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Displays in cars is one of the hottest topics in the automotive industry and highest (image) quality is a must. Therefore, evaluation is excessive and OEM‐specific specs are not efficient. The Displayforum (DFF) innovated optical specifications and requirements by involving experts along the value chain and dedicated methods for automotive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most effective way to improve display visibility in ambient light is to suppress the reflectance of the display. After conducting a thorough analysis of the factors contributing to unwanted reflection, specific layers were identified that required improvement. Subsequently, these elements were carefully optimized, resulting in a significant reduction of internal reflection to 0.53% for our 12.3" FFS‐mode prototype, compared to 1.12% in conventional LCDs. This improvement was achieved without the use of circular polarizers and has been demonstrated to provide excellent visibility in bright ambient conditions while allowing for reduced backlight brightness and lower power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflective LCDs have a great advantage of low power consumption, but the brightness is not consistently sufficient because ambient light is used as a light source. To increase light efficiency, we combined reflective LCDs and the Pancharatnam‐Berry deflector (PBD), a diffractive optical element that controls the propagation of incident light. We confirmed that on‐axis brightness is increased by 2.2 times against the incident collimated light from a polar angle of 30° when compared to a reflective LCD without PBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approximate beam propagation method is proposed as an intuitive simulation of the optics of the Pancharatnam–Berry phase (PPD). Using this method, the limitation of PPD in diffraction efficiency for large diffraction angle is made clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an integral three‐dimensional (3D) display method using time‐division multiplexing and eye‐tracking technologies to enhance the maximum pixel density and viewing zone angle of 3D images. We prototyped a display system and confirmed that 3D images with high pixel density and wide viewing zone angle can be displayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With ever more stringent color‐gamut requirements in displays (e.g., BT.2100), there is growing demand for OLEDs with narrowband emission. However, many efficient emitters reported to date show spectrally broad luminescence. Micro‐cavity OLEDs offer narrow linewidth but suffer from changes in spectrum with observation angle. To overcome these limitations, we hybridize microcavity and exciton states in an efficient OLED, thus creating strongly coupled polariton states that inherit the angle insensitivity of excitons and the narrow linewidth of the microcavity. Using assistant strong‐coupling layers located away from the recombination zone yields efficient OLEDs with FWHM <20 nm and angle shift <10 nm @60° tilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the machine vision inspection of the inner section of bottle caps within pharmaceutical packaging, the unique conca bottom and convex side walls often create obstructions to the illumination. Consequently, this results in challenges such as irregular background and diminished feature contrast in the image, ultimately leading to the misidentification of defects. As a solution, a vision system characterized by a Low-Angle and Large Divergence Angle (LALDA) is presented in this paper. Using the large divergence angle of LED, combined with low-angle illumination, a uniform image of the side wall region with bright-field characteristics and a uniform image of inner circle region at the bottom with dark-field characteristics are obtained, thus solving the problems of light being obscured and brightness overexposure of the background. Based on the imaging characteristics of LALDA, a multi-channel segmentation (MCS) algorithm is designed. The HSV color space has been transformed, and the image is automatically segmented into multiple sub-regions by mutual calculation of different channels. Further, image homogenization and enhancement are used to eliminate fluctuations in the background and to enhance the contrast of defects. In addition, a variety of defect extraction methods are designed based on the imaging characteristics of different sub-regions, which can avoid the problem of over-segmentation in detection. In this paper, the LALDA is applied to the defect detection inside the cap of capsule medicine bottle, the detection speed is better than 400 pcs/min and the detection accuracy is better than 95%, which can meet the actual production line capacity and detection requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is based on the lecture ‘Mathematics teacher training from the perspective of STEM – a particular case’ given by its author at the ATCM 2023 conference and is an extension of a related paper that was published in the conference proceedings. It further develops the idea that the task of teacher training schools is to create a suitable environment for the provision of education, impulses for the development of the necessary knowledge and skills, as well as to support these. It provides a detailed description of specific creative activities for future teachers, which develop their awareness of the applicability of mathematics in solving real problems and knowledge of its overlap with technology. It is based on historical problems and their context, as presented in the conference paper. Emphasis is placed on the use of computers, especially dynamic geometry software GeoGebra, to model the geometric nature of given problems and for their effective solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angle domain common image gathers (ADCIGs) play a crucial role in seismic exploration, offering prestack underground illumination information that aids in validating migration velocity and conducting prestack amplitude versus angle (AVA) analysis for reservoir characterization. This paper introduces an innovative approach for compensating amplitude errors caused by irregular seismic acquisition geometries in ADCIGs. By incorporating an angle domain illumination compensation factor, the proposed method effectively modifies these errors, preserving the amplitude of seismic reflectivity in the prestack angle domain. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through comprehensive tests conducted on synthetic and field data examples. The results demonstrate the capability of the method to enhance the quality of ADCIGs derived from 3D reverse time migration (RTM), yielding accurate and reliable amplitude preservation. While the illumination compensation factor assumes a vertically linear velocity model, the method holds promise for extension to more complex media and diverse migration techniques. This suggests its applicability and adaptability beyond the specific assumptions considered in this study. In conclusion, this paper presents an innovative angle domain illumination compensation factor that significantly improves the quality of ADCIGs by addressing amplitude errors arising from irregular seismic acquisition geometries. The experimental validation using synthetic and field data confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method within the context of 3D RTM. Furthermore, the technique holds potential for broader application in more complex subsurface scenarios and various migration methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative color schlieren technique is renowned for its capacity to convert deflection angles into color ratios. This technique has been instrumental in providing data on 2D flows. The current study delves into assessing how the geometry and optical characteristics of color filters impact the sensitivity of the schlieren system. At present, there are many papers making the assumption that implementing a larger-sized color filter leads to better system sensitivity. However, having more calibration filter positions can lead to measurement errors due to the difficult calibration process. The present investigation focuses on the type of color filters created with a gradual evolution of colors. A turbulent, round water vapor jet serves as the test case. By comparing the results obtained with two different filter sizes, this analysis gives insight into the compromises made between system sensitivity and ease of calibration, helping one to better understand the trade-offs between the above-mentioned parameters. Moreover, the quantitative and qualitative results of the test case are presented to offer more comprehensive insights into quantitative color-calibrated schlieren. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the reading efficiency of pointer meter, this paper proposes a reading method based on LinkNet. Firstly, the meter dial area is detected using YOLOv8. Subsequently, the detected images are fed into the improved LinkNet segmentation network. In this network, we replace traditional convolution with partial convolution, which reduces the number of model parameters while ensuring accuracy is not affected. Remove one pair of encoding and decoding modules to further compress the model size. In the feature fusion part of the model, the CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) attention module is added and the direct summing operation is replaced by the AFF (Attention Feature Fusion) module, which enhances the feature extraction capability of the model for the segmented target. In the subsequent rotation correction section, this paper effectively addresses the issue of inaccurate prediction by CNN networks for axisymmetric images within the 0–360° range, by dividing the rotation angle prediction into classification and regression steps. It ensures that the final reading part receives the correct angle of image input, thereby improving the accuracy of the overall reading algorithm. The final experimental results indicate that our proposed reading method has a mean absolute error of 0.20 and a frame rate of 15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edge detection method based on the magnetic gradient tensor data plays an important role in magnetic exploration because it is free from geomagnetic interference and contains more abundant information. This paper proposes a new anomaly edge detection method using the magnetic gradient tensor components. The model is established to compare with other methods, such as directional total horizontal derivative (THDz), analytical signal (AS), tilt angle, theta map, and so on, under conditions of vertical magnetization, oblique magnetization, and noise interference. Through the study of the anomaly distribution of the rectangular model, it is observed that the edge detection method proposed in this paper is nearly impervious to noise interference, exhibits strong anti-interference capabilities, delivers a high-quality boundary identification effect, and provides greater accuracy in anomaly edges with minimal error. When multiple anomalous bodies are present, the edge detection results are less susceptible to interference from each other, resulting in higher resolution. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated by real magnetic data from some study areas in Jiangxi Province, China. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more precise and accurate than the total horizontal derivative, analytical signal, tilt angle, and theta map methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Venice was one of the longest-lived states in modern history, and its stability and survival have been studied through many different angles. One of the main research angles is to try and find pivotal moments in its history that explain its eventual demise. In this paper, through the rigorous statistical analysis of a dataset of marriages by nobles in the Republic, we attempt to define a methodology for the detection of these events through mono and multivariate changepoint analysis, validating the proposed methodology through cross-validation of different procedures, as well as matching the results to historical events. Our analysis shows that these changepoints occur with statistical significance and that they match political and historical events. These results can be built upon for a better understanding of the historical causes of the success and failure of the Republic of Venice and, by extension, other states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an extension to previous work on end-effector control of flexible space manipulators. Those works considered the use of a special output called the µ-tip rate for feedback control of desired end-effector trajectories with simultaneous vibration control. Implementation of this special output requires measurement of end-effector position or the use of flexible forward kinematics to determine it. For the latter, one requires measurements of the joint angles and flexible coordinates. The second of these is difficult to measure in space scenarios, so this paper looks at the use of an estimation scheme to approximate it and use it in a task-space control law. Multiple simulations are conducted to investigate the use of these approximated elastic coordinates in robustly controlling a one-link and two-link flexible manipulator with a payload mass. The error between desired and actual trajectory is calculated, and the results are juxtaposed with results from a joint-space feedback scheme. There is an emphasis on comparing the estimated elastic coordinates with the actual simulated coordinates. Using the estimated elastic coordinates to determine the end-effector location via forward kinematics, yielded similar results to when the actual elastic coordinates were used. Overall, the estimation equation used is shown to provide reasonable end-effector tracking results with the end-effector being able to track various types of trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid modular multilevel converters (MMCs), which combine submodule chain links and device series switches, offer advantages such as lower costs and smaller volumes compared with MMCs. However, the hybrid MMCs only operate at a fixed modulation ratio, potentially compromising system adjustment ability. This paper presents a half-wave phase shift modulation (HPSM) strategy aimed at extending the operation range of a hybrid MMC. First, the commutation angle is introduced as a control variable to change the fixed voltage modulation ratio. The energy balance of the converter is completed by adjusting the commutation angle. Then, the operation performance for the half-wave alternating multilevel converter (HAMC) with the proposed HPSM strategy is analyzed. Finally, the full-scale simulations are carried out to verify the theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the proposed control strategy. Compared to the third-order harmonic current injection (THCI) strategy, HPSM reduces operating losses by 50% and demonstrates superior control performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I investigate the existence of the NUT charge through the KTN spacetime using shadow observations of Sgr A*. I report that the range of my constraint for the NUT charge is between −0.5 and 0.5 for Schwarzschild-like and very slowly rotating KTN black holes. This range extends to 1.5 for spins up to −2 and −1.5 for spins up to 2 based on Keck observations for both 40° and 10° viewing angles. For VLTI observations, Schwarzschild-like and very slowly rotating KTN black holes are excluded for a 40° viewing angle, and the NUT charge is constrained to a very narrow range for a 10° viewing angle. I report that the possibility of having KTN naked singularities in Sgr A* is small, considering the uncertainties in the shadow size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the challenge of trajectory planning for autonomous vehicles operating in complex, constrained environments. The proposed method enhances the hybrid A-star algorithm through back-end optimization. An adaptive node expansion strategy is introduced to handle varying environmental complexities. By integrating Dijkstra's shortest path search, the method improves direction selection and refines the estimated cost function. Utilizing the characteristics of hybrid A-star path planning, a quadratic programming approach with designed constraints smooths discrete path points. This results in a smoothed trajectory that supports speed planning using S-curve profiles. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the improved hybrid A-star search significantly boosts efficiency. The trajectory shows continuous and smooth transitions in heading angle and speed, leading to notable improvements in trajectory planning efficiency and overall comfort for autonomous vehicles in challenging environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately estimating single-axis rotational angle changes is crucial in many high-tech domains. However, traditional angle measurement techniques are often constrained by sensor limitations and environmental interferences, resulting in significant deficiencies in precision and stability. Moreover, current methodologies typically rely on fixed-axis rotation models, leading to substantial discrepancies between measured and actual angles due to axis misalignment. To address these issues, this paper proposes an innovative method for single-axis rotational angle estimation. It introduces a calibration technique for installation errors between inertial measurement units and the overall measurement system, effectively translating dynamic rotational inertial outputs to system enclosure outputs. Subsequently, the method employs triaxial accelerometers combined with zero-velocity detection technology to estimate the rotation axis position. Finally, it delves into analyzing the relationship between quaternion and axis–angle, aimed at reducing noise interference for precise rotational angle estimation. Based on this proposed methodology, a Low-Cost, a High Accuracy Measurement System (HAMS) integrating sensor fusion was designed and implemented. Experimental results demonstrate static measurement errors below ±0.15° and dynamic measurement errors below ±0.5° within a ±180° range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, flow over a cluster of three equally spaced circular cylinders was studied by numerical simulation based on the turbulence model k-kl-ω for two incidence angles β = 0° and 60°, at different Reynolds numbers, and flow interference pattern characteristics between cylinders, characteristics of force parameters, and Strouhal number of each cylinder with different spacing ratios ranging from 1.5 to 4 at Re 8 × 104, 2 × 105 and 2 × 106 were obtained. Analyzing the flow field around three cylinders, the following results have been obtained: (1) at incidence angle β = 0° and 60°, the wake was nearly symmetrical if S/D ≥ 2.0; (2) at β = 60°, S/D = 1.5, and Re = 2 × 105, an asymmetric periodic flow pattern occurred in the wake region which produced a significant effect on the surface mechanical parameters and Strouhal number, and this was observed for the first time. The periodic flow regime of the wake region also occurred at S/D = 1.35 and 1.5, without the same phenomenon at S/D = 1.7 and 2.0; this phenomenon is described for the first time in this paper; (3) the phenomenon of periodic flow regime in the wake region was intrinsic and related to Reynolds number and space ratio. In addition, the characteristics of force parameters of three cylinders were mainly affected by the interference between cylinders, at 1.5 < S/D < 4, which indicated that the drag coefficient of three cylinders reduces with different Reynolds numbers and increases with enlargement of the spacing ratio for upstream cylinders at incidence angle 0°. At incidence angle 60° and S/D = 1.5~4, the Strouhal number decreases with the enlargement of spacing ratio for the upstream cylinders, but the Strouhal number increases for the downstream cylinder, which is another prominent flow interference influence. The results indicated the effect of flow interference between cylinders subjected to a cross flow over a cluster of three equally spaced cylinders, considering the flow pattern, surface mechanical parameters and Strouhal number, which should be considered in the establishment of standard design codes in fields such as offshore wind turbine engineering for flow interference around groups of cylinders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the stability of the tilt transition process, a new configuration of Quad-Tiltrotor UAV was presented in this paper. Firstly, numerical simulation was used to calculate and analyze the aerodynamic interaction between the front rotor/fuselage/rear rotor during the transition state mode. The calculation model of the isolated rotor, front-rear rotor, front rotor-fuselage, and front rotor-rear rotor-fuselage combination states are established. Besides, the effects of pitch, roll, and yaw moment on the fuselage at different tilt angles are analyzed. It is concluded that the front rotor is the leading factor in the aerodynamic interference of the whole UAV in the different combination states. The research results can provide a reference for the optimization design of the overall layout, structure, and flight control strategy of the cross-shaped quad-tiltrotor UAV, and can also provide solutions for the logistics application of urban air traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid drone called a biplane quadrotor operates in both low (during the horizontal flight) and high (transition maneuver) Angle of Attack (AoA). So, this paper focuses on enhancing aerodynamic force during the transition maneuver. Synthetic Jet actuators (SJAs) can modify airfoil shapes virtually, so either the flow reattaches or flow separation will be delayed. This delay can enhance the aerodynamic force. In this paper, CFD analysis is performed using Ansys Fluent to study the impact of SJA on NACA 0015 airfoil at high (30°) AoA. This study aims to find the best location of SJA for high AoA to get maximum lift enhancement. The outcome of this study reveals that at 85 %, we can get maximum enhancement in the lift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commutation failure is still one of the most common faults in LCC-UHVDC (line commutated converter-based, ultra-high voltage direct current) systems, and if the inverter side, extinction angle, and rectification value remain constant during the fault, it may lead to commutation failure or even continuous commutation failure. Therefore, this paper first analyzes the structure of the LCC-UHVDC system and the mechanism of commutation failure and, on this basis, proposes a commutation failure suppression method based on dynamic tracking of the extinction angle rectification value. The desired DC voltage of the system under fault conditions is calculated based on key state quantities such as the AC voltage RMS value, the extinction angle, and the leading angle during the fault process. The compensation amount is obtained by comparing the desired DC voltage with the actual DC voltage and superimposition on the extinction angle rectification value in the inverter extinction angle control. When there is a risk of commutation failure, dynamically adjusting the extinction angle setting value according to the compensation value is beneficial for the rapid and stable recovery of the extinction angle, reducing the probability of commutation failure. A bipolar neutral ground LCC-UHVDC testing model system is established in PSCAD/EMTDC for simulation verification to show that the proposed improved control strategy effectively reduces the probability of commutation failure and significantly improves the stable operation characteristics of the LCC-UHVDC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the relay action process from an imaging perspective and further investigate the bounce phenomenon of relay contacts during the contact process, this paper utilizes a high-speed shooting platform to capture images of relay action. In light of the situation where the stationary contact in the image is inclined and continuously changing, a rotation template matching algorithm based on adaptive weight is proposed. The algorithm identifies and obtains the inclination angle of the stationary contact, enabling the study of the relay contact bounce process. By extracting contact bounce distance data from the images, a bounce process curve is plotted. Combined with the analysis of the contact bounce process, the reasons for the bounce are explored. The results indicate that the proposed rotation template matching algorithm can accurately identify stationary contacts and their angles at different angles. By analyzing the contact status and bounce process of the relay contacts in conjunction with the relay structure, parameters such as the bounce time, bounce height, and time required to reach the maximum distance can be calculated. Additionally, the main reason for contact bounce in the relay studied in this paper is the limitation imposed on the continued movement of the stationary contact by the presence of the relay brackets when the kinetic energy of the contact is too high. This phenomenon occurs during the first vibration peak in the vibration process after the moving contact contacts the stationary contact. The research results provide a reference for further studying the relay contact bounce process, optimizing relay structure, and suppressing contact bounce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the development of DC transmission projects in China, the number of converter stations has increased. Fire accidents in converter stations have also become more frequent. Transformer insulating paperboard, as a typical combustible material in converter station equipment, poses a greater fire risk. So in this paper, flame spreading behaviors, including experimental visual characteristics, fire spreading rate, mass loss with time and mass loss rate, of transformer insulating paperboard with different thickness and different inclined angles are investigated. The results show that: (1) In downwards flame spread, that is, in the case of positive angle, the flame height and width gradually decrease with the increase of angle; in the case of negatively inclined angles, the flame length shows an increasing trend with the decrease of inclined angles, and the flame thickness gradually becomes thinner. (2) In upwards flame spread, that is, in the case of negative angle, the fire spreading rate of the insulating paperboard decreases sharply with the increase of the angle; In the case of a positively inclined angle, the change of flame spreading rate is not obvious with the increase of inclined angles as compared with the conditions in negative angles. The paperboard thickness also has a significant impact on the flame spreading rate, and the flame spreading rate will decrease significantly with the increase of paperboard thickness. (3) In upwards flame spread, the mass loss rate of insulating paperboard will decrease significantly with the increase of inclined angles; in downwards flame spread, the change of mass loss rate is not obvious with the increase of inclined angles as compared with those in condition of negative angles. At the same time, the mass loss rate will increase significantly with the increase of paperboard thickness. (4) The mass loss rate and fire spread rate of the insulating paperboard have a strong correlation with the flame length and the length of the pyrolysis zone. A heat transfer process model about characteristic length scale and mass loss rate is established. In order to simplify the model, a dimensionless relation about angle is defined to replace the feature length and to explore the relationship between angle and mass loss rate. Based on the inherent relationship between fire spread rate and mass loss rate, the relationship between fire spread rate and angle is found. And the result shows satisfactory agreement between the predictions and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on real-time access to response information on wide-area tributaries, in order to assess the system stability more quickly, this paper combines the simplified branch transient transmission capability (sBTTC) index and the largest Lyapunov exponent (MLE). An online identification method for transient power angle stability is proposed. Firstly, the method is based on a two-machine system to study the consistency of the power angle difference between the two ends of the critical branch and the change of the phase difference of the fleet. Secondly, the transient power angle stability problem is transformed into the MLE analysis problem according to the change rule of sBTTC index of the key branch. Then, by combining the characteristics of MLE curve and sBTTC index curve, the transient power angle stability criterion is given. Finally, the proposed method is verified and analysed by simulation examples. The method has strong industrial applicability because it does not need system model, the information source is easy to measure, it has strong anti-noise ability, and it overcomes the defect of the traditional method that needs to set a fixed symbolic observation window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Path Tracking Control for Autonomous Driving. This paper presents a method to design a path tracking controller with a constraint on tire slip angles under low-friction road conditions. On a low-friction road surface, a lateral tire force is easily saturated and decreases as a tire slip angle increases by a large steering angle. Under this situation, a path tracking controller cannot achieve its maximum performance. To cope with this problem, it is necessary to limit tire slip angles to a value where the maximum lateral tire force is achieved. The most commonly used controllers for path tracking, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and model predictive control (MPC), are adopted as a controller design methodology. The control inputs of LQR and MPC are front and rear steering angles and control yaw moment, which have been widely used for path tracking. The constraint derived from tire slip angles is imposed on the steering angles of LQR and MPC. To fully verify the performance of the path tracking controller with the constraint on tire slip angles, a simulation is conducted on vehicle simulation software. From the simulation results, it is shown that the path tracking controller with the constraint on tire slip angles presented in this paper is quite effective for path tracking on low-friction road surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate a novel impact time control guidance (ITCG) law based on the sliding mode control (SMC) for a nonmaneuvering target using the predicted interception point (PIP). Design/methodology/approach: To intercept the target with the minimal miss distance and desired impact time, an estimation of time-to-go is introduced. This estimation results in a precise impact time for multimissiles salvo attack the target at the same time. Even for a large lead angle, the desired impact time is achieved by using the sliding mode and Lyapunov stability theory. The singularity issue of the proposed impact time guidance laws is also analyzed to achieve an arbitrary lead angle with the desired impact time. Findings: Numerical scenarios with desired impact time are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed ITCG law. Comparison with the state-of-art impact time guidance laws proves that the guidance law in this paper can enable the missile to intercept the target with minimal miss distance and final impact time error. This method enables multiple missiles to attack the target simultaneously with different distances and arbitrary lead angles. Originality/value: An ITCG law based on sliding mode and Lyapunov stability theory is proposed, and the switching surface is designed based on a novel estimation time-to-go for the missile to intercept the target with minimal miss distance. To intercept the target with initial arbitrary lead angles and desired impact time, the authors analysis the singular issue in SMC to ensure that the missile can intercept the target with arbitrary lead angle. The proposed approach for a nonmaneuvering target using the PIP has simple forms, and therefore, they have the superiority of being implemented easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new kind of quasicrystal by Fibonacci-spacing a multigrid of a certain symmetry, like H 2 , H 3 , T 3 , etc. Multigrids of a certain symmetry can be used to generate quasicrystals, but multigrid vertices are not a quasicrystal due to arbitrary closeness. By Fibonacci-spacing the grids, the structure transit into an aperiodic order becomes a quasicrystal itself. Unlike the quasicrystal generated by the dual-grid method, this kind of quasicrystal does not live in the dual space of the grid space. It is the grid space itself and possesses quasicrystal properties, except that its total number of vertex types are not finite and fixed for the infinite size of the quasicrystal but bounded by a slowly logarithmic growing number. A 2D example, the Fibonacci pentagrid, is given. A 3D example, the Fibonacci icosagrid (FIG), is also introduced, as well as its subsets, the Fibonacci tetragrid (FTG). The FIG can be thought of as a golden composition of five sets of FTGs. The golden composition procedure is another way to transit a random structure into aperiodic order, and the associated rotational angle is the same as the angle that resolves the geometric frustration for the H 3 tetrahedral clusters. The FIG resembles another quasicrystal that is the same golden composition of five quasicrystals that are cut and projected and sliced from the E 8 lattice. This leads to further exploration in mapping the FIG to the E 8 lattice, and the results will be published following this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the influence of the inclination and variable section on the pile stability and bearing capacity, this paper introduces particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology, and designs a transparent soil visualization model test. The experimental results show that, when the pile has a variable cross-section and inclination angle, the friction resistance on both sides of the pile increases. The vertical-load-carrying capacity of the 2% and 4% inclined piles with a variable cross-section is greater than that of the piles with inclinations greater than 8%. For model piles with the degrees of inclination of 2% and 4%, the variable-section inclined piles with diameters of 17 mm and 15 mm show significantly less settlement than the equal-section inclined piles. For the model pile with an inclination of 8%, the settlement of the inclined piles with a variable cross-section diameter of 17 mm is slightly smaller than that of the equal cross-section inclined piles. The change in variable cross-section and inclination angle has a large effect on the soil displacement around the pile, and the conclusions of this paper can provide guidance for the engineering application of variable cross-section piles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lane line images have the essential attribute of large-scale variation and complex scene information, and the similarity between adjacent lane lines is high, which can easily cause classification errors. And remote lane lines are difficult to recognize due to visual angle changes in width. To address this issue, this paper proposes an effective lane detection framework, which is a hybrid feature fusion network that enhances multiple spatial features and distinguishes key features throughout the entire lane line segment. It enhances and fuses lane line features at multiscale to enhance the feature representation of lane line images, especially at the far end. Firstly, in order to enhance the correlation of multiscale lane features, a multi-head self attention is used to construct a multi-space attention enhancement module for feature enhancement in multispace. Secondly, a spatial separable convolutional branch is designed for the jumping layer structure connecting multiscale lane line features. While retaining feature information of different scales, important lane areas in multiscale feature information are emphasized through the allocation of spatial attention weights. Finally, considering that lane lines are elongated areas in the image, and the background information in the image is much more abundant than lane line information, the flexibility of traditional pooling operations in capturing widely existing anisotropic contexts in actual environments is limited. Therefore, before embedding feature output branches, strip pooling is introduced to refine the representation of lane line information and optimize model performance. The experimental results show that the accuracy on the TuSimple dataset reaches 96.84%, and the F1 score on the CULane dataset reaches 75.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to improve the steering performance of the Ackermann personal mobility scooter based on a new meta-heuristic optimization algorithm named Differential Harris Hawks Optimization (DHHO) and the modeling of the steering encoder. The steering response in the Ackermann mechanism is crucial for automated driving systems (ADS), especially in localization and path-planning phases. Various methods presented in the literature are used to control the steering, and meta-heuristic optimization algorithms have achieved prominent results. Harris Hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm is a recent algorithm that outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in various optimization applications. However, it has yet to be applied to the steering control application. The research in this paper was conducted in three stages. First, practical experiments were performed on the steering encoder sensor that measures the steering angle of the Landlex mobility scooter, and supervised learning was applied to model the results obtained for the steering control. Second, the DHHO algorithm is proposed by introducing mutation between hawks in the exploration phase instead of the Hawks perch technique, improving population diversity and reducing premature convergence. The simulation results on CEC2021 benchmark functions showed that the DHHO algorithm outperforms the HHO, PSO, BAS, and CMAES algorithms. The mean error of the DHHO is improved with a confidence level of 99.8047% and 91.6016% in the 10-dimension and 20-dimension problems, respectively, compared with the original HHO. Third, DHHO is implemented for interactive real-time PID tuning to control the steering of the Ackermann scooter. The practical transient response results showed that the settling time is improved by 89.31% compared to the original response with no overshoot and steady-state error, proving the superior performance of the DHHO algorithm compared to the traditional control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing vehicle-road models used for road tracking do not take into account the side slip angle, which leads to a reduction in road tracking accuracy in scenarios where the vehicle is at a large side slip angle, such as an emergency lane change. Consequently, this study presents a path-tracking control technique based on the T-S fuzzy model of heading angle vehicle autonomy. In this paper, based on the yaw angle-based vehicle tracking model, a heading angle-based tracking model considering the side slip angle is constructed. Second, since the vehicle speed varies with time, this paper selects the membership function of the vehicle speed to establish the T-S fuzzy model of autonomous vehicle based on the yaw angle and heading angle, respectively, and ensures the robustness and stability over the whole parameter space by the linear parameter variation robust H ∞ controller. Then, cost functions based on the yaw angle and heading angle augmented error systems are created separately to optimize the system's overall performance. Ultimately, simulation and experimentation confirm that the algorithm for control, which is based on the fuzzy model of the heading angle vehicle, has superior autonomous trajectory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the numerous challenges faced by traditional human pose recognition methods in practical applications, such as dense targets, severe edge occlusion, limited application scenarios, complex backgrounds, and poor recognition accuracy when targets are occluded, this paper proposes a YOLO-Pose algorithm for human pose estimation. The specific improvements are divided into four parts. Firstly, in the Backbone section of the YOLO-Pose model, lightweight GhostNet modules are introduced to reduce the model's parameter count and computational requirements, making it suitable for deployment on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Secondly, the ACmix attention mechanism is integrated into the Neck section to improve detection speed during object judgment and localization. Furthermore, in the Head section, key points are optimized using coordinate attention mechanisms, significantly enhancing key point localization accuracy. Lastly, the paper improves the loss function and confidence function to enhance the model's robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved model achieves a 95.58% improvement in mAP50 and a 69.54% improvement in mAP50-95 compared to the original model, with a reduction of 14.6 M parameters. The model achieves a detection speed of 19.9 ms per image, optimized by 30% and 39.5% compared to the original model. Comparisons with other algorithms such as Faster R-CNN, SSD, YOLOv4, and YOLOv7 demonstrate varying degrees of performance improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PS-InSAR) technology enables the monitoring of displacement in millimeters. However, without the use of external parameter correction, radar scatterers exhibit poor geopositioning precision in meters, limiting the correlation between observed deformation and the actual structure. The integration of PS-InSAR datasets and building databases is often overlooked in deformation research. This paper presents a novel strategy for matching between PS points and building contours based on spatial distribution characteristics. A convex hull is employed to simplify the building outline. Considering the influence of building height and incident angle on geometric distortion, an adaptive buffer zone is established. The PS points on a building are further identified through the nearest neighbor method. In this study, both ascending and descending TerraSAR-X orbit datasets acquired between 2016 and 2019 were utilized for PS-InSAR monitoring. The efficacy of the proposed method was evaluated by comparing the PS-InSAR results obtained from different orbits. Through a process of comparison and verification, it was demonstrated that the matching effect between PS points and building contours was significantly enhanced, resulting in an increase of 29.2% in the number of matching PS points. The results indicate that this novel strategy can be employed to associate PS points with building outlines without the need for complex calculations, thereby providing a robust foundation for subsequent building risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autonomous navigation of mobile robots contains three parts: map building, global localization, and path planning. Precise pose data directly affect the accuracy of global localization. However, the cumulative error problems of sensors and various estimation strategies cause the pose to have a large gap in data accuracy. To address these problems, this paper proposes a pose calibration method based on localization and point cloud registration, which is called L-PCM. Firstly, the method obtains the odometer and IMU (inertial measurement unit) data through the sensors mounted on the mobile robot and uses the UKF (unscented Kalman filter) algorithm to filter and fuse the odometer data and IMU data to obtain the estimated pose of the mobile robot. Secondly, the AMCL (adaptive Monte Carlo localization) is improved by combining the UKF fusion model of the IMU and odometer to obtain the modified global initial pose of the mobile robot. Finally, PL-ICP (point to line-iterative closest point) point cloud registration is used to calibrate the modified global initial pose to obtain the global pose of the mobile robot. Through simulation experiments, it is verified that the UKF fusion algorithm can reduce the influence of cumulative errors and the improved AMCL algorithm can optimize the pose trajectory. The average value of the position error is about 0.0447 m, and the average value of the angle error is stabilized at about 0.0049 degrees. Meanwhile, it has been verified that the L-PCM is significantly better than the existing AMCL algorithm, with a position error of about 0.01726 m and an average angle error of about 0.00302 degrees, effectively improving the accuracy of the pose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate road network information is required to study and analyze the relationship between land usage type and land subsidence, and road extraction from remote sensing images is an important data source for updating road networks. This task has been considered a significant semantic segmentation problem, given the many road extraction methods developed for remote sensing images in recent years. Although impressive results have been achieved by classifying each pixel in the remote sensing image using a semantic segmentation network, traditional semantic segmentation methods often lack clear constraints of road features. Consequently, the geometric features of the results might deviate from actual roads, leading to issues like road fractures, rough edges, inconsistent road widths, and more, which hinder their effectiveness in road updates. This paper proposes a novel road semantic segmentation algorithm for remote sensing images based on the joint road angle prediction. By incorporating the angle prediction module and the angle feature fusion module, constraints are added to the angle features of the road. Through the angle prediction and angle feature fusion, the information contained in the remote sensing images can be better utilized. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing semantic segmentation methods in both quantitative evaluation and visual effects. Furthermore, the extracted roads were consecutive with distinct edges, making them more suitable for mapping road updates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some passive sensors can provide only relative angles of a signal source. To obtain the signal source location, multiple passive sensors can be constructed into a passive sensor network through communication links. This paper investigates the source localization problem with angle-only measurements in three-dimensional space. First, we present an intersection localization method, which estimates the target position by minimizing the sum of distances between lines formed by angle-only measurements. It has the same target position estimate as the widely used least-squares (LS) method, but with a lower computational cost. Furthermore, considering the differences in measurement accuracy of sensors, the weighted least-squares (WLS) algorithm can achieve better localization performance than the LS method. Unfortunately, since the coefficient matrix and the noise vector are correlated, the WLS method is biased. The bias-compensation WLS (BCWLS) method is also presented in this paper to reduce the bias by estimating the correlation between the coefficient matrix and the pseudolinear noise vector. To evaluate the performance of the presented algorithms, numerical simulations are conducted, indicating that the superiority of the intersection localization method in computational cost and the superiority of the BCWLS method in localization accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The template matching method has been widely utilized in the defect detection of wafer surfaces. However, the traditional matching approaches are limited by illumination, noise, and deformation, which cannot meet the requirements of accuracy and robustness. In this paper, a novel multiple targets localization method, named Normalized Cross-correlation Adaptive Variable Step-Size Dynamic Template (NCC-AVSSDT) matching, is proposed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of image localization, which combines the advantages of NCC and AVSSDT. The AVSSDT method is utilized to dynamically adjust the scanning step size based on the NCC matching coefficients. This approach optimizes the scanning process, accelerating convergence toward the optimal matching position. Experimental results verify the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method under different conditions, especially when dealing with rotational variations and variations in noise textures. Therefore, NCC-AVSSDT can be used to perform multiple targets localization of chip image in nearly real-time. Three experiment types were used for comprehensive evaluations, including multiple targets, noise, and rotation angles. Experimental results show that NCC-AVSSDT is much better than the sequential similarity detection algorithm and mean absolute deviation methods in terms of multiple targets (0.667 vs 0.811 s, 0.832 s) and success rate (100% vs 35%, 20%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an improved attitude estimation algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF), and it is applied to suppress the accuracy reduction in attitude estimation caused by fusing magnetometer data under large angular motion. In the proposed attitude estimation structure, the approximate variance of the estimated horizontal northbound magnetic vector is used to dynamically adjust the participation of magnetometer data in attitude estimation, as the approximate variance increases significantly under large angular motion and fusing magnetometer data will reduce estimation accuracy. A three-axis position-velocity controlled turntable is used to conduct rocking experiments for validating the proposed attitude estimation algorithm. The results show a significant improvement in yaw angle estimation accuracy with the proposed attitude estimation algorithm and correspondingly enhance the distribution of pitch and roll angle errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Localization by Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is one of the main methods for locating target nodes in underwater acoustic sensor networks. Aiming at the problems of low localization coverage area and large localization error when AUV locates target nodes, a Double AUVs Cooperative Localization Based on Relative Heading Angle Optimization (DA-RHAO) algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, Riemann integral is used to derive the relationship between localization coverage area and the relative heading angle during AUV movement. Secondly, the 3D target water is divided into multiple depth layers, and the relative heading angle between AUVs is selected according to the regional node density in each depth layer, which effectively enlarges localization coverage area of AUVs. Then, an AUV cooperative localization model is established to solve the coordinates of target nodes, which improves the localization efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm. Finally, the simulation results show that compared with the single AUV localization algorithm and AUV cooperative localization algorithm, the localization accuracy of DA-RHAO algorithm is improved by 26.89% and 12.56%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined SINS/GPS navigation systems have been widely used. However, when the traditional combined SINS/GPS navigation system travels between tall buildings, in the shade of trees, or through tunnels, the GPS encounters frequent signal blocking, which leads to the interruption of GPS signals, and as a result, the combined SINS/GPS-based navigation method degenerates into a pure inertial guidance system, which will lead to the accumulation of navigation errors. In this paper, an adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm based on polynomial fitting and a Taylor expansion is proposed. Through the navigation information output from the inertial guidance system, the polynomial interpolation method is used to construct the velocity equation and position equation of the carrier, and then the Taylor expansion is used to construct the virtual measurement at the moment of the GPS signal interruption, which can make up for the impact of the lack of measurement information on the combined SINS/GPS navigation system when the GPS signal is interrupted. The results of computer simulation experiments and road measurement tests based on the loosely combined SINS/GPS navigation system show that when the carrier faces a GPS signal interruption situation, compared with a combined SINS/GPS navigation algorithm that does not take any rescue measures, our proposed combined SINS/GPS navigation algorithm possesses a higher accuracy in the attitude angle estimation, a higher accuracy in the velocity estimation, and a higher accuracy in the positional localization, and the system possesses higher stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Koebe-Andreev-Thurston circle packing theorem, as well as its generalization to circle patterns due to Bobenko and Springborn, holds for Euclidean and hyperbolic metrics possibly with conical singularities, but fails for spherical metrics because of the nonuniqueness coming from Möbius transformations. In this paper, we show that a unique existence result for circle pattern with spherical conical metric holds if one prescribes the total geodesic curvature of each circle instead of the cone angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we proposed a method for optimizing the pressure angle of the cam curve in a zoom system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. This method improved the design efficiency of the cam curve and effectively solved issues such as cam motion jamming caused by excessive pressure angles. Firstly, the cam structure was analyzed based on the mechanical theory. Secondly, in the phase of the pressure angle optimization, constraints were designed and a new fitness function was introduced as an indicator to obtain the optimal solution of the nonlinearly broaden parameter of the cam curve in a multidimensional space. Finally, the zoom curve of the designed 8x optical system was optimized using the proposed method. The results showed that the maximum pressure angle of the zoom group decreased from 72.7° to 44.8°, and the maximum pressure angle of the compensation group decreased from 52.6° to 44.2°. In conclusion, this method could effectively improve the performance and lifespan of cam zoom systems, providing positive guidance for the engineering application of continuous zoom systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aircraft engine icing caused by supercooled large droplets (SLD) poses a significant threat to flight safety. In this paper, the SLD impingement characteristics of the rotating spinner were investigated using FLUENT UDS and the governing equations for water droplet motion were solved based on the Eulerian method. The droplet breakup was simulated using the number density equation, while the droplet rebound and splashing were simulated using a semiempirical model. The effects of rotational speed, droplet diameter, and inflow velocity on the SLD impingement characteristics of the rotating spinner were studied. Some new valuable insights have been found for the SLD impingement. The results indicated that as the rotational speed increases, the local collection efficiency of the rotating spinner decreases. Higher rotational speed results in reduced droplet impingement angle and stronger droplet rebound and splashing. For the droplets with diameters smaller than 111 μm, the local collection efficiency increases with the increase of the droplet diameter. However, when the droplet diameter exceeds 111 μm, the local collection efficiency decreases near the leading edge of the rotating spinner. Additionally, the local collection efficiency decreases as the inflow velocity increases near the leading edge of the rotating spinner. However, higher inflow velocities lead to larger droplet impingement angles, resulting in higher local collection efficiency near the tail of the rotating spinner. The critical impingement angle increases with the increase of the inflow velocity, leading to a more pronounced rebound and splashing of SLD. The research in this paper provides useful help for ice shape prediction and anti-icing system design of rotating spinner in SLD environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The revision procedure for failure of internal fixation after thoracolumbar fracture is controversial. Combined anterior and posterior surgery is associated with higher risk more intraoperative bleeding and tissue damage. The success rate of simple anterior surgery needs further confirmation, and posterior surgery lacks stability of internal fixation. This study evaluates the feasibility and surgical effect of multi‐rod constructs in the revision of thoracolumbar fractures. Methods: Eleven patients with thoracolumbar fractures who underwent previous construct failure and were treated with revision and internal fixation with the multi‐rod technique from March 2017 to September 2018 were analyzed. The original internal fixation was removed and replaced in the medial insertion of satellite rods and bone graft. The average follow‐up time was 15.97 months. The intraoperation blood loss, the time of the operation, activation and discharge and the rate of rod fracture were calculated. The sagittal Cobb angle before revision, after revision and at the last follow‐up were compared. The clinical effect was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index questionnaire (ODI). Results: The average operation time was 107 min, the intraoperative blood loss was 131.81 mL, the active time was 1.59 days, and the discharge time was 10.89 days. No rod fractured again during the follow‐up period. The paired t‐test was used to compare the Cobb angle, VAS score, and ODI before and after surgery. There was significant difference in the sagittal Cobb angle between the pre‐revision and the posterior sagittal position (p = 0.000), and no significant difference was found between post‐revision and last follow‐up (p = 0.551). VAS and ODI were greatly improved at the last follow‐up. Conclusion: The literature on revision of thoracolumbar fractures is insufficient and comprises varying opinions. This paper proposes a new treatment option. The application of the multi‐rod constructs in the revision of thoracolumbar fractures is safe, simple, and effective and might provide guidance for future clinical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water content and primary fractures can change the mechanical characteristics of rock, making it easy to induce geological disasters. Therefore, direct shear tests of red sandstone under the action of water-fracture were carried out in this paper. The results show that shear strength of rock samples with fractures is less than that of intact rock samples. With the increase of primary fracture dip angle, shear strength and macroscopic crushing area of the rock sample increases first and then decreases with 20° as the boundary. It shows that the primary fractures weaken the shear mechanical properties and change the macroscopic failure mode. The shear performance of water-bearing rock samples is weaker than that of intact rock samples, and the weakening degree of water-saturated on shear performance of rock samples is lower than that of unsaturated water state. The fracture surfaces of rock samples are divided into 'shortest path single through type', 'longest path single through type' and 'cross path through type'. The failured rock samples are divided into 'single through type' and 'cross through type'. The research results can provide reference for geological disaster management under relevant conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the vehicle dynamics effects of variable anti-roll moment distribution actuated through active suspension systems are widely discussed in the literature, their model-based control has only been recently analysed, given the highly nonlinear nature of the involved dynamics. Moreover, the available studies do not discuss the trade-off between internal model complexity and controller performance, nor analyse the opportunities offered by vehicle connectivity, which enables the prediction of the steering angle and reference yaw rate profiles ahead. To address the gap, this paper introduces and assesses three optimal controllers for an electric vehicle with active suspensions, multiple powertrains, and a brake-by-wire system. The formulations are: (a) a gain scheduled output feedback linear quadratic regulator (OFLQR); (b) a nonlinear model predictive controller using a three-degree-of-freedom prediction model, without and with preview of the steering angle and reference yaw rate ahead, respectively referred to as NMPC-3 and NMPC-3-Pre; and (c) a nonlinear model predictive controller based on an eight-degree-of-freedom prediction model, referred to as NMPC-8 and NMPC-8-Pre depending on the absence or presence of preview. The results on an experimentally validated model show that: (i) NMPC-8 provides evident yaw rate tracking benefits with respect to (w.r.t) OFLQR and NMPC-3; and (ii) NMPC-8-Pre can bring ∼20% yaw rate tracking improvement w.r.t. an optimally tuned NMPC-8 configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the fully actuated system (FAS) approach, this paper proposes a direct robust control method for a type of uncertain multi‐order sub‐fully actuated systems (MOSFASs). Unlike numerous previous results, this paper broadens to a more general multi‐order model and the more challenging sub‐fully actuated case with the presence of singular problems. Firstly, a general uncertain MOSFAS model is presented, where the uncertainty merely needs to satisfy a common assumption. Secondly, a direct robust control method is proposed, giving a robust controller which only needs to satisfy very loose and basic requirements to ensure that the states ultimately converge into an arbitrarily small region. Simultaneously, by constraining the initial values of the states, it is perfectly guaranteed that the states always remain in a "safe" zone free of singular points, thus preserving the realizability of the controller. Finally, under certain conditions, a less conservative robust control scheme is introduced, which can relax the constraint of initial values easily. A simulation for a coarse‐fine angle system demonstrates the validity and value of the proposed robust control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock can undergo shape deformation and damage due to the influence of joint fissures, and the range of damage caused by joints at different rock bridge angles varies. To study the influence of rock bridge angle on the size effect of rock secant modulus, this paper adopts the principle of regression analysis and combines numerical simulation to carry out relevant research. The research results indicate that: (1) As the rock bridge angle increases, the secant modulus gradually decreases, following a power function relationship. (2) As the rock size increases, the secant modulus shows a trend of first decreasing and then stabilizing, following a power function relationship. (3) As the rock bridge angle increases, the characteristic tangent modulus and characteristic size gradually decrease, following a power function relationship. On this basis, we obtained their relationship formulas separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In long‐range missions based on angle‐of‐arrival positioning, the angle measurement error of unmanned aerial vehicles is a major source of error. Therefore, reducing the unmanned aerial vehicle angle measurement error is crucial to achieve accurate remote positioning. In this paper, we propose a space vector–based method to correct the space vector of the target for the unmanned aerial vehicles when there are fewer than three available reference points, which in turn corrects the angular value of the target relative to the unmanned aerial vehicles. Simulation results show that when the distance between the reference point and the unmanned aerial vehicles is smaller than the distance between the target and the unmanned aerial vehicles, the azimuth measurement error can be reduced to 55% of the original error for the case of a single reference point, while the pitch angle measurement error remains almost unchanged. In the case of more than two reference points, the azimuth measurement error can be reduced to 1e5 and the pitch angle measurement error can be reduced to 30% of the original error. This method can be adapted to the rapid positioning task for high‐speed and high‐mobility targets without iteration, low computation, good correction effect, and the need of prior known data set reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]