- The value of the research is found in contributing to the globalization topic in market, and particularly in transition economie that lack empirical research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following research paper conducts a comprehensive analysis into the intricate dynamics governing the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade, with a specific focus on the Western Balkan Countries-6 (WB-6). This research spans the period from 2000 to 2020 and seeks to shed light on the interplay between FDI and International Trade within this region. To analyse and interpret these dynamics, various regression models, including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and the Hausman-Taylor model, are employed as analytical tools. Moreover, the research takes into consideration the influence of specific institutional factors within each country, which play a pivotal role in shaping foreign investors' decisions to invest in a particular country. The study's results reveal that gravity factors, in conjunction with institutional determinants such as economic integration, control of corruption, political stability, and other indicators of governance quality, significantly impact the attractiveness of the WB-6 countries to foreign investors. The findings of this paper hold substantial relevance for the development of an analytical framework aimed at evaluating national policies and institutions geared towards enhancing the appeal of Western Balkan countries to foreign investors. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of these host countries prioritizing efforts to bolster the effectiveness of governmental institutions, combat corruption, streamline bureaucratic processes, and improve overall economic conditions to attract and retain foreign investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]