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Knowledge of medicinal plant species is necessary to preserve medicinal plants and safeguard biodiversity. The classification and identification of these plants by botanist experts are complex and time-consuming activities. This systematic review's main objective is to systematically assess the prior research efforts on the applications and usage of deep learning approaches in classifying and recognizing medicinal plant species. Our objective was to pinpoint systematic reviews following the PRISMA guidelines related to the classification and recognition of medicinal plant species through the utilization of deep learning techniques. This review encompassed studies published between January 2018 and December 2022. Initially, we identified 1644 studies through title, keyword, and abstract screening. After applying our eligibility criteria, we selected 31 studies for a thorough and critical review. The main findings of this reviews are (1) the selected studies were carried out in 16 different countries, and India leads in paper contributions with 29%, followed by Indonesia and Sri Lanka. (2) A private dataset has been used in 67.7% of the studies subjected to image augmentation and preprocessing techniques. (3) In 96.7% of the studies, researchers have employed plant leaf organs, with 74% of them utilizing leaf shapes for the classification and recognition of medicinal plant species. (4) Transfer learning with the pre-trained model was used in 83.8% of the studies as a future extraction technique. (5) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used by 64.5% of the paper as a deep learning classifier. (6) The lack of a globally available and public dataset need for medicinal plants indigenous to a specific country and the trustworthiness of the deep learning approach for the classification and recognition of medicinal plants is an observable research gap in this literature review. Therefore, further investigations and collaboration between different stakeholders are required to fulfilling the aforementioned research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prolonged Sri Lankan conflict in Sri Lanka occurred between the majority Sinhala govt. and the minority Sri Lankan Tamils on the island. The discrimination of identity and ethnicity led to major ruins on the land. This paper emphasizes the role of Buddhist values in Sri Lanka during the ethnic conflict. The principles of Buddhism help people rehabilitate and restore peace in the war-torn nation. In particular, the paper attempts to examine the Buddhist values practiced by the people irrespective of their religious denominations during the Civil War, through the literary landscape of Anuk Arudpragasam's The Story of a Brief Marriage. The noble precepts of Buddhism are four noble truths and the eightfold path, which teaches non-violence, selflessness, and tolerance. The doctrines of Buddhism restored humanitarian values at the height of the ethnic conflict in society. The current research paper helps to identify the influence of Buddhism on the people of the island nation in maintaining self-control, self-discipline, and morally upright behaviors. However, it proves the absence and ignorance of the Buddhist precepts which incited many ethnic clashes among the people. Further, it focuses on the causes of the major devastation and the collapse of the Sri Lankan socio-political system and the role of Buddhism in restoring peace in the war-torn nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience of systems to natural hazards has become an interesting concept in civil engineering and it is based on the determination of the losses due to the impacts of natural hazards. In the last decades, many contributions have focused on the assessment of losses that may occur at the time of the event, as generally assumed for earthquakes. However, this assumption may be incorrect when the interval between the time of occurrence and the time when the system functionality reaches the minimum value needs to be considered. This paper aims to propose a novel method to quantify this interval, which is called disruption time, by proposing a novel formulation of the loss model based on infrastructure redundancy. The proposed method was herein applied to a case study that considers landslides in Sri Lanka. The main goal of the paper is to propose a formulation that can be implemented in a more comprehensive framework to calculate more realistically the resilience of systems to natural hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Different technology transfer mechanisms are used to disseminate innovative agricultural technologies. The extension approaches based on the top-down transfer of technology were dominated in the past. That paradigm could not achieve reasonable benefits to many users but the resource-rich clientele reaped the benefits. Therefore, new concepts and approaches were warranted. The paper describes the outcomes of the paradigm shift of agricultural extension from technology transfer to participatory technologies.. Research Method: The paper contains the information collected from published literature on technology transfer efforts, global experience in Participatory Rural Appraisal applications, and the research findings from participatory rural appraisal sessions conducted in Sri Lanka. Findings: The critical issue of technology transfer models was insufficient attention granted to incorporate the participation of grassroots-level clientele. Hence, real community needs were omitted. The concept of Participatory Rural Appraisal evolved as an alternative scenario and was implemented with promising results. The Participatory Rural Appraisal is a bottom-up approach, that incorporates local knowledge and community participation, uses simple technology, requires low cost, and could be applied in rural areas without complex apparatus. Participants have a great opportunity to express their actual needs. Hence, a valid plan can be designed and the community will participate in the following stages of the planning cycle. This study reviews the Participatory Rural Appraisal experience worldwide and the paradigm shift taken place in technology transfer from a top-down approach to participatory methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Cultural factors are often mentioned as a possible explanation for the observed differences between immigrant populations compared to general populations with regards to COVID-19 disease burden and vaccination rates, but usually without any further exploration of what this entails. This paper aims to capture the thoughts of immigrants themselves and explore how they think culture may or may not have affected vaccination rates and health behavior during the pandemic. Methods: We performed qualitative interviews with 18 immigrants from Poland, Somalia and Sri Lanka living in Norway. Group interviews and individual interviews were transcribed and analyzed using systematic text condensation. Results: We identified four main themes the participants thought could influence spread of infection and vaccine hesitancy: cultural factors, transcultural factors, host society factors, and other personal factors. Social habits, religious traditions, attitudes towards and trust in the healthcare system, sense of community and societal duty were understood as cultural factors that influenced health behavior and vaccination hesitancy. However, different cultural factors could have varied impact on immigrants' behavior related to COVID-19 and possibly other health settings for different immigrant groups. In addition, we found examples of other factors related to being 'between cultures', and we found structural and socioeconomic factors not linked to culture. Conclusions: Our paper brings awareness to how rules and guidelines may hit harder and interfere more in the way of life in some communities than others. In the continued work towards equity in health promotion and healthcare services, policymakers ought to keep the existence of such cultural differences in mind, to be able to make policies well fitted to ensure good health and quality of life for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive utilization of tropical inland water bodies for multiple and sometimes competing activities underlines the necessity for their integrated and holistic co-management. This paper presents our synthesis on lake and reservoir fisheries in South and Southeast Asia as social–ecological systems, based on a synopsis of our research findings from a previous EU-funded research programme in Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Philippines (FISHSTRAT project). The paper attempts to merge our results with recent developments in research, policy and practice. We explore the effects of the main external and internal control mechanisms of the trophic state and pinpoint to the high production potential of traditionally unexploited small indigenous fish species. The limitations of conventional centralized management systems highlight the importance of introducing transdisciplinary approaches which integrate limnology, fish ecology and fisheries with the interests of other resource using stakeholders and decision makers in order to develop locally appropriate co-management strategies for sustainable aquatic resource use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl sulfur compounds including dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), play a crucial part in global sulfur cycling. The eastern Indian Ocean (EIO), characterized by its remarkable diversity of biomes and climate dynamics, is integral to global climate regulation. However, the regulation mechanism of DMS (P, O) in the EIO remains to be elucidated in detail. This paper presented a field survey aimed at investigating the spatial distribution of DMS (P, O) and their relationships with environmental and biological factors in the EIO. The surface concentrations of DMS, DMSPt, and DMSOt varied from 0.07 to 7.37 nmol/L, 0.14 to 9.17 nmol/L, and 0.15 to 3.32 nmol/L, respectively, and their distributions are attributed to high Chl-a concentration near Sri Lanka and the influence of ocean currents (Wyrtki jets, Bay of Bengal runoff). Higher concentrations of DMS (P) and DMSOt were predominantly observed in water columns shallower than 75m and deeper than 75m deep, respectively. The monthly DMS fluxes in the study area peaked in August. Temperature and Dissolved Silica Index (DSI) were the key environmental determinants for DMS distribution, while nitrate (NO3-) was the primary factor for both DMSPt and DMSOt. In terms of biological factors, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus were significant contributors to DMS (P, O) dynamics. Synechococcus was the dominant influence on the DMS source and DMSPt sink, whereas Prochlorococcus primarily consumed DMSOt. Furthermore, the structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed the relationship between DMS, DMSPt, DMSOt, and the key environmental/biological factors, as well as among them, and together they formed a co-regulatory network in the EIO. This contributes significantly to the advancement of global ecosystem models for DMS (P, O). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While personality predominantly influences human cognition, emotion, and behavior, there is still an unresolved research gap concerning the association between personality and substance use within the Sri Lankan context. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between personality traits and substance use among advanced-level students aged over 18 in Western province, Sri Lanka, in 2023. Data collection was carried out using selfadministered paper-pencil questionnaires. The study variables were measured using the brief version of the Big Five Personality Inventory and the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Questionnaire. Data analysis involved the use of the chi-square test and Spearman correlation. Findings: Of the 441 enrolled participants, 422 provided correct responses to the questionnaire. Among them, 154 (36.5%) reported substance use. The majority of students initiated substance use at the age of 17. The results reveal a significant association between the openness personality trait and substance use among advanced-level students in Western province. Additionally, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the extroversion personality trait and amphetamine use among advanced-level students. Conclusion: The findings highlight a significant association between specific personality traits, particularly openness and extroversion, and substance use among advanced-level students in Western province, Sri Lanka. These results emphasize the significance of considering personality factors in understanding and addressing substance use behaviors among youth populations. Further research and targeted interventions are necessary to delve deeper into these associations and develop effective prevention and intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of technology, time series data are automatically collected without human intervention. As the data collection process becomes effortless, the next change encountered is to identify the best method to forecast time series data with high accuracies. In this regard, hybrid approaches have gained much attention where the strengths of two approaches can be combined to lessen the weaknesses of each individual approach. When exploring the features of time series data, some depict repetitive patterns and also data can be observed at several levels. The repeating curves can be considered as the higher level, whereas each individual observation can be considered as the lower level. Thus, in order to handle the data in a more effective way, the series can be handled at two levels by giving prominence to the features of each level separately. This paper proposes a novel algorithm named two level neuro-functional forecaster, which is capable of handling data at two levels, hybridizing a statistical approach with an artificial intelligence approach, to gain high accuracy levels. In addition, as this approach handles data at two levels, data sparsity at a particular level can be accommodated at the other level. To apply this algorithm to a real world dataset, electricity demand data in Sri Lanka was considered where the series consisted of daily load curves with repetitive pattern across the days. The proposed hybrid algorithm, outperforms the two approaches when individually used, with a MAPE of 3.324% for a year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the dynamisms of house plans, family stages, and family backgrounds, and their interrelated dynamism, of lower-middle-class families in suburban residential areas in Sri Lanka. Through a literature review of Sri Lankan historical house plans and family units, parameters to categorize house plans, family stages, and background types were derived. Using measured drawings, interviews, and observations of the case study families, data regarding house plans, construction steps, family stages, family backgrounds, and their transition steps were collected, and a quantitative analysis was conducted. The research included identifying lower-middle-class house plan types and transition types, family stages, parents' employment types, and children's education types. The results show that the transition of family stages and family backgrounds has a relationship with the transition of house plan types, resulting in social mobility and different generations, in different social classes, living in the same house. This study proposes two new house plan types for two construction steps in two family stages, giving a mixed character of lower-middle-class and other social class house plans, providing flexibility to expand and adjustability to cater to residents in different generations and social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper illustrates the socio-political nature of accountings, referring to the partial privatisation of the monopoly telecommunications organisation in a lower-middle-income country. Design/methodology/approach: Actor-network theory and an ANTi-history approach are used to trace circumstances and occurrences. Empirical materials include official documents, print media and retrospective interviews with organisation employees ten years on from the privatisation. Findings: Proponents of privatisation used retrospectively constructed historical accounts to problematise the natural monopoly of telecommunications and the government organisation administering it. A restructuring programme followed. Proponents addressed controversies pertaining to the programme thus garnering widespread support for complex and controversial changes. Proponents produced and reproduced accounting artefacts as evidence in these processes of history reconstruction, consequent changes and restoring stability to telecommunications in its reconfigured commercial domain. The proponents used selective, controversial accounting evidence to problematise the government organisation's existence, then to mobilise various actors to reduce and close the controversies previously aroused and reinstate stability in a partially privatised telecommunications company. Although no longer having a monopoly this company still dominates. Dissenters did the same but with little success. Research limitations/implications: The findings demonstrate the importance of tracing the socio-political process of arriving at the dominant outcome about the past. This assists in making sense of present circumstances and re-imagining the future. Originality/value: The study demonstrates that, during controversial circumstances, taken-for-granted history, as well as what is thought to have not existed in the past, support the dominant network in gaining advantage over their opponents and black-boxing their perspectives of how things should be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture plays a vital role in the Sri Lankan economy. Cultivation of crops like tomatoes and potatoes which is being used as a fruit and vegetable will contribute significantly to farmer’s earnings. However, tomato and potato crop faces numerous challenges, such as disease infection can significantly reduce the yield. Early identification of these diseases is crucial for implementing timely interventions and minimizing the potential damage. The current study aims to analyze existing methodologies and identify the most effective approaches for disease detection in tomato and potato crops. Image processing techniques enable the extraction of relevant features from digital images of infected plants, aiding in the identification of diseases accurately. Additionally, machine learning algorithms have proven to be valuable tools for analyzing complex datasets and distinguishing between healthy and diseased plants. The review explores various image processing techniques, including image segmentation, feature extraction, and classification algorithms (support vector machines, random forests, and convolutional neural networks). Suitability of these techniques assured that the disease identification in tomato plants based on their accuracy, efficiency, and robustness. The findings of this review will serve as a foundation for the development of a software application to identify tomato leaf diseases accurately. By enabling accurate disease identification and management, this study seeks to enhance the resilience and productivity of tomato and potato cultivation in Sri Lanka, contributing to the sustainable growth of the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autistic children are at increased risk of experiencing a range of mental health difficulties, including anxiety. A number of intervention programmes are now available in high-income countries to support autistic children. However, to date there are no evidence-based interventions to support families of such children in South Asia. Based on consultations with clinicians, researchers and parents in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, we developed a culturally tailored two-session skills-based group programme for parents whose autistic children present with anxiety. This paper describes the process of creating this programme, to be delivered by mental health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep is a vital requirement during pregnancy for the betterment of the fetus and the mother. Sleep quality could vary due to pregnancy-specific psychological and physiological changes. To introduce a tailored programme to enhance the sleep quality of mothers, it is paramount to assess the sleep quality and determinants of sleep. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinants of sleep quality among pregnant women in a selected institution in the Southern province of Sri Lanka. Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out with 245 antenatal women, selected using a systematic random sampling method. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data which contains four parts. Below variables were involved and both continuous and categorical data were collected as required. 'Maternal sleep quality, socio-demographic data and gestational age, maternal depression and anxiety.' Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0 for Windows by using descriptive statistics, Pearson's Chi-square test, and independent sample T-test (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis was used to find the relationship with sleep quality and other variables. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, at 95% CI. Results: The majority of women (60.8%) had good sleep quality and they didn't have either depressive symptoms (63.4%) or anxiety (64.2%). Aged between 34–41 years and third-trimester women had higher rates of poor sleep quality. Varying quality of sleep was identified among three-trimesters with subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, habitual sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbances. In comparison with the first and second trimester, pregnant women in the third trimester had higher score of global PSQI (5.22 ± 2.35), subjective sleep quality (1.23 ± 0.70), sleep latency (1.25 ± 0.86), habitual sleep efficiency (0.14 ± 0.43), and sleep disturbances (1.39 ± 0.58). There was a significant association between gestational age (P =.006), maternal age (P =.009), antenatal depression (P =.034), and anxiety (P =.013) with sleep quality. However, multinomial logistic regression revealed that only gestational age affected on quality of sleep. The first trimester was a protective factor for good quality sleep (Adjusted OR = 3.156) compared to the other two trimesters. Conclusion: This study revealed that the majority of women had good sleep quality but quality of sleep was deprived with gestational age. It is expected that the findings of this research will be helpful for health and social care policymakers when formulating guidelines and interventions regarding improving the quality of sleep among pregnant women in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to explore small and medium enterprise (SME) owners' and managers' personal values, orientations, and motives towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) using the stakeholder theory. This study used a qualitative approach aligned with the constructionism philosophy. Ten respondents were purposively approached and interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyze and interpret data. Findings showed that SME owners and managers' values, orientation, and motives influence CSR engagement and explain their nexus. This study gives a unique perception of awareness among SME owners and managers in Sri Lanka about CSR implementation while contributing to the existing area. It is proposed to conduct an in-depth exploration of the complexity in which CSR initiatives are embedded in the SME sectors of developing countries. This study will become a benchmark for other CSR studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Monoserius pennarius (Linnaeus, 1758), is particularly abundant in the tropical Indo-West Pacific east of Sri Lanka, yet very limited genetic information exists for this species. Here, we report the assembled-linear mitochondrial genome of M. pennarius collected from the East China Sea. The 15,197 bp mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Notably, the gene order in this mitogenome differs from that of other hydrozoans within the same taxonomic order. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 13 concatenated mitochondrial PCGs, recovered M. pennarius as a sister of Nemalecium lighti (Hargitt, 1924), outside the other Leptothecata hydrozoans, suggesting paraphyly of Leptothecata. The mitogenome of M. pennarius, serving as the first publicly available for the family Aglaopheniidae, holds foreseeable value for investigating Leptothecata evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of GDP per capita income (GDPPCI), unemployment, higher education (HE), and economic growth (EG) on migration in Sri Lanka. Numerous global and local studies have explored the influence of macroeconomic and socioeconomic factors on migration. In the Sri Lankan context, fewer studies have probed the impact of GDPPCI, unemployment, HE, and EG on migration, particularly concerning brain drain and domestic labour market pressure. An applied research methodology was adopted, utilising annual data from 1986 to 2022. The statistical data were sourced from reports by the Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment (SLBFE), the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL), Labor Force Survey Data from the Department of Census and Statistics (LFSDCS), and University Grants Commissions (UGC). This study utilised the Vector Error Correlation model (VECM), Vector Auto-regression (VAR), and Granger Causality test through STATA. The empirical findings of the VAR model highlighted that GDPPCI and EG negatively impact migration, whereas unemployment and HE positively affect migration. The study's implications demonstrated that GDPPCI, unemployment, HE, and EG were the primary factors influencing the country's migration decisions. These findings will hopefully inform and guide the Sri Lankan government and policymakers for more effective decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue poses a significant and multifaceted public health challenge in Sri Lanka, encompassing both preventive and curative aspects. Accurate dengue incidence forecasting is pivotal for effective surveillance and disease control. To address this, we developed an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model tailored for predicting weekly dengue cases in the Colombo district. The modeling process drew on comprehensive weekly dengue fever data from the Weekly Epidemiological Reports (WER), spanning January 2015 to August 2020. Following rigorous model selection, the ARIMA (2,1,0) model, augmented with an autoregressive component (AR) of order 16, emerged as the best-fitted model. It underwent initial calibration and fine-tuning using data from January 2015 to August 2020, and was validated against independent 2000 data. Selection criteria included parameter significance, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion (SBIC). Importantly, the residuals of the ARIMA model conformed to the assumptions of randomness, constant variance, and normality affirming its suitability. The forecasts closely matched observed dengue incidence, offering a valuable tool for public health decision-makers. However, an increased percentage error was noted in late 2020, likely attributed to factors including potential underreporting due to COVID-19-related disruptions amid rising dengue cases. This research contributes to the critical task of managing dengue outbreaks and underscores the dynamic challenges posed by external influences on disease surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic crisis in Sri Lanka began in 2019 and reached a crisis point in 2022 when protesters stormed the presidential palace in Colombo. Acute food, fuel, and other item shortages, soaring inflation, prolonged power outages, and a collapsing economy with few job opportunities all contribute to the populace's unrest. Sri Lanka still faces severe economic difficulties, and no one can say when they will be resolved. This country has seen the most prominent financial collapse since its independence in 1948. Unexpected inflation levels, a close to complete exhaustion of foreign currency reserves, a shortage of medical aid, and a rising price of essential commodities are the results. Numerous compounding reasons, including tax cuts, printing money, a countrywide regulation to move to natural or biological agriculture, the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings, and the repercussions of the COVID-19 epidemic, have been cited as the root cause of the disaster. As early as 2022, these protests in Sri Lanka might be traced back to the country's economic woes. The primary driver of the current financial crisis in Sri Lanka is inflation. This article will look into Sri Lanka's inflation rates beginning in 2021. The inflation Rate of Sri Lanka has been forecasted for the next 6 months (through September 2023) using time series data. We used numerous Time Series Forecasting Algorithms for this multi-step ahead forecast. The results generated by these time series forecasters were in accordion with each other. Thus, we put forward the normalized results from each of these forecasting paradigms to get a better prediction on the inflation Rates, that Sri Lanka is supposed to face shortly (6 months), keeping in consideration of the current scenario being unaltered. The authors hope the Sri Lankan Administration will use the paper's predictions to take charge, which could lead to positive changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The often-prominent role of external assistance in health financing in low- and middle-income countries raises the question of how such resources can enable the sustained or even expanded coverage of key health services and initiatives even after donor funding is no longer available. In response to this question, this paper analyses the process and outcomes of donor transitions in health—where countries or regions within countries are no longer eligible to receive grants or concessional loans from external sources based on eligibility criteria or change in donor policy. The comparative analysis of multiple donor transitions in four countries—China, Georgia, Sri Lanka and Uganda—identifies 16 factors related to policy actors, policy process, the content of donor-funded initiatives and the broader political-economic context that were associated with sustained coverage of previously donor supported interventions. From a contextual standpoint, these factors relate to favourable economic and political environments for domestic systems to prioritize coverage for donor-supported interventions. Clear and transparent transition processes also enabled a smoother transition. How the donor-supported initiatives and services were organized within the context of the overall health system was found to be critically important, both before and during the transition process. This includes a targeted approach to integrate, strengthen and align key elements of the governance, financing, input management and service delivery arrangements with domestic systems. The findings of this analysis have important implications for how both donors and country policy makers can better structure external assistance that enables sustained coverage regardless of the source of funding. In particular, donors can better support sustained coverage through supporting long-term structural and institutional reform, clear co-financing policies, ensuring alignment with local salary scales and engaging with communities to ensure a continued focus on equitable access post-transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of experts in implementing Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) initiatives at the national level and explores the performative politics and power dynamics involved. Original research conducted in Malaysia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, where REDD+ efforts were underway, provides the empirical basis for the study. The findings reveal tensions between the official win-win narrative of REDD+ and the reflective perspectives of experts based on their empirical knowledge and unique positionalities. These tensions raise questions about the underlying norms and values associated with REDD+. However, the pursuit of professional development within the international development and conservation sector, reliant on donor funding, impedes constructive reflection. The alignment of experts with donor visions for career advancement contributes to this obstacle. Therefore, the paper argues for creating space for a more reflexive approach among scholars and practitioners to foster comprehensive reflection and a fundamental rethink of the future of REDD+. • Examination of REDD+ experts' discourses at the national level reveals another operational challenge for REDD+. • Empirical observations and past experiences of REDD+ experts raise doubts about the core norms and values of REDD+. • The lack of emphasis on this empirical knowledge in international policy processes hinders REDD+'s progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dematerialization through information technology aids in advancing environmental sustainability. Replacing a bound thesis with an e-thesis for a university dissertation will be a complementary paradigm shift for higher environmental performance. Hence, the study intended to determine and compare the environmental performance parameters of conventional paper-based bound-thesis and e-thesis. Moreover, the study aimed to identify the activities causing higher environmental burdens during the production of bound and e-thesis. Open LCA 1.11 was employed for a conventional bound thesis with its e-version submitted by the undergraduates of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. The study utilized U.S. EPA life-cycle inventory data. The analysis demonstrated that the overall global warming potential of a 40-page hard cover thesis was 4,839,000.00 kg CO 2 -eq to which paper and cover import and paper manufacturing stages contributed more than 99% (4,830,000.0 kg CO 2 -eq). In comparison, a 0.084 MB soft copy of an e-thesis reported a negligible (0.09936 kg CO 2 -eq) global warming potential value. Ozone formation-human health, ozone formation-terrestrial ecosystems, terrestrial acidification, fine particulate matter formation, and marine eutrophication potential were 265,584.31 kg NOx eq, 265,583.21 kg NOx eq, 177,451.5 kg SO 2 eq, 52,948 kg PM2.5 eq, and 29,041.0 kg N-eq for bound thesis production system. Except for the stratospheric ozone depletion impact and water consumption, environmental performance indicators of e-thesis were superior to the conventional-bound thesis. The study recommends the preparation of e-thesis as an environmentally sound approach. Switching to renewables, extended lifespan, and material recycling of devices at the end of use, sustainable forestry practices, process optimization, and cleaner production technologies can further enhance the environmental performance of e-thesis. [Display omitted] • The environmental burdens of the bound thesis and its alternative e-thesis were analyzed using OpenLCA 1.11 from a lifecycle perspective. • The global warming potential of the 40-page hard cover bound-thesis was 4839 ton CO 2 -eq with the marine eutrophication of 29,041 kg N-eq. • Paper manufacturing and the transportation of paper and hardcover by ship accounted for 99% of the total global warming potential of a bound thesis. • E-thesis exhibiting superior environmental performance compared to bound thesis reporting only 99 g CO 2 eq. • The environmental cost of e-thesis reading is higher than e-thesis downloading. • Water consumption and stratospheric ozone depletion impact categories exhibited higher values for e-thesis than the bound thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) have a worldwide distribution and show a high prevalence in tropical countries such as Sri Lanka. Some CVBP are zoonotic, with dogs identified as reservoir hosts for human subcutaneous dirofilariasis and potentially for spotted fever rickettsioses and re-emergent brugian filariasis in Sri Lanka, making these pathogens emerging public health issues in the country. Veterinarians are crucial in monitoring, preventing, and controlling these pathogens in dogs. Therefore, it is imperative to understand veterinarians' knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding CVBP to mitigate their impact. A survey was designed and administered electronically to veterinarians residing and practising in Sri Lanka. Responses were evaluated using descriptive, univariable, and multivariable analyses to investigate associations between demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, and practices related to CVBP. Out of the 170 participating veterinarians, nearly 70% had moderate or high knowledge. However, the awareness of zoonotic pathogens, Brugia spp. (16%) and Rickettsia conorii (18%), was low, and a considerable number of veterinarians were unaware of the zoonotic nature of Dirofilaria repens. Based on multivariable analysis adjusting for experience and self-rated knowledge, new graduates had higher odds of knowledge compared to experienced veterinarians (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.7–23, p = 0.028). Questions assessing the attitude towards CVBP indicated that most participating veterinarians comprehend and agree with their importance. Nearly all participants agreed that ectoparasite control is the best option to prevent CVBP infections (91%, 153/167) and that for effective treatment of CVBP, a definitive diagnosis is required (81%, 135/167). However, veterinarians recommended suboptimal treatments for some CVBP, like Babesia gibsoni. Better practices were associated with being a companion animal practitioner (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.7, p = 0.032) and having a low to moderate canine caseload (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3–10.4, p = 0.038). Limited knowledge of zoonotic CVBP among veterinarians, along with suboptimal treatment, might contribute to dogs acting as reservoirs and high prevalence of these pathogens in Sri Lanka. Therefore, continued veterinary education is recommended to improve knowledge and practices, which in turn will help to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and control of these infections in Sri Lanka to ensure the well-being of dogs and humans. Author summary: Pathogens spread by ticks, fleas, and mosquitos, so called vector-borne pathogens, are common in tropical countries like Sri Lanka. Some vector-borne pathogens affect dogs as well as humans, potentially causing severe illness in both. As dogs can act as reservoir hosts, preventing these infections is vital for animal and human health. Veterinarians are the experts when it comes to diagnosing, treating, and controlling vector-borne pathogens in dogs. Thus, their understanding and approach to these diseases are key in reducing their impact. This study highlights both the strengths and gaps in veterinarians' knowledge, attitude and practices concerning vector-borne pathogens and identifies areas for improvement. This will assist relevant stakeholders and policymakers to develop targeted continuing veterinary education and best practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens in dogs. This will not only lead to better care for dogs affected by these diseases, but ultimately aid in reducing the risk to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence on ivermectin as a treatment for Covid-19 is controversial. A Cochrane review concluded that the efficacy and safety of ivermectin is uncertain (evidence up to April 2022) and WHO recommended its use only in the setting of clinical trials. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of oral ivermectin in hospitalized patients with mild to moderate Covid-19. Trial design and methods: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among RT-PCR-confirmed, adults, hospitalised within the first four days of symptoms. Patients received oral ivermectin 24 mg or placebo daily for five days. RT-PCR was repeated on days five and ten. Clinical progression was monitored using the World Health Organization Clinical Progression Scale. Serum ivermectin levels were measured on days three, five, and seven. The primary outcome was the difference in the viral load between day zero and ten in the two groups. Results: Out of 1699 patients screened, 249 underwent randomization and 127 received ivermectin, and 122 placebo. D10 median viral load for E gene (IQR) was 2,000 copies/mL (100 − 20,500) with ivermectin (n = 80) and 4,100 copies/mL (1,000–65,600) with placebo (n = 81, p = 0.028), per protocol analysis. The difference in Log viral load between day zero and ten between ivermectin and placebo was 3.72 and 2.97 respectively (p = 0.022). There was no significant difference in the WHO clinical progression scale or the adverse effects. Ivermectin blood levels taken before or with meals were not significantly different. Only 7 and 17 patients achieved blood levels above 160ng/ML and 100ng/ML respectively and they did not achieve a significantly lower viral load. Conclusion: Although ivermectin resulted in statistically significant lower viral load in patients with mild to moderate Covid-19, it had no significant effect on clinical symptoms. Trial registration number: SLCTR/2021/020, Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry. 19/07/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a tumour of children < 5 years with a incidence of 1 in 20,000. Around 20 RB cases are diagnosed yearly in Sri Lanka, a lower middle-income country with high literacy levels and healthcare free at point of delivery. Incidence, local and systemic severity and mortality related to RB are reportedly high in low- and middle- income countries in comparison to higher income countries. Aims of this study were to describe demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of Sri Lankan RB patients attending the designated RB unit at the Lady Ridgeway Hospital (LRH), Colombo between January 2014 to December 2020, and determine correlates of lag time (LT) for first tertiary care visit after detecting the first symptom/sign. Methods: Two descriptive cross-sectional studies (DCSS) were conducted, one on 171 RB patients with demographic and clinical data collected between 2017 and 2020. In 2021, the second DCSS took place where socioeconomic and further demographic data were collected using telephone interviews, recruiting a subgroup of 90 (53%), consenting and contactable RB patient/ parent pairs. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were applied to determine correlates of LT of > 4 weeks for first tertiary care visit. Results were expressed as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: LRH survey (N = 171): Median age at diagnosis was 15 months (range 1–94 months; IQR: 8–27); 89 (52%) were females. Groups D and E tumours were 25.7% (n = 44) and 62.6% (n = 107) respectively with 121 (71%) enucleations. The number of deaths were 2 (1.2%). Telephone survey (N = 90): Proportion with LT of > 4 weeks for first tertiary care visit was 58% (n = 52). None of the putative risk factors (ethnicity, parental educational level, socioeconomic status, distance from residence to tertiary care unit and receiving financial assistance) were associated with LT in both analyses. Conclusion: Despite a high proportion with groups D and E tumours and enucleations, mortality rate was low, most likely due to availability of designated tertiary care. No correlates for LT of > 4 weeks for tertiary care presentation were identified. Early RB detection needs rigorous implementation of screening strategies and increased awareness among primary care health workers and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small Tank Cascade Systems (STCS) are interconnected small reservoirs constructed in shallow valleys in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. STCS have assumed heightened significance for their potential contribution to climate adaptation of agricultural systems. Local communities managed STCS to store water by capturing seasonal rain and cultivating crops that suited local conditions over millennia. The British colonial centralisation of STCS governance led to the degradation and deterioration of STCS. Contemporary water governance literature identifies STCSs as complex multifunctional systems. Adaptive co-management (ACM) approaches can reconcile complex resource governance issues by combining co-management with co-governance. We studied Palugaswewa STCS in North Central Sri Lanka to explore farmer and government officials' views, perceptions, knowledge, and experiences about agricultural decision-making including current governance, issues, and proposed improvements seeking evidence for ACM in practice. We interviewed eleven farmers and four extension officials selected from the analysis preceding this research. Our results show that an informal decision process (pre-cultivation meeting) precedes and informs the formal decision process (cultivation meeting), farmers use their collective knowledge and experience to anticipate seasonal weather and plan cultivation, and government officials facilitate a community-led decision process with institutional limitations. We concluded that the informal process compensates for the lack of timely meteorological information, allows space for sharing and co-development of knowledge and facilitates ACM. Future governance interventions in STCS need to recognise informal processes that drive decision-making, provide timely user-centred meteorological information, and rethink legal frameworks at local and national levels to provide flexibility for local farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low awareness of chronic conditions raises the risk of poorer health outcomes and may result in healthcare utilization and spending in response to symptoms of undiagnosed conditions. Little evidence exists, particularly from lower-middle-income countries, on the health and healthcare use of undiagnosed people with an indication of a condition. This study aimed to compare health (physical, mental, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)) and healthcare (inpatient and outpatient visits and out-of-pocket (OOP) medical spending) outcomes of undiagnosed Sri Lankans with an indication of coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, diabetes, and depression with the outcomes of their compatriots who were diagnosed or had no indication of these conditions. Methods: This study used a nationally representative survey of Sri Lankan adults to identify people with an indication of CHD, hypertension, diabetes, or depression, and ascertain if they were diagnosed. Outcomes were self-reported measures of physical and mental functioning (12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12)), HRQoL (EQ-5D-5L), inpatient and outpatient visits, and OOP spending. For each condition, we estimated the mean of each outcome for respondents with (a) no indication, (b) an indication without diagnosis, and (c) a diagnosis. We adjusted the group differences in these means for socio-demographic covariates using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for physical and mental function, Tobit regression for HRQoL, and a generalized linear model (GLM) for healthcare visits and OOP spending. Results: An indication of each of CHD and depression, which are typically symptomatic, was associated with a lower adjusted mean of physical (CHD -2.65, 95% CI -3.66, -1.63; depression -5.78, 95% CI -6.91, -4.64) and mental functioning (CHD -2.25, 95% CI -3.38, -1.12; depression -6.70, 95% CI -7.97, -5.43) and, for CHD, more annual outpatient visits (2.13, 95% CI 0.81, 3.44) compared with no indication of the respective condition. There were no such differences for indications of hypertension and diabetes, which are often asymptomatic. Conclusions: Living with undiagnosed CHD and depression was associated with worse health and, for CHD, greater utilization of healthcare. Diagnosis and management of these symptomatic conditions can potentially improve health partly through substitution of effective healthcare for that which primarily responds to symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Characterization of the host response in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) through proteome profiling has gained limited insights into leishmaniasis research compared to that of the parasite. The primary objective of this study was to comprehensively analyze the proteomic profile of the skin lesions tissues in patients with CL, by mass spectrometry, and subsequent validation of these findings through immunohistochemical methods. Methods: Eight lesion specimens from leishmaniasis-confirmed patients and eight control skin biopsies were processed for proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lesion specimens from thirty patients and six control skin specimens were used for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between the degree of staining for each marker and the clinical and pathological features. Results: Sixty-seven proteins exhibited significant differential expression between tissues of CL lesions and healthy controls (p < 0.01), representing numerous enriched biological processes within the lesion tissue, as evident by both the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Reactome databases. Among these, the integrated endoplasmic reticulum stress response (IERSR) emerges as a pathway characterized by the up-regulated proteins in CL tissues compared to healthy skin. Expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensors, inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) in lesion tissue was validated by immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: In conclusion, proteomic profiling of skin lesions carried out as a discovery phase study revealed a multitude of probable immunological and pathological mechanisms operating in patients with CL in Sri Lanka, which needs to be further elaborated using more in-depth and targeted investigations. Further research exploring the intricate interplay between ER stress and CL pathophysiology may offer promising avenues for the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies in combating this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic pollution (MP) in marine environments around the globe is severe and insufficient precautions have yet to be taken for its prevention. The focus of this study was on quantifying MPs from beach sediment and seawater samples and identifying their distributions and types along the western coast of Sri Lanka from the Kelani River estuary to the Mahaoya estuary. Nine sites along this 42 km stretch were selected, and random sampling was employed to collect a minimum of eight sediment samples from each site between October and December 2021. Water samples were also collected, parallel to the sediments, from the ocean surface. FTIR analysis revealed that most of the MPs found were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and phenol formaldehyde resin. The mean abundance of MPs varied from 2.0 ± 0.6 items/L to 161.0 ± 15.7 items/L in water samples and from 3.0 ± 0.3 items/m2 to 656.0 ± 34.5 items/m2 in sediment samples. The MPs found were identified in different shapes as fragments (80.2%), pellets (14.9%), fibers (2.7%), and foams (2.5%). Analysis revealed that the beach sediments were contaminated with PS, phenol formaldehyde resin, PET, PP, and PE, while the surface seawater was dominated by phenol formaldehyde resin, PS, PP, and PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Construction Joint Ventures (ICJVs) offer benefits to both local and foreign partners. However, their failure rates tend to be high, leading to poor ICJV performance. Effective Project Management (PM) is considered a means to resolve challenges in a construction project. Therefore, this research aims to address the challenges in ICJV projects within the Sri Lankan construction industry through PM practices to establish successful ICJVs. The research adopted a mixed-method approach. A preliminary survey was conducted to validate the challenges in the Sri Lankan context. After that, challenges were ranked based on their significance level using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method through a questionnaire survey. Then, Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the PM practices that can address significant challenges through code-based content analysis. The study revealed 38 challenges applicable to ICJVs and identified 88 PM practices for resolving 10 significant challenges out of the 38 identified in ICJV projects in Sri Lanka (SL). Finally, a framework was developed for successful ICJVs by addressing challenges through PM practices. This study marks the first attempt to establish a framework for successful ICJVs by addressing challenges through PM practices in the Sri Lankan construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity and diabetes are known risk factors for severe dengue. Therefore, we sought to investigate the association of obesity with increased risk of hospitalization, as there is limited information. Methods and findings: Children aged 10 to 18 years (n = 4782), were recruited from 9 districts in Sri Lanka using a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method. Details of previous admissions to hospital due to dengue and anthropometric measurements were recorded and seropositivity rates for dengue were assessed. The body mass index (BMI) centile in children aged 10 to 18, was derived by plotting the values on the WHO BMI-for-age growth charts, to acquire the percentile ranking. Results: Although the dengue seropositivity rates were similar in children of the different BMI centiles, 12/66 (18.2%) seropositive children with a BMI centile >97th, had been hospitalized for dengue, compared to 103/1086 (9.48%) of children with a BMI centile of <97th. The logistic regression model suggested that BMI centiles 50th to 85th (OR = 1.06, 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.11, p = 0.048) and BMI centile of >97th (OR 2.33, 95% CI, 1.47 to 3.67, p = 0.0003) was significantly associated with hospitalization when compared to children in other BMI categories. Conclusions: Obesity appears to be associated with an increased risk of hospitalization in dengue, which should be further investigated in longitudinal prospective studies. With the increase in obesity in many countries, it would be important to create awareness regarding obesity and risk of severe disease and hospitalization in dengue. Author summary: Although obesity and diabetes are known risk factors for severe dengue, there is limited information on whether they are risk factors for increased hospitalization due to dengue. To investigate this, we studied the association of obesity with hospitalization rates for dengue, in children aged 10 to 18 years (n = 4782), who were recruited from 9 districts in Sri Lanka using a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method. Details of previous admissions to hospital due to dengue and anthropometric measurements were recorded and seropositivity rates for dengue were assessed. The body mass index centile (BMI) in children aged 10 to 18, was derived by plotting the values on the WHO BMI-for-age growth charts, to acquire the percentile ranking. We found that BMI centiles 50th to 85th and BMI centile of >97th were significantly associated with hospitalization rates when compared to children in other BMI categories, which should be further investigated in longitudinal prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malnutrition of older individuals, leads to significant functional decline, reducing their quality of life. Lifestyle interventions; dietary improvements and supplementation are explored to enhance the physical function of older adults. The current study aimed to assess the impact of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) on the functional and activity levels of Sri Lankan older adults. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included; an intervention group (IG) receiving 200 mL of ONS providing 247 kcal per serving, for 12 weeks and a control group (CG) receiving an equivalent volume of water. Changes in handgrip strength, knee extension strength, gait speed, functional and activity levels were assessed. Results: The IG showed significant improvements in handgrip strength (43.96 ± 18.61 kg vs. 32.81 ± 17.92 kg; p < 0.001) and knee extension strength (23.45 ± 2.29 kg vs. 16.41 ± 2.09 kg; p < 0.001) following 12 weeks compared to the CG. The IG also exhibited significant improvements in gait speed (1.31 ± 0.52 m/s vs. 0.87 ± 0.26 m/s), Barthel index score, (0.30 ± 0.47 vs. -0.18 ± 0.66), PASE score (0.52 ± 17.79 vs. -1.60 ± 21.77) and IPAQ categories. Conclusions: ONS was found to be effective in improving the functional and physical activity levels of malnourished older adults. Trial registration.: Sri Lanka Clinical Trial Registry SLCTR/2022/021. Registered on 06/10/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This data descriptor elaborates the details of a high-resolution digital bathymetric elevation model generated for the region, namely, Adam's Bridge, which encompasses a chain of shoals between Rameswaram Island, off the southeastern coast of Tamil Nadu, India, and Mannar Island, off the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka. The proposed dataset has taken advantage of the photon penetrability in the shallow waters by the green laser of ICESat-2 LiDAR to derive the seabed topography. Seafloor depths from ~0.2 million geolocated photons of ICESat-2 for the study area were accrued and interpolated to generate a 10 m digital bathymetric elevation model. Adam's Bridge, an isthmus and submerged reefal assemblage in shallow and super-shallow waters, is a feature of scientific curiosity. Our dataset has the potential to enhance the understanding of Adam's Bridge structure by providing substantial information to reconstruct its evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is a crucial crop in Sri Lanka, influencing both its agricultural and economic landscapes. This study delves into the complex interplay between economic indicators and rice production, aiming to uncover correlations and build prediction models using machine learning techniques. The dataset, spanning from 1960 to 2020, includes key economic variables such as GDP, inflation rate, manufacturing output, population, population growth rate, imports, arable land area, military expenditure, and rice production. The study's findings reveal the significant influence of economic factors on rice production in Sri Lanka. Machine learning models, including Linear Regression, Support Vector Machines, Ensemble methods, and Gaussian Process Regression, demonstrate strong predictive accuracy in forecasting rice production based on economic indicators. These results underscore the importance of economic indicators in shaping rice production outcomes and highlight the potential of machine learning in predicting agricultural trends. The study suggests avenues for future research, such as exploring regional variations and refining models based on ongoing data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shift work has been identified as a risk factor for several chronic health conditions including obesity. This study evaluated the impact of a low-calorie meal replacement (MR) as a dinner substitute on body composition and metabolic parameters in shift workers with overweight and obesity. Methods: An 8-week parallel, randomized controlled trial was conducted on overweight and obese shift workers in a large hospital. An intervention group (IG) (n = 25) was provided with a low-calorie MR shake (∼200 kcal) as a replacement for dinner, every day for 8 weeks, while the control group (CG) (n = 25) continued their habitual diet. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, biochemical, and lifestyle data were assessed at the first and last visits. Analyses were done per protocol (PP) and by intention to treat (ITT). Results: Over the study duration, both groups displayed moderate changes in anthropometric measurements and body composition, although these were not statistically significant according to the PP analysis. In the ITT analysis, apart from the hip circumference (HC), all other anthropometric parameters demonstrated significant group and time interactions, suggesting the advantageous effects of the meal replacement over the study period (P < 0.05). HDL and VLDL cholesterol measures showed significant main effects, influenced by both group (P = 0.031) and time (P = 0.050) respectively. The most pronounced dietary shift in the IG was a reduction in carbohydrate consumption and an increase in protein intake. Throughout the study, the meal replacement was well-tolerated, with no adverse events reported. Conclusions: The meal replacement dietary intervention appears to offer beneficial health effects over time. Extended research is crucial to understand the broader implications of meal replacements across diverse populations. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12622000231741. Registered on 09 February 2022. https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12622000231741.aspx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Outpatient care is central to both primary and tertiary levels in a health system. However, evidence is limited on outpatient differences between these levels, especially in South Asia. This study aimed to describe and compare the morbidity profile (presenting morbidities, comorbidities, multimorbidity) and pharmaceutical management (patterns, indicators) of adult outpatients between a primary and tertiary care outpatient department (OPD) in Sri Lanka. Methods: A comparative study was conducted by recruiting 737 adult outpatients visiting a primary care and a tertiary care facility in the Kandy district. A self-administered questionnaire and a data sheet were used to collect outpatient and prescription data. Following standard categorisations, Chi-square tests and Mann‒Whitney U tests were employed for comparisons. Results: Outpatient cohorts were predominated by females and middle-aged individuals. The median duration of presenting symptoms was higher in tertiary care OPD (10 days, interquartile range: 57) than in primary care (3 days, interquartile range: 12). The most common systemic complaint in primary care OPD was respiratory symptoms (32.4%), whereas it was dermatological symptoms (30.2%) in tertiary care. The self-reported prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was 37.9% (95% CI: 33.2–42.8) in tertiary care OPD and 33.2% (95% CI: 28.5–38.3) in primary care; individual disease differences were significant only for diabetes (19.7% vs. 12.8%). The multimorbidity in tertiary care OPD was 19.0% (95% CI: 15.3–23.1), while it was 15.9% (95% CI: 12.4–20.0) in primary care. Medicines per encounter at primary care OPD (3.86, 95% CI: 3.73–3.99) was higher than that at tertiary care (3.47, 95% CI: 3.31–3.63). Medicines per encounter were highest for constitutional and respiratory symptoms in both settings. Overall prescribing of corticosteroids (62.7%), vitamin supplements (45.8%), anti-allergic (55.3%) and anti-asthmatic (31.3%) drugs was higher in the primary care OPD, and the two former drugs did not match the morbidity profile. The proportion of antibiotics prescribed did not differ significantly between OPDs. Subgroup analyses of drug categories by morbidity largely followed these overall differences. Conclusions: The morbidities between primary and tertiary care OPDs differed in duration and type but not in terms of multimorbidity or most comorbidities. Pharmaceutical management also varied in terms of medicines per encounter and prescribed categories. This evidence supports planning in healthcare and provides directions for future research in primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argyreia is the most recently evolved genus in the Convolvulaceae, and available information suggests that most species in this family produce seeds with physical dormancy (PY). Our aim was to understand the evolution of seed dormancy in this family via an investigation of dormancy, storage behaviour, morphology and anatomy of seeds of five Argyreia species from Sri Lanka. Imbibition, germination and dye tracking of fresh intact and manually scarified seeds were studied. Scanning electron micrographs and hand sections of the hilar area and the seed coat away from the hilar area were compared. Scarified and intact seeds of A. kleiniana , A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica imbibed water and germinated to a high percentage, but only scarified seeds of A. nervosa and A. osyrensis did so. Thus, seeds of the three former species are non-dormant (ND), while those of the latter two have physical dormancy (PY); this result was confirmed by dye-tracking experiments. Since >90% of A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica seeds survived desiccation to 10% moisture content (MC) and >90% of A. nervosa and A. osyrensis seeds with a dispersal MC of ~12% were viable, seeds of the five species were desiccation-tolerant. A. nervosa and A. osyrensis have a wide geographical distribution and PY, while A. kleiniana , A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica have a restricted distribution and ND. Although seeds of A. kleiniana are ND, their seed coat anatomy is similar to that of A. osyrensis with PY. These observations suggest that the ND of A. kleiniana , A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica seeds is the result of an evolutionary reversal from PY and that ND may be an adaptation of these species to the environmental conditions of their wet aseasonal habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural population in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka is largely affected by Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu). According to the multidisciplinary research carried out so far, quality of groundwater is considered one of the possible causative factors for CKDu. Therefore, assessment of the quality of groundwater being used for drinking and its evolution mechanism is the key to identifying the linkage between CKDu and drinking water. This study aimed to perform a detailed investigation on groundwater sources using isotopic, chemical, and hydrogeological methods in the CKDu-endemic (site A) and the control area (sedimentary formation—site B) in the Malwathu Oya basin and the control areas in the Malala Oya basin (site C) selected for a systematic comparison. Our investigation shows that elevated levels of TDS, magnesium, and fluoride in the shallow groundwater affected by climatic, geochemical, and hydrogeological processes may contribute to the CKDu in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. All the groundwater samples analysed have exceeded the hardness threshold. Prominent Mg hardness proportion together with excess F− in the CKDu endemic area may produce nephrotoxic MgF2 complexes that may trigger renal damage. In contrast, NaF complexes in the CKDu control area leads to reduction of F− toxicity in the human body. Elevated F− and Mg2+ are found in site A, low F− and high Mg2+ in site B, and either combinations of low F− and low Mg2+, high F− and low Mg2+, or low F− with high Mg2+ in site C. TDS, hardness, Mg2+, Na+, and F− are formed with different mechanisms in the three selected areas. The primary process that regulates the evolution of groundwater types and contents in sites A and C is the weathering of silicates. Similarly, in site A, carbonate dissolution and reverse ion exchange are quite strong. Cation exchange and evaporite dissolution are more pronounced in site C. Shallow groundwaters are evapo-concentrated, hence their quality deteriorates more significantly than the deep groundwater in the CKDu endemic area. Dilution decreases the ion content in site A while evaporite dissolution increases it in site C after the rainy season. Evaporation and seawater mixing affect the quality of groundwater in site B. It is also found that a statistically significant difference exists in the F−/Na+, F−/Mg2+, and F−/Ca2+ between the endemic and control areas. Intensive rock weathering combined with desorption has added excess F− to the groundwater in site A, while cation exchange and fluorite dissolution are contributing factors in site C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linguistic landscape of Sri Lanka underwent dramatic transformations owing to the influence of Indic languages and the colonization which resulted in increased language contact and hybridization of local languages. Advancements in digital and commercialization of language learning increased the demand for second and foreign language education. Whether language planning and education have undergone changes in par with the transformations in the linguistic landscape is questionable. Approaches and methodologies of second and foreign language learning in Sri Lanka remain entrenched in hegemonic practices of post-colonial language education. Taking on a convergent parallel design, the present study explored the potentials of incorporating translanguaging into second and foreign language education in Sri Lanka. Teachers of English as a second language and three other foreign languages were selected as the key informants of the study. Recognizing language as a transformative entity from a sociolinguistic stance, the study employed dynamic systems theory to evaluate the significant transformations of the linguistic landscape in Sri Lanka juxtaposed with developments in language studies. The findings have revealed that although the teachers have identified the need for shifting towards inclusive language education that recognizes the significance of learners' native language repertoire, the language education system is still entrenched in the conservative approaches. Teaching learning material and ideologies attached to second and foreign languages education have become 'leg irons' that constrain adaptation into the new language environment. National scale linguistic landscape surveys, transformations in methodologies, localized learning material and long-term language policy and planning initiatives are key requirements for ensuring inclusive, equitable and decolonized language education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid global energy demands and environmental concerns, the exploration of renewable energy sources has become critically important. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of wind energy dynamics over a 35-year period (1988–2022) using CCMP and ERA5 datasets. It focuses on the spatial and temporal characteristics of wind energy within the region, particularly its distribution. The wind field in Sri Lanka has significant seasonal and regional characteristics. Despite seasonal variations, the overall wind activity remains moderate, with speeds generally above 5.4 m/s and annual average wind power densities exceeding 150 W/m2, reaching up to 200 W/m2 in certain areas. The two primary wind directions in the waters near Sri Lanka are WSW and NE. The study identifies periods of high stability, particularly from June to August, where effective wind speed occurrence (EWSO) exceeds 80%. A 'W'-shaped pattern in monthly variations corresponds with changes in wind power density (WPD), highlighting optimal periods for wind energy extraction. Additionally, estimated reserves and technically exploitable wind energy resources (WERs) suggest that wind energy development off Sri Lanka is feasible, with potential capacities of approximately 2.00 GW and 1.60 GW, respectively. The overall coefficient of variation (CV) is small, indicating stable wind energy conditions. This analysis not only provides a scientific basis for evaluating WERs near Sri Lanka but also offers valuable insights for strategic planning and development in the renewable energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic nature of urbanization calls for more frequently updated and more reliable datasets than conventional methods, in order to comprehend it for planning purposes. The current widely used methods to study urbanization heavily depend on shifts in residential populations and building densities, the data of which are static and do not necessarily capture the dynamic nature of urbanization. This is a particularly the case with low- and middle-income nations, where, according to the United Nations, urbanization is mostly being experienced in this century. This study aims to develop a more effective approach to comprehending urbanization patterns through big data fusion, using multiple data sources that provide more reliable information on urban activities. The study uses five open data sources: national polar-orbiting partnership/visible infrared imaging radiometer suite night-time light images; point of interest data; mobile network coverage data; road network coverage data; normalized difference vegetation index data; and the Python programming language. The findings challenge the currently dominant census data and statistics-based understanding of Sri Lanka's urbanization patterns that are either underestimated or overestimated. The proposed approach offers a more reliable and accurate alternative for authorities and planners in determining urbanization patterns and urban footprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence experienced by women. It has detrimental consequences. A range of determinants cause intimate partner violence and to reduce it, effective interventions are required to address the determinants. Health promotion interventions have been recommended as effective to enable people to control over the determinants and to improve health. Hence, a community based participatory health promotion intervention was developed and tested in a selected study setting. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a health promotion intervention in terms of addressing knowledge, attitudes and practices related to intimate partner violence. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted by recruiting ninety women aged 15 to 49 years separately from two health administrative areas identified as the intervention area and the control area from the Kandy district of Sri Lanka. A pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used in both pre- and post-assessments. Selected groups of women from the intervention area were facilitated with a health promotion intervention to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices related to intimate partner violence. To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention descriptive summaries and bivariate analysis were used. Results: The response rate was 90.9% (N = 90) during the pre-assessment and 87.9% (n = 87) and 82.8% (n = 82) from the intervention and control areas, respectively, during the post-assessment. Statistically significant improvement was reported in the total mean score comprising knowledge, attitudes, practices and identification of determinants from 59.6 to 80.8 in the intervention area [Pre-assessment: Mean = 59.6 (standard deviation-SD) = 17.5; Post-assessment: Mean = 80.8, SD = 19.0; p < 0.001) compared to the improvement in the control area from 62.2 to 63.0 (Pre-assessment: Mean = 62.2, SD = 17.3; Post-assessment: Mean = 63.0, SD = 18.9; p = 0.654). Conclusions: The intervention was effective to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices related to intimate partner violence. Hence, the present approach can be used in similar contexts to address the knowledge, attitudes and certain practices related to intimate partner violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An emesine bug, Lutevula hortensia (Distant), is recorded from India for the first time; type locality of this species is Sri Lanka and it was recently collected from Vellore, Tamil Nadu, in southern India. This is a rediscovery of the species after more than 50 years. Digital images of the species are presented along with comments on recent classification of Emesinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feedback is integral to medical education, enabling students to improve their knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Feedback practices may vary according to prevalent cultural and contextual factors. This study aimed to explore how feedback is conceptualized and practised in the clinical education of medical students in Sri Lanka. Methods: The study was conducted in three medical schools and affiliated hospitals that represent the cultural diversity of Sri Lanka. Purposive sampling was utilized to recruit clinical teachers and students who would provide rich information for the study. The study had three components: an observation study, interviews with clinical teachers and focus group discussions with clinical students. During the observation study, video recording was used as a data collection tool to observe feedback in real-life clinical teaching/learning settings. A constructivist grounded theory approach was adapted for analysis to explore current practices and perceptions inductively. Results: Feedback was conceptualised as spontaneous unidirectional provision of information for the improvement of students. It was often provided in public settings and in student groups. Error correction was the primary focus of feedback, but both teachers and students desired a balanced approach with reinforcement and reflection. Although the direct approach to corrective feedback was found beneficial for student learning, participants agreed that harsh feedback was to be avoided. The hierarchical culture and lack of programmed feedback in the curricula influenced feedback practices, suggesting the need for modification. Conclusions: This study highlighted feedback practices in the local context, emphasizing the need to address the hierarchical gap in clinical settings, balance reinforcement and correction, and promote dialogue and reflection in the feedback processes. The findings will help clinical teachers from both the global south as well as the global north to recognize cultural and contextual differences in providing feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2019, the World Health Organization identified improving access to safe abortion as an important priority toward improving sexual and reproductive health and rights and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. One strategy for addressing this priority is strengthening access to medicines for medical abortion. All 11 countries in the South-East Asia Region have some indications for legal abortion and permit post-abortion care. Therefore, strengthening access to medical abortion medicines is a reasonable strategy for improving access to safe abortion for the Region. Methodology: We applied an adapted version of an existing World Health Organization landscape assessment protocol for the availability of medical abortion medicines at the country-level in the South-East Asia Region. We collected publicly available data on the existence of national health laws, policies, and standard treatment guidelines; inclusion of medical abortion medicines in the national essential medicines list; and marketing authorization status for medical abortion medicines for each country and verified by Ministries of health. The findings were once more presented, discussed and recommendations were formulated during regional technical consultation workshop. Each country teams participated in the process, and subsequently, the suggestions were validated by representatives from Ministries of Health.. Results: Few countries in the Region currently have national policies and guidelines for comprehensive safe abortion. However, either mifepristone-misoprostol in combination or misoprostol alone (for other indications) is included in national essential medicines lists in all countries except Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Few countries earmark specific public funds for procuring and distributing medical abortion commodities. In countries where abortion is legal, the private sector and NGOs support access to medical abortion information and medicines. Several countries only allow registered medical practitioners or specialists to administer medical abortion. Conclusion: Following this rapid participatory assessment and technical consultation workshop, the World Health Organization South-East Asia Regional Technical Advisory and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights technical committee recommended priority actions for policy and advocacy, service delivery, and monitoring and evaluation, and indicated areas for support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse impacts of climate change are becoming more frequent and severe worldwide, and Sri Lanka has been identified as one of the most severely affected countries. Hence, it is vital to understand the plausible climate-change-driven impacts on water resources to ensure water security and socio-economic well-being. This study presents novel assessments on low-flow dynamics along the lower Kalu River Basin, Sri Lanka, and water availability during the dry spells of the 2030–2060 period. Bias-corrected daily precipitation projections of a high resolution (25 km × 25 km) NCC-NORESM1-M regional climate model is used here to force a calibrated HEC-HMS hydrological model to project catchment discharge during the future period considered under the two end-member Representative Concentration Pathways (i.e., RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5). Our results show that the study area (i.e., Kuda Ganga sub-basin) may become warmer (in non-monsoonal periods) and wetter (in monsoon season) under both scenarios during the near future (2030–2040) when compared to the baseline period (1976–2005) considered. Consequently, the streamflow may reduce, making it the decade with the largest water deficit within the time horizon. The subsequent deficit volume assessment for the 2031–2040 period shows a probable water shortage (~5 million m3) under the RCP 2.6 scenario, which may last for ~47 days with an average daily intensity of 105,000 m3. Our results highlight the need of incorporating climate-change-driven impacts in water resources management plans to ensure water security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the increase in non-tariff measures (NTMs) in recent years, understanding their impact on trade policies and agricultural exports is of utmost importance for countries like Sri Lanka, where the proliferation of NTMs has posed substantial impediments to its mango export industry. However, studying NTMs can be challenging due to their complex nature, diverse range, and limited information availability. Methods: This research aims to investigate the significant effect of NTMs on Sri Lankan mango exports, identify the pivotal drivers influencing mango exports, and analyze the performance of mango exports in Sri Lanka. This study utilized a panel dataset of 16 importing countries spanning the period from 2000 to 2021. The primary focus was on examining NTM-related challenges and obstacles faced by the mango export industry in Sri Lanka. The identification and quantification of these obstacles were achieved through a multifaceted approach in which assessment of NTM-related rejections, both domestic and overseas, evaluation of NTM incidences using frequency and coverage ratio measures, and the deployment of various gravity model equations to quantify the effect of NTMs were taken into consideration. Probit, Ordinary Least Square, Random Effects, and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimation techniques were utilized for data analysis. Results: The findings indicate a significant inverse correlation between the increase in the total count of NTMs and Sri Lankan mango exports if the country aims to export more mangoes to relevant markets, while Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), and Pre-shipment Inspection (PSI) contributed to increased mango exports. Among other explanatory variables, the GDP of both importing and exporting countries had a positive influence on Sri Lankan mango exports. Surprisingly, the distance to the importing country had no significant effect, though it shows a negative sign. Discussion: This study provides valuable insights into the impact of NTMs on Sri Lankan mango exports. It highlights the considerable influence of NTMs on the overall fresh fruit export sector. We recommend proactively aligning internal quality testing regulations with the standards required by destination countries to promote future expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past three decades, Sri Lanka has observed a substantial rise in landslide occurrences linked to intensified rainfall. However, the lack of comprehensive landslide inventories has hampered the development of effective risk analysis and simulation systems, requiring Sri Lanka to rely heavily on foreign-developed models, despite the difficulty of fully examining the similarities between the characteristics of landslides in Sri Lanka and the areas where the model has been developed. Satellite images have become readily available in recent years and have provided information about the Earth's surface conditions over the past few decades. Thus, this study verifies the utility of satellite images as a cost-effective remote-sensing method to clarify the commonalities and differences in the characteristics of landslides in two regions Ikawa, Japan, and Sabaragamuwa, Sri Lanka, which exhibit different geological formations despite similar annual rainfall. Using Google Earth satellite images from 2013 to 2023, we evaluated land-slide density, types, and geometry. The findings reveal that Ikawa exhibits a higher landslide density and experiences multiple-type landslides. In contrast, both areas have similar initiation areas; however, Sabaragamuwa predominantly experiences single landslides that are widespread and mobile. The findings also reveal that various characteristics of landslides are mainly influenced by varied topography. Here, we confirmed that even in areas where comprehensive information on landslides is conventionally lacking, we can understand the characteristics of landslides by comparing landslide geometry between sites using satellite imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]