41 results on '"ISOTOPES"'
Search Results
2. Radioimmunotheragnosis in Cancer Research.
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Garaulet, Guillermo, Báez, Bárbara Beatriz, Medrano, Guillermo, Rivas-Sánchez, María, Sánchez-Alonso, David, Martinez-Torrecuadrada, Jorge L., and Mulero, Francisca
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RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY , *CANCER patients , *POSITRON emission tomography , *RADIATION dosimetry , *MONOCLONAL antibodies , *ANTIGENS , *GENE expression , *MEDICAL research , *ISOTOPES , *RADIOACTIVE elements - Abstract
Simple Summary: ImmunoPET involves tagging an antibody (a protein that targets cancer cells) with a radioactive substance that can be seen by imaging. This could non-invasively visualize where cancer is and how much of the target antigen is present, helping decide which patients should get radioimmunotherapy. This therapy uses the same antibody but with a different radioactive substance designed to kill cancer cells. ImmunoPET shows where the cancer is and how much there is, helping choose the right patients for treatment. It helps monitor how well the treatment is working, so adjustments can be made if necessary. It provides important data on how the antibody moves and clears in the body, which helps in calculating the right dose and optimizing the treatment plan. This strategy can lead to more targeted and personalized therapies with fewer side effects because it leverages the precision of antibodies and the powerful effects of radiation. The combination of immunoPET—where an antibody (Ab) is labeled with an isotope for PET imaging—and radioimmunotherapy (RIT), using the same antibody with a therapeutic isotope, offers significant advantages in cancer management. ImmunoPET allows non-invasive imaging of antigen expression, which aids in patient selection for subsequent radioimmunotherapy. It also facilitates the assessment of tumor response to therapy, allowing for treatment adjustments if necessary. In addition, immunoPET provides critical pharmacokinetic data, including antibody biodistribution and clearance rates, which are essential for dosimetry calculations and treatment protocol optimization. There are still challenges to overcome. Identifying appropriate target antigens that are selectively expressed on cancer cells while minimally expressed on normal tissues remains a major hurdle to reduce off-target toxicity. In addition, it is critical to optimize the pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled antibodies to maximize tumor uptake and minimize normal tissue uptake, particularly in vital organs such as the liver and kidney. This approach offers the potential for targeted and personalized cancer therapy with reduced systemic toxicity by exploiting the specificity of monoclonal antibodies and the cytotoxic effects of radiation. However, further research is needed to address remaining challenges and to optimize these technologies for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Brachytherapy in Brain Metastasis Treatment: A Scoping Review of Advances in Techniques and Clinical Outcomes.
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Leskinen, Sandra, Ben-Shalom, Netanel, Ellis, Jason, Langer, David, Boockvar, John A., D'Amico, Randy S., and Wernicke, A. Gabriella
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BRAIN tumor treatment , *MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems , *PATIENT safety , *RADIOISOTOPE brachytherapy , *CANCER patients , *EVALUATION of medical care , *METASTASIS , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *MEDLINE , *QUALITY of life , *LITERATURE reviews , *ONLINE information services , *RADIATION doses , *ISOTOPES , *DISEASE progression - Abstract
Simple Summary: Brain metastases are cancerous growths that spread to the brain from other parts of the body, causing severe health problems. This review explores brachytherapy, a treatment where radioactive sources are placed directly into or near tumors or tumor beds to deliver targeted radiation, with the goal of minimizing damage to healthy brain tissue. Here, we aim to summarize the history and recent advancements of brachytherapy techniques and clinical outcomes in brain metastasis treatment, showcasing its benefits and limitations and providing a clearer understanding of how brachytherapy may potentially improve quality of life for patients with brain metastases. Brain metastases pose a significant therapeutic challenge in the field of oncology, necessitating treatments that effectively control disease progression while preserving neurological and cognitive functions. Among various interventions, brachytherapy, which involves the direct placement of radioactive sources into or near tumors or into the resected cavity, can play an important role in treatment. Current literature describes brachytherapy's capacity to deliver targeted, high-dose radiation while minimizing damage to adjacent healthy tissues—a crucial consideration in the choice of treatment modality. Furthermore, advancements in implantation techniques as well as in the development of different isotopes have expanded its efficacy and safety profile. This review delineates the contemporary applications of brachytherapy in managing brain metastases, examining its advantages, constraints, and associated clinical outcomes, and provides a comprehensive understanding of advances in the use of brachytherapy for brain metastasis treatment, with implications for improved patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Mantle Volatiles and Heat Contributions to the Cu-Pb-Zn Mineralization in the Baoshan Deposit, South China: Constraints from He and Ar Isotopes.
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Huang, Jinchuan, Peng, Jiantang, and Xie, Tengxiang
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GRANITE , *MID-ocean ridges , *ISOTOPES , *MINERALIZATION , *PYRITES - Abstract
The Baoshan deposit is one of the important Cu-Pb-Zn deposits associated with granitic rocks in the Nanling Range, South China. Here, we present He and Ar isotope data for the Baoshan deposit to decipher the contributions of mantle-derived volatiles and heat to its Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization. The ore-forming fluids in sphalerite and pyrite exhibited 3He/4He ratios up to 1.51 Ra. A linear correlation between He and Ar isotopes suggests that the ore-forming fluids were a mixture of a predominantly mantle-derived fluid with a high 3He/4He ratio and a shallow crustal fluid, characterized by a low 3He/4He ratio. The δ34S values of sulfides in the Baoshan deposit ranged from +2.30 to +5.21‰, consistent with the magma-derived sulfur. The calculated 3He/Q ratios for the ore-forming fluid exceeded those of mid-oceanic ridge hydrothermal solutions by 10 to 50 times, indicating that the ore-forming fluids acquired both heat and volatiles in a convective hydrothermal regime rather than a conductive one. Therefore, there is a significant contribution of mantle-derived volatiles, heat, and possibly metals, to the Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization in the Baoshan deposit, and the continuous influx of mantle-derived fluids/melts probably plays a crucial role during the Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization related to granitic rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Primary and Secondary Geochemical Signals in the Chemical Composition of Exoskeleton of Corumbella werneri (Tamengo Formation, Corumbá Group, Brazil): A Pilot Study.
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Calmon Almeida, Ana Valéria Alves, Giorgioni, Martino, Walde, Detlef Hans Gert, Do Carmo, Dermeval Aparecido, and Gonçalves, Guilherme de Oliveira
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ELECTRON probe microanalysis , *EDIACARAN fossils , *SCANNING electron microscopy , *STORM surges , *MICROSCOPY - Abstract
The study of Neoproterozoic carbonate sequences is complicated due to several variables influencing the geochemical and mineralogical composition, compounded by the scarcity of environmental analogs. The Tamengo Formation in the Corumbá Group is one of the most extensively studied archives of the Neoproterozoic in South America and encompasses Ediacaran guide fossils of Corumbella werneri and Cloudina lucianoi. This research focused on a marl sample containing well-preserved bioclasts of exoskeletons of Corumbella werneri, which is one of the earliest biomineralizing organisms. By utilizing diverse techniques such as optical and SEM microscopy, QEMSCAN imaging, electron microprobe, in situ ICP-MS, and isotope analyses, this study reveals primary and secondary signals in the bioclastic exoskeletons and the matrix within. These findings shed light on the sedimentary environment and diagenetic history of the Tamengo Formation. It is revealed that Corumbella werneri likely inhabited calm conditions, just below the base of storm waves and above a sharp chemocline at the bottom. In addition, the presence of distinct hydrothermal signals in the composition of REEs indicates a potential magmatic event that occurred in the region after the deposition of the succession. This pilot study highlights that the history recorded in the Neoproterozoic rocks of the Tamengo Formation is complex, and thus more detailed studies integrating lithological, paleontological, and geochemical parameters are necessary to reach a correct interpretation of this sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Diagenesis of Cenomanian–Early Turonian and the Control of Carbonate Reservoirs in the Northern Central Arabian Basin.
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Li, Fengfeng, Li, Yong, Han, Haiying, Zhang, Wenqi, and Li, Lei
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CARBONATE reservoirs , *PETROLEUM reserves , *DIAGENESIS , *COMPACTING , *ISOTOPES , *CALCITE - Abstract
The carbonate reservoirs of Cenomanian–Early Turonian in the northeastern Central Arabian Basin hold considerable oil reserves and are great contributors to oil production. Diagenesis have a great impact on carbonate reservoir petrophysical properties, microstructure, and heterogeneity. By integrating cores, cast thin sections, regular core analysis, CT, and isotopes, this study provides an improved understanding of diagenesis in the Cenomanian–Early Turonian and its effect on carbonate reservoirs. The results showed that three diagenetic environments were identified in the Cenomanian–Early Turonian based on texture, structure, cement, crystal form, and crystal size, which were marine environment, meteoric environment, and burial environment. Six diageneses were identified based on residual bioclastic, secondary pores, calcite quantity, dolomite size, and stylolite, namely dissolution, cementation, micritization, dolomitization, compaction, and pressure solution. A micritization model in high energy sediment, a dolomitization model in burrows, and a comprehensive diagenetic model were established. It concluded that dissolution during meteoric environment is most favorable to reservoir physical properties, while cementation is least favorable. The cement content controls the microstructure and petrophysical property. Micritization is detrimental to the petrophysical properties, and the micrite it forms are distributed in the interparticle pores, reducing the reservoir property deposited in high energy environment. Dolomitization is less developed in substrate but widely developed in burrows, which result in the physical properties of the burrows being higher than those of substrate. Compaction and pressure solution have a negative impact on reservoir physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Exploring the Hydrogeochemical Formation and Evolution of the Karst Aquifer System in the Yufu River Based on Hydrochemistry and Isotopes.
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Chen, Xuequn, Han, Cuihong, Li, Shuxin, Wang, Zezheng, Liu, Dan, Guan, Qinghua, and Zhang, Wenjing
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Jinan, renowned as the "Spring City" in China, relies significantly on karst groundwater as an indispensable resource for socio-economic development, playing a crucial role in ecological regulation, tourism, and historical and cultural aspects. The Yufu River basin, situated within Jinan's karst region, represents a vital riverine leakage zone. Therefore, investigating the evolutionary characteristics and causative mechanisms of surface water and groundwater at different aquifer levels in the Yufu River basin can provide a scientific foundation for the protection of Jinan's springs. This study, based on hydrogeochemical and isotopic data from the river water, shallow groundwater, deep groundwater, and springs in the Yufu River basin, explored the hydrogeochemical evolution in this region. The findings revealed significant spatial variations in the hydrochemical parameters of the Yufu River basin. Groundwater received contributions from surface water, while springs represented a mixture from both surface water and various recharge aquifers. Dominant ions include Ca
2+ and HCO3 − , with prevailing hydrochemical types being HCO3 ·SO4 -Ca and HCO3 -Ca. Atmospheric precipitation served as the primary source of recharge for surface water and groundwater in the Yufu River basin, albeit influenced by pronounced evaporation processes. The hydrochemical composition in the Yufu River basin was primarily attributed to water–rock interactions, mainly driven by the combined effects of carbonate rock, silicate rock, and gypsum weathering and dissolution. Among these, the weathering and dissolution of carbonate rocks played a dominant role, with human activities exerting a relatively minor influence on the hydrochemistry of the Yufu River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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8. Groundwater Dynamics in African Endorheic Basins in Arid to Semi-Arid Transition Zones: The Batha Aquifer System, NE Chad.
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Arrakhais, Abakar Bourma, Hamit, Abderamane, Fontaine, Claude, Abdelfadel, Fatima, Dinar, Moustapha, and Razack, Moumtaz
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ENDORHEIC lakes ,ARID regions ,CLIMATE change ,STABLE isotopes ,WATERSHEDS - Abstract
This study investigates the Batha endorheic basin in Chad, situated east of the Lake Chad basin in the arid to semi-arid Sahelian zone. This region has not yet undergone comprehensive geological and hydrogeological studies. More broadly, the transition zone between semi-arid and arid climates has been minimally explored. This research aims to evaluate the resources and dynamics of this multi-layered system using a combined geology-hydrogeology-hydrochemistry-isotopes approach. The multilayer system includes sedimentary layers (Quaternary, Pliocene, and Eocene) over a crystalline basement. A piezometric investigation of the system shows a general SE–NW groundwater, indicating an interconnection between all layers. Hydrochemical analyses identifies four main facies (calcium-bicarbonate, sodium-bicarbonate, sulphate-sodium, and mixed), primarily controlled by water–rock interaction with secondary influences from base-exchange and evaporation. Saturation indices indicate that these waters are close to equilibrium with the calcite-Mg phases, gaylussite and gypsum. Stable isotopes (oxygen-18 and deuterium) categorize groundwater into three groups: ancient water, recent and older meteoric water mixtures affected by evaporation, and mixtures more heavily impacted by evaporation. Tritium contents reveal three groups: current rainwater, modern water, and sub-modern water. These results indicate that ionic and isotopic differentiations cannot be strictly linked to specific layers, confirming the interconnected nature of the Batha system. The observed heterogeneity is mainly influenced by lithological and climatic variations. This study, though still limited, enhances significantly the understanding of the basin's functioning and supports the rational exploitation of its vital resources for the Batha area's development. Future investigations to complete the present study are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. The Formation Age and Magma Source of the Xiaonanshan–Tunaobao Cu-Ni-PGE Deposit in the Northern Margin of the North China Craton.
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Bai, Guanlin, Jiao, Jiangang, Zheng, Xiaotong, Ma, Yunfei, and Gao, Chao
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SULFUR isotopes , *URANIUM-lead dating , *GEOLOGICAL time scales , *GABBRO , *ISOTOPES - Abstract
The Xiaonanshan–Tunaobao Cu-Ni-PGE deposit is located in the northern margin of the North China Craton (N-NCC) in central Inner Mongolia. However, the age, magma source, petrogenesis, and sulfide mineralization mechanism of the ore-related Xiaonanshan-Tunaobao pluton remain unclear. Zircon U-Pb dating indicates the Tunaobao pluton formed at 275.9 ± 2.8 Ma (Early Permian), similar to the Xiaonanshan pluton (272.7 ± 2.9 Ma). The ore-related gabbro is enriched in LREE and LILE (e.g., Rb) and depleted in HREE and HFSE (e.g., Nb and Ti). It likely originated from enriched mantle metasomatized by subduction fluids, supported by enriched Hf-Nd isotopes (–34.34 to –6.16 for zircon εHf(t) and –7.24 to –5.92 for whole-rock εNd(t) values) and high Ba/La but low Rb/Y ratios. The δ34S values of the Xiaonanshan sulfides range from 4.5‰ to 11.4‰, indicating a mantle origin with contribution from surrounding rocks. Combining previous recognition with this study, we propose that the Xiaonanshan–Tunaobao pluton formed in a post-collision extensional setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. A Glacial–Interglacial Malacofauna Record from the Titel Loess Plateau, Serbia, between ~350 and 250 ka.
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Radaković, Milica G., Gavrilović, Bojan, Gavrilov, Milivoj B., Marković, Rastko S., Hao, Qingzhen, Schaetzl, Randall J., Zeeden, Christian, Cai, Binggui, Perić, Zoran M., Antić, Aleksandar, Lukić, Tin, and Marković, Slobodan B.
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LOESS ,PALEOPEDOLOGY ,SEDIMENTS ,MOLLUSKS ,ISOTOPES - Abstract
We present data on molluscan fauna within the L3 loess unit (and partially within the S3 paleosol) from the key loess section of Veliki Surduk in Serbia. The section correlates to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 8 and late MIS 9 and, thus, spans the time frame from ~350 to 250 ka. The Veliki Surduk loess–paleosol sequence (LPS) is located on the northwestern margin of the Titel loess plateau and comprises ~30 m of sediments. Our focus is on a 5.4 m thick sedimentary interval, which was sampled at 20 cm increments, each sample covering approximately 2 ky. Nine mollusk species were identified in the loess sequence: Granaria frumentum, Helicopsis striata, Pupilla triplicata, Chondrula tridens, Pupilla muscorum, Succinella oblonga, Punctum pygmaeum, Vallonia costata, and Vitrina pellucida, as well as a few unidentified slug taxa (Limacidae, Agriolimacidae, and Milacidae). The majority of the snail assemblage occurs at the transition between MIS 9 and MIS 8, suggesting a mostly dry climate and an open and steppe-like habitat. The fauna identified in the upper part of the paleosol layer S3, below the L3 unit, indicated aridification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. A Multiple Scattering-Based Technique for Isotopic Identification in Cosmic Rays.
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Dimiccoli, Francesco and Follega, Francesco Maria
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MAGNETIC spectrometer ,MULTIPLE scattering (Physics) ,PARTICLE physics ,COSMIC rays ,VELOCITY measurements ,ISOTOPES ,COSMIC ray showers - Abstract
Analyzing the isotopic composition of cosmic rays (CRs) provides valuable insights into the galactic environment and helps refine existing propagation models. A particular interest is devoted to secondary-to-primary ratios of light isotopic components of CRs, the measurement of which can provide complementary information with respect to secondary-to-primary ratios like B/C. Given the complexity of the concurrent measurement of velocity and momentum required to differentiate isotopes of the same Z, a task typically accomplished using magnetic spectrometers, existing measurements of these ratios only effectively characterize the low-energy region (below 1 GeV/nucl). This study introduces a novel technique for isotopic distinction in CRs at high energies up to 100 GeV/nucl based on multiple scattering, which, combined with the proposed measurement of velocity, represent an interesting alternative to magnetic spectrometers. The performance of this technique was assessed through a dedicated simulation using the GEANT4 package, with specific emphasis on Z = 1 isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Feature Selection Techniques for CR Isotope Identification with the AMS-02 Experiment in Space.
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Borchiellini, Marta, Mano, Leandro, Barão, Fernando, and Vecchi, Manuela
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FEATURE selection ,MACHINE learning ,CHERENKOV counters ,ISOTOPES ,MAGNETIC spectrometer ,COSMIC rays - Abstract
Isotopic composition measurements of singly charged cosmic rays (CR) provide essential insights into CR transport in the Galaxy. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) can identify singly charged isotopes up to about 10 GeV/n. However, their identification presents challenges due to the small abundance of CR deuterons compared to the proton background. In particular, a high accuracy for the velocity measured by a ring-imaging Cherenkov detector (RICH) is needed to achieve a good isotopic mass separation over a wide range of energies. The velocity measurement with the RICH is particularly challenging for Z = 1 isotopes due to the low number of photons produced in the Cherenkov rings. This faint signal is easily disrupted by noisy hits leading to a misreconstruction of the particles' ring. Hence, an efficient background reduction process is needed to ensure the quality of the reconstructed Cherenkov rings and provide a correct measurement of the particles' velocity. Machine learning methods, particularly boosted decision trees, are well suited for this task, but their performance relies on the choice of the features needed for their training phase. While physics-driven feature selection methods based on the knowledge of the detector are often used, machine learning algorithms for automated feature selection can provide a helpful alternative that optimises the classification method's performance. We compare five algorithms for selecting the feature samples for RICH background reduction, achieving the best results with the Random Forest method. We also test its performance against the physics-driven selection method, obtaining better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Evaluating Mineral Matter Dynamics within the Peatland as Reflected in Water Composition.
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Pezdir, Valentina, Serianz, Luka, and Gosar, Mateja
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Peatland hydrology plays an important role in preserving or changing the record in any consideration of past atmospheric deposition records in peat bogs. The Šijec bog, located on the Pokljuka plateau in Slovenia, is one of the largest ombrotrophic peatlands. We sampled the surface pools, pore water, drainage from the peatland, and karst streams not connected to the peatland. Additionally, we sampled the precipitation, as ombrotrophic peatlands receive mineral matter solely from the atmosphere. The results of the evaluation of the chemical and isotopic composition indicated different origins of dissolved mineral matter in different water types. The components originating from the bedrock and surrounding soils (Ca, Mg, Al, Si, Sr) predominated in the streams. The chemical composition of the peatland drainage water revealed the significant removal of major components from the peatland, particularly elements like Al, Fe, and REE, and metals that are readily dissolved in an acidic environment or mobile in their reduced state. Despite their solubility, concentrations of metals (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti) and REE in surface pools remained higher than in the drainage due to incomplete elimination from the peatland. The composition of pore water reflects variations among the W and E parts of the peatland, indicating a heterogenous hydrological structure with different dynamics, such as an additional source of water at approximately 90 cm depth in the NW part. The chemical composition and isotope signature (
18 O and2 H) of pore water additionally indicated a heterogeneous recharge with residence times of less than a year. The overall analysis indicated a predominantly ombrotrophic type and a small part in the NW area of the peatland as a minerotrophic type of peat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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14. A Simple Water Sample Storage Test for Water Isotope Analysis.
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Nigro, Matteo, Žagar, Klara, and Vreča, Polona
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Water is pivotal for human societies' sustainability and resilience. Isotope hydrology and hydrogeology research plays an important role in understanding and managing water resources. Reliable scientific results hinge on high-quality data. Preventing water sample evaporation is essential for accurate isotopic analysis. In this study, the impacts on the quality of isotopic data were tested for the storage of water samples and the repetitive opening of a laboratory reference material (LRM) sub-sample replica during daily operation. Twenty 15 mL water samples were stored in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles at room temperature and humidity to simulate storage conditions. One 60 mL water sample was collected from the same starting batch to simulate the LRM sub-sample. Each 15 mL sample was analysed once over 80 days for the isotopic composition of oxygen (δ
18 O) and hydrogen (δ2 H). The 60 mL sample was repeatedly analysed in the same period. The data were tested to identify shifts in the isotopic composition induced by evaporative processes. The main results of the work are the following: (i) storage of the 15 mL water samples did not cause detectable evaporation in the testing period; (ii) the 60 mL δ18 O values showed evidence of evaporation as proved by the positive shift of the isotopic data; (iii) the repetitive opening of the 60 mL sample was the main cause of evaporation; (iv) five openings can already cause detectable isotopic enrichment. Careful manipulation and frequent replacement of the LRM are thus necessary to prevent deterioration of the quality of the analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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15. Correction: Fadil et al. Isotope Ratio Outlier Analysis (IROA) for HPLC–TOFMS-Based Metabolomics of Human Urine. Metabolites 2022, 12 , 741.
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Fadil, Fadi, Samol, Claudia, Berger, Raffaela S., Kellermeier, Fabian, Gronwald, Wolfram, Oefner, Peter J., and Dettmer, Katja
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RATIO analysis ,CREATININE ,METABOLOMICS ,URINE ,METABOLITES ,ISOTOPES - Abstract
This document is a correction notice for a research paper titled "Isotope Ratio Outlier Analysis (IROA) for HPLC–TOFMS-Based Metabolomics of Human Urine." The authors explain that they made deviations from the manufacturer's protocol for the IROA TruQuant IQQ Workflow Kit for specific reasons. They provide a detailed comparison of the dilutions they used and the recommended protocol, as well as additional experiments they conducted using upgraded software. The document includes information on sample preparation, software parameters, and the results obtained, including a table, graphs, and references. The authors state that the correction to the supplementary materials does not alter the scientific conclusions of the original publication. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
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16. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Therapy in Prostate Cancer: History, Combination Therapies, Trials, and Future Perspective.
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Mattana, Francesco, Muraglia, Lorenzo, Barone, Antonio, Colandrea, Marzia, Saker Diffalah, Yasmina, Provera, Silvia, Cascio, Alfio Severino, Omodeo Salè, Emanuela, and Ceci, Francesco
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PROSTATE tumors treatment , *PROSTATE-specific antigen , *RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS , *DRUG resistance in cancer cells , *PROSTATE tumors , *NUCLEAR medicine , *COMBINED modality therapy , *ISOTOPES - Abstract
Simple Summary: Radioligand therapy plays a crucial role in the management of prostate cancer patients, for whom despite all available treatments, natural progression is almost inevitable. The failure of therapeutic options is likely to refer to the intrinsic tumor heterogeneity and the development of oncologic resistance pathways. To address this resistance, different trials are attempting to study the effectiveness and safety of combined therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current and future applications of radioligand therapy in prostate cancer from its initial application, moving towards future perspectives, and encompassing the main characteristics of ongoing trials related to this topic. In the last decades, the development of PET/CT radiopharmaceuticals, targeting the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), changed the management of prostate cancer (PCa) patients thanks to its higher diagnostic accuracy in comparison with conventional imaging both in staging and in recurrence. Alongside molecular imaging, PSMA was studied as a therapeutic agent targeted with various isotopes. In 2021, results from the VISION trial led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as a novel therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and set the basis for a radical change in the future perspectives of PCa treatment and the history of Nuclear Medicine. Despite these promising results, primary resistance in patients treated with single-agent [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 remains a real issue. Emerging trials are investigating the use of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in combination with other PCa therapies in order to cover the multiple oncologic resistance pathways and to overcome tumor heterogeneity. In this review, our aim is to retrace the history of PSMA-targeted therapy from the first preclinical studies to its future applications in PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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17. Genesis of the Baiyun Gold Deposit in Northeast Hubei Province, China: Insights from In Situ Trace Elements and S-Fe Isotopes of Sulfide.
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Song, Weifang, Liu, Jianzhong, Zou, Yuanbing, Liu, Xingping, Long, Taocheng, Zhu, Jiandong, Fu, Shengbo, Chen, Song, Xiong, Yangfu, Zhou, Runjie, You, Jingjing, Zhou, Xinqi, Yang, Zaixi, and Fang, Jie
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SULFIDE minerals , *PYRITES , *TRACE elements , *ISOTOPES , *TRACE element analysis , *GOLD , *COPPER , *SULFIDES - Abstract
The Baiyun gold deposit is a medium-sized deposit in northeastern Hubei around the southern margin of the Tongbai-Dabie metallogenic belt. However, its genesis has not been determined. The metallogenic process of the Baiyun gold deposit can be divided into three stages: quartz + feldspar, quartz + native gold + electrum + polymetallic sulfides, and quartz + pyrite + calcite + iron dolomite + illite. In this study, LA-ICP-MS was used for in situ trace element and isotope analyses in the main and late ore stage hydrothermal sulfides to evaluate the genesis and evolution of ore-forming fluids. Gold is positively correlated with Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Te and the Co/Ni ratio is greater than 1. The S isotope values of Py1 and Py2 are −0.23–3.04‰ and 1.27–6.09‰, respectively. As mineralization progressed, S isotope values increased. In situ S isotope values of the two types of galena symbiotic with pyrite in the main metallogenic stage are 2.97–3.47‰. In situ Fe isotopic values of pyrite are −0.05–0.82‰; values in the two stages are similar without significant fractionation. We inferred that the Baiyun gold deposit formed via magmatic mineralization related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate during the Yanshanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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18. The Hydrogeochemistry of and Earthquake-Related Chemical Variations in the Springs along the Eastern Kunlun Fault Zone, China.
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Lu, Chao, Zhou, Xiaocheng, Jiang, Jiyi, Li, Jingchao, Li, Jing, Wu, Jing, Zhu, Xiaoyi, Li, Jiang, Xing, Gaoyuan, and Cui, Shihan
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FAULT zones ,STRONTIUM isotopes ,WATER-rock interaction ,METEOROLOGICAL precipitation ,HYDROGEN isotopes ,GROUNDWATER analysis ,WATER chemistry - Abstract
The Eastern Kunlun Fault (EKF) is situated in an area with a history of significant seismic events, yet it has witnessed a dearth of major earthquakes in recent years. This study conducted a detailed analysis of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the springs in the EKF and their temporal variation, aiming to address the gaps in the research on the hydrogeochemistry in the region and to investigate the changes in water chemistry during the seismogenic process. In this study, the main elements, trace elements, hydrogen isotopes, oxygen isotopes, and strontium isotopes of 23 springs in the EKF were analyzed. The results indicated that the groundwater recharge in the eastern part of the Eastern Kunlun Fault Zone mainly originates from atmospheric precipitation, as supported by its isotopic characteristics. The spring water is immature, showing weak water–rock interactions. A hydrochemical analysis classified the springs into 11 main types, reflecting varying degrees of water–rock interaction. Based on measurements using quartz geothermometers, the estimated geothermal reservoir temperatures ranged from 39.6 to 120.3 °C, with circulation depths of 1.3 to 3.8 km. By means of regularly monitoring three selected springs, this study also explored the relationship between earthquakes and hot spring chemical variations. Finally, a conceptual model of hydrogeochemistry was proposed to describe the groundwater circulation in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. Assessing Recharge Sources and Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Groundwater: A Hydrogeological and Multi-Isotopic Approach.
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Porru, Maria Chiara, Arras, Claudio, Biddau, Riccardo, Cidu, Rosa, Lobina, Francesca, Podda, Francesca, Wanty, Richard, and Da Pelo, Stefania
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HYDROGEOLOGY ,SALTWATER encroachment ,STRONTIUM isotopes ,COASTAL plains ,GROUNDWATER recharge ,ISOTOPIC analysis ,GROUNDWATER - Abstract
One of the crucial challenges of our time is climate change. The consequences of rising sea levels and drought greatly impact water resources, potentially worsening seawater intrusion. Characterizing coastal aquifers is an essential step in devising strategies to address these phenomena. Seawater intrusion poses a critical socio-economic and environmental issue in the coastal plain of Muravera, southeastern Sardinia (Italy). This coastal plain is an important agricultural area in Sardinia, and the health of the crops is compromised by the increasing salinization of shallow groundwater. To enhance our understanding of the hydrogeological conceptual model, which is essential for a sustainable resource management system, hydrogeological investigations were conducted and complemented by the chemical and multi-isotopic analyses of groundwater. The main objectives of this study were to identify groundwater recharge areas, understand salinization mechanisms and trace the evolution of water chemistry. Within this framework, a monthly survey monitoring piezometric level and electrical conductivity was carried out for one year. This survey was integrated with chemical and isotope analyses, including δ
18 OH2O and δ2 HH2O , δ11 B, δ18 OSO4 , δ34 SSO4 , and87 Sr/86 Sr. Hydrochemistry analysis results revealed the occurrence of seawater–freshwater mixing, extending up to 4 km inland. H2 O isotope analysis confirmed the mixing processes and indicated the meteoric origin of recharge waters for both shallow and semi-confined aquifers. The strontium isotopes ratio facilitated the identification of four main groundwater flow paths, confirmed by the SIAR model. The results of this combined hydrogeological–geochemical–isotopic survey provide essential elements for the future implementation of an integrated and sustainable management system. These findings enable interventions to slow the process of seawater intrusion and meet the economic needs for the development of local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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20. Rb–Sr Pyrite Dating and S–Pb Isotopes in the Fang'an Gold Deposit, Wuhe Area, Eastern Anhui Province.
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Wang, Ying, Shi, Ke, Zhong, Ze, Ren, Shenglian, Wang, Juan, Zhang, Yan, Song, Chuanzhong, Zhang, Gang, and Ren, Fangyu
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PYRITES , *SULFUR isotopes , *ISOTOPES , *LEAD , *GOLD , *GEOCHRONOMETRY , *RUBIDIUM , *STRONTIUM - Abstract
The Fang'an gold deposit in the Wuhe area, Anhui Province, is located in the area adjacent to the Bengbu Uplift and Wuhe Platform Depression in the southeastern part of North China. This study aimed to determine the deposit's mineralization age and the source of its metallogenic materials and mineralization processes through investigations into its geological characteristics, Rb–Sr isotopes, and S–Pb isotopes. The orebodies of the Fang'an gold deposit in the Neoarchean Xigudui Formation primarily exhibit a vein-type structure. The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages: (i) the quartz stage (Py1); (ii) the quartz–pyrite stage (Py2); (iii) the polymetallic sulfide stage (Py3); and (iv) the carbonate stage. Of these, the main mineralization stage is also the main period in which gold mineralization occurs. In situ sulfur isotope results of pyrite (Py1 to Py3) in the first three mineralization stages, suggesting a contribution of sulfur from crust–mantle magmatic fluids. The δ34S values for Py2 (average 5.51‰) are higher than Py1 (average 4.45‰) and showed that the magmatic fluids mixed with meteoric waters. The δ34S values for Py3 (average 5.18‰) are lower than Py2 (average 5.51‰), revealing that it related fluid immiscibility. The lead isotopic compositions of sulfides within the ores possessed 206Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 16.759 to 16.93, 207Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 15.311 to 15.402, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 37.158 to 37.548. These lead data were plotted close to the Xigudui Formation, relatively distant from the Mesozoic granites, indicating that the Xigudui Formation was the source of lead for the Late Mesozoic ores of the deposit. Taken together, due to the degassing of mantle-derived magma in the shallow parts of the crust, it can be determined that the sources of ore-forming sulfur and lead were crust–mantle magmatic activities in the Wuhe area. Rb–Sr dating of pyrite from Fang'an gold deposit reveals that the mineralization occurred at 126.89 ± 0.58 Ma. Considering the previous research into the dating of magmatic rocks in the Wuhe area, we propose that the genesis of the Fang'an gold deposit is closely associated with magmatic activities in the area at around 130 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. The Use of Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology.
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Carreira, Paula M. and Marques, José M.
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GROUNDWATER recharge ,SCIENTIFIC knowledge ,ISOTOPES ,AQUIFERS ,HYDROGEOLOGY ,WATER management ,MACHINE learning ,ENVIRONMENTAL sciences - Abstract
This document provides an overview of the use of environmental isotopes in hydrogeology, focusing on the importance of groundwater as a vital resource and addressing issues such as water scarcity, overexploitation, and contamination. It explains how isotopes can be used to identify the origin and replenishment rates of groundwater systems, assess groundwater contamination, and understand groundwater dynamics. The document includes research papers that demonstrate the application of isotopes in various hydrogeological contexts. It concludes by emphasizing the need for comprehensive isotopic studies to support the sustainable management of groundwater resources. The authors express gratitude to the researchers and reviewers who have contributed to a Special Issue and acknowledge the valuable comments that have improved the outcome of the issue. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
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22. State-to-State Quantum Dynamics Study of Intramolecular Isotope Effects on Be(1 S) + HD (v 0 = 2, j 0 = 0) → BeH/BeD + H/D Reaction.
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Xu, Hongtai and Yang, Zijiang
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QUANTUM theory , *DIFFERENTIAL cross sections , *WAVE packets , *POTENTIAL energy surfaces , *ISOTOPES , *COLLISION induced dissociation - Abstract
The dynamic mechanisms and intramolecular isotope effects of the Be(1S) + HD (v0 = 2, j0 = 0) → BeH/BeD + H/D reaction are studied at the state-to-state level using the time-dependent wave packet method on a high-quality potential energy surface. This reaction can proceed along the indirect pathway that features a barrier and a deep well or the smooth direct pathway. The reaction probabilities, total and state-resolved integral cross sections, and differential cross sections are analyzed in detail. The calculated dynamics results show that both of the products are mainly formed by the dissociation of a collinear HBeD intermediate when the collision energy is slightly larger than the threshold. As the collision energy increases, the BeH + D channel is dominated by the direct abstraction process, whereas the BeD + H channel mainly follows the complex-forming mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. Soil Inorganic Carbon Formation and the Sequestration of Secondary Carbonates in Global Carbon Pools: A Review.
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Batool, Maria, Cihacek, Larry J., and Alghamdi, Rashad S.
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CARBON sequestration , *CARBON in soils , *CARBONATES , *CARBON fixation , *EVIDENCE gaps , *SOIL formation , *SILICATE minerals - Abstract
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC), a potential carbon sink especially in arid and semi-arid environments, contributes to soil development, landscape stability, carbon (C) sequestration, and global C dynamics but due to the lack of SIC scientific reporting in most C sequestration research, its importance is unclear. A detailed overview of primary and secondary carbonate occurrence, formation, and importance is much needed to understand the role of pedogenic (PC)/secondary carbonate (a common biogeochemically derived soil mineral over time) in the SIC. The mechanisms involved in the formation of PC including carbon dioxide (CO2) from microbial respiration and precipitation, silicate mineral weathering, dissolution, and reprecipitation are highlighted. The isotopic composition of carbonates related to biological C3 or C4 carbon fixation pathways and other paleoecologic and/or climactic factors responsible for new soil carbonate formation are discussed in detail. To address the lack of knowledge associated with SIC, this review attempts to highlight the currently known aspects of the literature, and briefly describe the formation and methodologies that can aid in addressing the research gaps surrounding SIC sequestration. The authors also suggest that greater focus needs to be provided on the actual measurement of SIC to develop a more comprehensive SIC inventory to provide sound data for future research direction, and modeling efforts and to predict C terrestrial storage and change efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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24. Genesis of the Dongtangzi Zn-Pb Deposit of the Fengxian–Taibai Ore Cluster in West Qinling, China: Constraints from Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Geochronology, and In Situ S-Pb Isotopes.
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Hu, Qiaoqing, Wang, Yitian, Chen, Shaocong, Wei, Ran, Liu, Xielu, Liu, Junchen, Wang, Ruiting, Gao, Weihong, Wang, Changan, Tang, Minjie, and Wu, Wentang
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ORE deposits , *SULFIDE ores , *ISOTOPES , *GEOLOGY , *GEOLOGICAL time scales , *PORPHYRY , *ORE genesis (Mineralogy) - Abstract
The large Dongtangzi Zn-Pb deposit is located in the southwest of the Fengxian–Taibai (abbreviated as Fengtai) ore cluster in the west Qinling orogen. The origin of the deposit is controversial, positing diverse genesis mechanisms such as sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX), sedimentary-reformed, and epigenetic-hydrothermal types. This study combines systematic ore geology observations with high-precision Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages of 211 Ma and in situ S-Pb isotopes to constrain the timing and origin of mineralization. In situ S-Pb isotopic studies show that the sulfide ores display a narrow range of δ34S values from 1.1‰ to 10.2‰, with 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.07 to 18.27, 15.64 to 15.66, and 38.22 to 38.76, respectively. On the other hand, pyrites of the sedimentary period and the granite porphyry dike have δ34S values ranging from 15.8 to 21.4‰ and from 2.1 to 4.3‰ (with 206Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.09 to 18.10, 207Pb/204Pb ratios of 15.59 to 15.61, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 38.17 to 38.24), respectively. The above-mentioned S-Pb isotopic compositions indicate that the metallic materials involved in ore formation originated from a mixture of Triassic magmatic hydrothermal fluid and metamorphic basement. By integrating the regional geology, mineralization ages, and S-Pb isotopic studies, we propose that the Dongtangzi Zn-Pb deposit is the product of epigenetic hydrothermal fluid processes, driven by Late Triassic regional tectono-magmatic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. Geochemistry, Sr-Nd Isotope Compositions, and U-Pb Chronology of Apatite from Kimberlite in Wafangdian, North China Craton: Constraints on the Late Magmatic Processes.
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Ma, Sishun, Wang, Ende, Fu, Haitao, Fu, Jianfei, Men, Yekai, You, Xinwei, Song, Kun, Wan, Fanglai, and Liu, Liguang
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KIMBERLITE , *APATITE , *RARE earth oxides , *GEOCHEMISTRY , *GEOLOGICAL carbon sequestration , *ISOTOPES - Abstract
Diamondiferous kimberlites occur in the Wafangdian area in the eastern part of the North China Craton (NCC). In order to better constrain their magmatic source and emplacement time, we have investigated apatite from two kimberlites, i.e., the #110 dike kimberlite and the #50 root-zone kimberlite by measuring in situ their U–Pb and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions. The crystallization ages of the #110 and #50 apatites are 460.9 ± 16.8 Ma and 455.4 ± 19.3 Ma, respectively. For the #50 apatite, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70453–0.70613 and εNd(t) = −2.74 to −4.52. For the #110 apatite, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70394–0.70478 and εNd(t) = −3.46 to −5.65. Based on the similar distribution patterns of the rare earth elements (REEs) and the similar Sr-Nd isotope compositions of the apatite, it is believed that the #110 and #50 kimberlites have the same source region and the kimberlite magmas in Wafangdian were derived from an enriched mantle source (EMI). The primary magmatic composition has little effect on the emplacement pattern. It is more likely that the geological environment played an important role in controlling the retention and removal of volatile components (H2O and CO2). This led to the different evolutionary paths of the kimberlite magma in the later period, resulting in differences in the major element compositions of the apatite. High Sr concentrations may be associated with hydrothermal (H2O-rich fluid) overprinting events in the later magmatic period; the higher light rare earth element (LREE) concentration of the #50 apatite reflects the involvement of the REE3+ + SiO44− ⇔ Ca2+ + PO43− replacement mechanism. Two emplacement patterns of the #110 dike kimberlite (#110 apatite, low Sr, and high Si) and the #50 root-zone (#50 apatite, high Sr, and low Si) kimberlites were identified via major element analysis of the #110 apatite and #50 apatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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26. Triassic Thermal Pulse of TARIM Mantle Plume: Evidence from Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Nd Isotopes of the Mafic Dikes from the Halaqi Area, Xinjiang, China.
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Sun, Jungang, Liang, Ting, Liu, Xiaohuang, Zhang, Xiong, Liu, Bei, and Quan, Guorong
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MANTLE plumes , *GEOLOGICAL time scales , *LASER ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , *MAFIC rocks , *GEOCHEMISTRY , *IGNEOUS provinces , *ISOTOPES , *PLATINUM group , *TANTALUM - Abstract
Owing to the paucity of research on synchronous mafic rocks in the Tarim Basin, the late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic tectonic development of this region is not well defined. The Halaqi region is situated on Tarim's northwest edge, and numerous mafic dikes can be found cross-cutting the Permian strata. The whole-rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb age, and Sr–Nd isotopic signature of these mafic rocks have never been reported before, and this contribution can offer geochronological and petrogenetic investigations that provide fresh insight into the geodynamic development of the area. Major oxide contents in the Halaqi mafic rocks vary, including SiO2 (45.74–50.31 wt.%), Al2O3 (13.28–14.8 wt.%), FeOT (16.48–19.19 wt.%), MgO (7.58–10.32 wt.%), CaO (7.19–12.39 wt.%), Na2O (2.97–4.50 wt.%), K2O (0.24–0.63 wt.%), TiO2 (1.11–1.29 wt.%), MnO (0.14–0.16 wt.%), and P2O5 (0.13–0.17 wt.%). The mafic rocks are enriched in high-field-strength elements (e.g., Zr and Hf) and large-ion lithophile elements (e.g., Sr, Th, and U) but depleted in Nb, Ta, and P. The total REEs in the rocks are lower (ΣREE = 72.80–86.85 ppm), and HREEs are somewhat depleted in comparison to LREEs, with positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 1.05–1.17) but weak negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 0.91–0.93). Zircon U–Pb ages of 201–247 Ma were obtained from a total of 18 magmatic zircon grains found in the mafic rocks that were studied. These results point to a middle-to-late Triassic emplacement. The mafic dikes exhibit somewhat enriched Nd isotopic compositions (εNd(t) = –1.6~–0.2) and an older Nd model age (TDM = 1.24–1.37 Ga). The Halaqi middle–late Triassic mafic dikes are thought to have originated from the same tectonic background as the Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province, along with similar geochemical and isotopic compositions. This suggests that they are all products of the interaction between asthenospheric and lithospheric mantles in an intraplate extensional environment. Research indicates that the Triassic mafic magmatism in northwest Tarim could be the product of the continuous thermal pulse of the Tarim mantle plume and be a part of the Tarim LIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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27. The Paleoecological Environment during the Ediacaran–Cambrian Transition in Central Guizhou Province, China: Evidence from Zn Isotopes.
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Gao, Lei, Yang, Ruidong, Gao, Junbo, Luo, Chaokun, Liu, Linlin, Ni, Xinran, Li, Xinzheng, Mo, Hongcheng, and Peng, Rou
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- *
PALEOECOLOGY , *BIOLOGICAL productivity , *PALEONTOLOGY , *ISOTOPES , *SILICEOUS rocks , *PHOSPHORUS cycle (Biogeochemistry) , *TRACE fossils - Abstract
During the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, a series of stratal continuous and well-preserved siliceous rock and phosphorite assemblages developed in Qingzhen, Guizhou Province, China, facilitating research on the biological evolution, marine chemistry, and palaeoecological environment of this period. Therefore, we investigated the paleontology, trace and rare earth elements, total organic carbon, total sulfur content, and Zn isotopes of the phosphorus-bearing rock series in the Taozichong Formation of the Cambrian period in Qingzhen. Geochemical analysis reveals that the sedimentary rocks in this area were formed in the oxygen-rich seawater environment and were not affected by high-temperature hydrothermal activity. The upwelling ocean current provided abundant rare earth elements and other nutrient elements, as well as conditions for the prosperity of biota in Qingzhen. In addition, the δ66Zn value (−0.21‰–0.41‰ range and 0.17‰ mean) in the Qingzhen phosphorous rock series was much lower than that in seawater, indicating a strong level of biological productivity. The variation trend of δ13C, δ18O, and δ66Zn exhibited four stages and three obvious drift events. The results suggest that climate change during this period led to the intermittent flourishing and extinction of organisms, which triggered the negative drift of δ13C and δ18O in the ocean, resulting in a coordinated response of δ66Zn. The unique ecological environment of the Taozichong Formation in Qingzhen also provides favorable conditions for the population continuation of Ediacaran-type benthic soft-bodied metazoon dominated by discoid fossils, Shaanxilithes, worm fossils, and sponge fossils in the Cambrian strata, as well as participation in the global biological explosion events. The study area provides new insights for rebuilding the global Ediacaran–Cambrian ecosystem during the transition period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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28. Genesis and Prospecting Potential of the Da'anhe Skarn Au Deposit in the Central of the Lesser Xing'an Range, NE China: Evidence from Skarn Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions and H-O Isotopes.
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Zhao, Chuntao, Sun, Fanting, Sun, Jinggui, Wang, Jianping, Han, Jilong, Chu, Xiaolei, Bai, Chenglin, Yu, Dongmei, Xu, Zhikai, Yi, Lei, and Hua, Shan
- Subjects
- *
GOLD ores , *FLUID inclusions , *SKARN , *METALLOGENY , *MINERALOGY , *ISOTOPES , *ISOTOPIC analysis - Abstract
Skarn Au deposits exist in the circum-pacific metallogenic belt. Interestingly, the Da'anhe Au deposit is the only independent skarn gold deposit in the Lesser Xing'an Range. To determine the metallogenic mechanism and prospecting potential of the Da'anhe deposit, we performed skarn mineralogy, fluid inclusion (FI) and H-O isotope analyses. The results show the following: (1) The Da'anhe deposit is a calcareous reduced skarn Au deposit that formed between an Early Jurassic gabbroic diorite and the Permian Tumenling Formation marble. Its metallogenic process includes five stages: the early skarn stage (Stage I1), late skarn stage (Stage I2), early quartz-sulfide stage (Stage II1), late quartz-sulfide stage (Stage II2) and quartz-carbonate stage (Stage II3). Gold precipitated in Stage II1 and Stage II2. (2) The initial ore-forming fluid was derived from magmatic water and featured a high temperature and intermediate to high salinity. After boiling and mixing, the fluid eventually changed to a low-temperature and low-salinity reducing fluid dominated by meteoric water. (3) The formation depth of the Au orebodies was 2.27–3.11 km, and the orebodies were later lifted to the surface (<500 m). The potential for finding skarn Au deposits in the study area is limited. (4) The distinctive nature of the ore-related magma (i.e., source, reducing conditions and high water content) was key to the formation of the Da'anhe skarn gold deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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29. The Possible Use of Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Signal and Spectral Analysis to Identify Habitat Condition of Aquatic Plants.
- Author
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Pronin, Eugeniusz
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POTAMOGETON , *NITROGEN isotopes , *CARBON isotopes , *AQUATIC plants , *AQUATIC habitats , *ATTENUATED total reflectance - Abstract
Many macrophyte species exhibit a high degree of plasticity, enabling them to thrive in various aquatic ecosystems. Identifying the growth conditions of individual aquatic plant species during research or specimen collection is not always possible. In many cases, the nature of the planned research does not necessitate recognizing environmental conditions. However, the scope of identifying the habitat parameters of the collections of submerged aquatic plant herbariums provides an opportunity for further research. This paper explores the possibilities of using isotopic signals of plants, supported by spectral analyses of powdered plant materials, to ascertain the environmental conditions from which the samples were collected. The results obtained from the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions (δ13CORG and δ15NORG) and the analysis of spectral spectra via FTIR-ART (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance) of plant material (Elodea canadensis Michx. species) collected from various habitat ecosystems, including rivers and both hard- and softwater lakes, exhibited significant distinctions between these habitats. Particularly high values of δ15NORG were recorded in the material from rivers. The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions did not differentiate between the material collected from softwater and hardwater lakes. Nevertheless, when comparing the isotopic findings with the FTIR-ATR spectral analysis focused on identifying characteristic peaks associated with the presence of calcium carbonate, noticeable differences were observed in the presence and intensity of calcium carbonate peaks in the material. These differences were only evident when nondecarbonated plant material from hardwater lakes was used for the FTIR-ATR analysis. To the best of the author's knowledge, the combination of methods applied in this study to identify the origin of E. canadensis from various freshwater environments is the first application of its kind that could enable the rapid identification of plant material origin. Such identification could prove useful in environmental, ecological, and paleoenvironmental research. The increased knowledge of macrophytes' δ13CORG and δ15NORG values might also be essential in further tracking accelerated eutrophication based on aquatic vegetation's isotopic signals. This might be important due to the assumption that the increased rate of eutrophication influences organic matter sedimentation in aquatic ecosystems, especially lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr Isotope Ratio as a Tool in Archaeological Investigation: Limits and Risks.
- Author
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Rossi, Mattia, Iacumin, Paola, and Venturelli, Gianpiero
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STRONTIUM isotopes ,GEOCHEMISTRY ,ZOOARCHAEOLOGY ,ISOTOPES ,MINERALOGY - Abstract
During the last forty years, the use of strontium isotopes in archaeology and biogeochemical research has spread widely. These isotopes, alone or in combination with others, can contribute to trace past and present environmental conditions. However, the interpretation of the isotopic values of strontium is not always simple and requires good knowledge of geochemistry and geology. This short paper on the use of strontium isotopes is aimed at those who use this tool (archaeologists, but not only) but who do not have a thorough knowledge of mineralogy, geology, and geochemistry necessary for a good understanding of natural processes involving these isotopes. We report basic knowledge and suggestions for the correct use of these isotopes. The isotopic characteristics of bio-assimilable strontium depend not so much on the isotopic characteristics of the bulk rock as, rather, on those of its more soluble minerals. Before studying human, animal and plant remains, the state of conservation and any conditions of isotopic pollution should be carefully checked. Samples should be collected according to random sampling rules. The data should be treated by a statistical approach. To make comparisons between different areas, it should be borne in mind that the study of current soils can be misleading since the mineralogical modification of soil over time can be very rapid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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31. Research on the Formation Conditions and Preventive Measures of Uranium Precipitates during the Service Process of Medical Isotope Production Reactors.
- Author
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Zhao, Yanli, Gao, Yuan, Li, Xinyue, Le, Yi, Zhang, Yang, Qiu, Jie, and Xin, Yong
- Subjects
- *
URANIUM ores , *URANIUM , *ISOTOPES , *LIQUID fuels , *URANIUM isotopes , *NUCLEAR reactors , *FAST reactors - Abstract
This study focuses on the Medical Isotope Production Reactor (MIPR), an aqueous homogeneous reactor utilized for synthesizing medical isotopes like 99Mo. A pivotal aspect of MIPR's functionality involves the fuel solution's complex chemical interactions, particularly during reactor operation. These interactions result in the formation of precipitates, notably water filamentous uranium ore and columnar uranium ore, which can impact reactor performance. The research presented here delves into the reactions between liquid fuel uranyl nitrate and key radiolytic products, employing simulation calculations complemented by experimental validation. This approach facilitates the identification of uranium precipitate types and their formation conditions under operational reactor settings. Additionally, the article explores strategies to mitigate the formation of specific uranium precipitates, thereby contributing to the efficient and stable operation of MIPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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32. An Assessment of Six Years of Precipitation Stable Isotope and Tritium Activity Concentration Records at Station Sv. Urban, Eastern Slovenia.
- Author
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Vreča, Polona, Kanduč, Tjaša, Štrok, Marko, Žagar, Klara, Nigro, Matteo, and Barsanti, Michele
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TRITIUM ,STABLE isotopes ,LIQUID scintillation counting ,HYDROGEN isotopes - Abstract
We present data from six years (January 2016–December 2021) of monitoring the isotope composition of precipitation at the Sv. Urban station in Eastern Slovenia. The 68 precipitation samples were collected as a monthly composite. The complete dataset (193 data pints) includes information on the stable isotope composition of hydrogen (δ
2 H) and oxygen (δ18 O) and tritium activity concentration (A), obtained using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and liquid scintillation counting (LSC) following electrolytic enrichment (EE), respectively. The isotope data, together with meteorological data, are reported. Calculations of the deuterium excess (d-excess), monthly, seasonal, and annual unweighted and precipitation-weighted means and local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) were conducted. The mean values for δ2 H, δ18 O, d-excess, and A, weighted by precipitation, were −59.9‰, −8.81‰, 10.6‰, and 7.7 TU. The disparities between unweighted and precipitation-weighted δ2 H, δ18 O, d-excess, A, and LMWLs underscore the significance of non-uniformly distributed precipitation. Annual variations in slope and intercept of the LMWLs emphasize the importance of longer data records (48+ months) to capture consistent trends, while combining data over longer periods may distort accuracy due to distinct isotope differences between individual years related to the variability of climate conditions typical for Slovenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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33. Application of the Bland–Altman and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Approaches to Study Isotope Effects in Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Human Plasma, Serum and Urine Samples.
- Author
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Tsikas, Dimitrios
- Subjects
- *
RECEIVER operating characteristic curves , *GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) , *URINE , *ISOTOPES , *ASYMMETRIC dimethylarginine , *MATRIX effect , *RF values (Chromatography) - Abstract
The Bland–Altman approach is one of the most widely used mathematical approaches for method comparison and analytical agreement. This work describes, for the first time, the application of Bland–Altman to study 14N/15N and 1H/2H (D) chromatographic isotope effects of endogenous analytes of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in human plasma, serum and urine samples in GC-MS. The investigated analytes included arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, dimethylamine, nitrite, nitrate and creatinine. There was a close correlation between the percentage difference of the retention times of the isotopologs of the Bland–Altman approach and the area under the curve (AUC) values of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) approach (r = 0.8619, p = 0.0047). The results of the study suggest that the chromatographic isotope effects in GC-MS result from differences in the interaction strengths of H/D isotopes in the derivatives with the hydrophobic stationary phase of the GC column. D atoms attenuate the interaction of the skeleton of the molecules with the lipophilic GC stationary phase. Differences in isotope effects in plasma or serum and urine in GC-MS are suggested to be due to a kind of matrix effect, and this remains to be investigated in forthcoming studies using Bland–Altman and ROC approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Groundwater Age and Origin and Its Relation with Anthropogenic and Climatic Factors.
- Author
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Iqbal, Usman, Nabi, Ghulam, Iqbal, Mudassar, Masood, Muhammad, Arshed, Abu Bakar, Saifullah, Muhammad, and Shahid, Muhammad
- Subjects
GROUNDWATER ,RADIOISOTOPES ,GROUNDWATER recharge ,GROUNDWATER management ,RAINWATER ,STABLE isotopes - Abstract
Groundwater plays a major role in addressing the worldwide problem of water scarcity and food security. With a growing population and increasing urbanization, there is a rising demand for groundwater to meet agricultural and domestic water needs. A variety of advanced approaches are necessary to sustain groundwater management. This study investigated the age and origin of groundwater, as well as its relationship with anthropogenic and climatic factors. Stable isotopes were used, namely oxygen-18 (
18 O) and deuterium (2 H) for the estimation of groundwater origin and radioactive isotopes of Tritium (3 H) for the estimation of its age. The investigation of stable isotopes revealed that the aquifer is predominantly influenced by river water, with a minor contribution from rainwater. Furthermore, the analysis of radioactive isotopes revealed that the groundwater age ranges from 5 to 50 years old in most areas. Older groundwater is predominantly found in urban areas, while younger groundwater is present in agricultural and woodland regions. However, the presence of "old" water in the upper groundwater layers in urban areas is attributed to over-abstraction and limited natural recharge. The primary climatic factor that governs the age and origin of groundwater is rainfall upstream of the study area, which directly contributes to the river flows. The rainfall is high in the east but, due to urbanization, recharge is decreased. Consequently, old and river recharge groundwater is found in this area. These observations underscore the unsustainable and alarming use of groundwater in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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35. Geochemical Characteristics, Zircon U-Pb Ages and Lu-Hf Isotopes of Pan-African Pegmatites from the Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, East Antarctica and Their Tectonic Implications.
- Author
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Zong, Shi, Cui, Yingchun, Ren, Liudong, Zhang, Hao, Chen, Shaocong, Wang, Weixuan, and Li, Shenggui
- Subjects
- *
ZIRCON , *PEGMATITES , *ISOTOPES , *GEOLOGICAL time scales , *GEOCHEMISTRY , *LASER ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , *LUTETIUM compounds - Abstract
Prydz Bay is an important part of the Pan-African high-grade tectonic mobile belt. The focus of this investigation, by applying zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology, zircon Lu-Hf isotope systematics, and whole-rock geochemistry, is on Pan-African pegmatites in the Larsemann Hills of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica, their association with country rocks, and the formation conditions. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the pegmatites exhibit elevated levels of silica and alkali and possess peraluminous features. These pegmatites originated during the late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian (Pan-African) event, specifically in the D2–D4 stages. The D2 stage occurred between 546 and 562 Ma, followed by D3-stage pegmatites around 534 Ma. The pegmatites from the D2–D3 stages are considered to originate from Paleoproterozoic crustal materials, while there are at least two phases of pegmatites in the D4 stage (~517 Ma and ~521 Ma). The D4-1 pegmatite (~521 Ma) suggested both Paleo–Mesoproterozoic crustal origin, perhaps connected to extension. The D4-2 pegmatite (~517 Ma) originated from the crust layers. In the Larsemann Hills, Pan-African pegmatites formed in a recurring regime of tension. Therefore, the obtained data elucidate that a Pan-African stretching process might have occurred in Prydz Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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36. Early Dolomitization Mechanism of the Upper Ediacaran Qigebrak Formation, Northwestern Tarim Basin: Evidence from Petrography, Rare Earth Elements, and Clumped Isotope.
- Author
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Tang, Pan, Chen, Daizhao, Li, Shuangjian, Wang, Yuanzheng, El-Shafeiy, Moataz, and Yang, Bo
- Subjects
- *
RARE earth metals , *PETROLOGY , *CRYSTAL texture , *ISOTOPES , *DOLOMITE , *STRONTIUM - Abstract
The deeply buried Upper Ediacaran Qigebrak Formation dolostones in the Tarim Basin are promising future hydrocarbon exploration targets in China. However, the origin of these pervasive matrix dolomites is not well understood, which hampers further hydrocarbon exploration. In this study, petrographic, isotopic (C, O, and Sr), rare earth element (REE), and clumped isotope analyses were performed to unravel the mechanisms of early dolomitization. Petrographic investigations indicate that the Qigebrak Formation carbonates were completely replaced by three distinct types of dolomites: (1) dolomicrite (MD-1), (2) fabric-preserving dolomite (MD-2), and (3) fabric-destructive dolomite (MD-3). Despite different crystal textures, these three dolomite types have a narrow range of δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr values similar to those of coeval seawater. Furthermore, their seawater-normalized REE compositions display a seawater-like REE pattern with positive Ce anomalies. These findings suggest that the dolomitization fluids were seawater derived. From the clumped isotope temperature (TΔ47 ≈ 60 °C) and the δ18O water values of the dolomitization fluids, it can be inferred that the main mechanism for the formation of matrix dolomites was seepage-reflux dolomitization by mesosaline to penesaline seawater in the evaporative environment. MD-1 and MD-2 precipitated from mesosaline to penesaline seawater in slightly evaporated settings. MD-3 was likely formed via recrystallization of MD-1 and/or MD-2 at a greater depth. This study provides an insight into early dolomitization processes related to mesosaline to penesaline seawater, which may make the origins of dolomite reservoirs with similar geological backgrounds better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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37. Petrogenesis of the Weideshan Pluton in Jiaodong and Its Implications for Gold Polymetallic Mineralization: Constraints from Zircon U-Pb-Hf Isotopes, Petrogeochemistry, and Whole-Rock Sr-Nd Isotopes.
- Author
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Wei, Pengfei, Li, Dapeng, Geng, Ke, Zhang, Yan, Liu, Qiang, Xie, Wei, Song, Yingxin, Cai, Na, Zhang, Chao, and Song, Zhigang
- Subjects
- *
ZIRCON , *PETROGENESIS , *ISOTOPES , *MINERALIZATION , *URANIUM-lead dating , *GOLD ores , *IGNEOUS intrusions , *RARE earth metals - Abstract
The Early Cretaceous Weideshan granites are associated with large-scale Au and polymetallic Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn mineralization. To investigate the petrogenesis of the Weideshan granite and constrain its tectonic setting during the Early Cretaceous, we conducted a zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope and whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic study of the granite. In situ zircon U-Pb dating of three granite samples yielded Early Cretaceous ages of 112.83 ± 0.80, 112.64 ± 0.91, and 111.82 ± 0.78 Ma. The samples had high-K calc-alkaline compositions and were enriched in the light rare earth and large-ion lithophile elements (e.g., K, Rb, Ba, Th, and U) and depleted in high-field-strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ti, and P). The samples had small negative Eu anomalies and initial 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(t) values of 0.70853–0.71029 and –18 to –14, respectively. The zircon εHf(t) values varied between −16 and −12, with corresponding two-stage model ages (tDM2) of 2180–2000 Ma. These characteristics indicated that the Weideshan pluton was formed in a back-arc extensional environment caused by subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate toward the Asian continent during the early Cretaceous. The magma was generated by crust–mantle interaction during lithospheric thinning. The diagenetic age of the Weideshan granites was the same as the formation age of gold and polymetallic ores in the Jiaodong area. The extensive fluid circulation induced by the magma emplacement may be the main source of ore-forming materials for the gold and polymetallic Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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38. Review on Zinc Isotopes in River Systems: Distribution and Application.
- Author
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Ding, Ziyang, Han, Guilin, Qu, Rui, Liu, Jinke, and Wang, Peng
- Subjects
WATERSHEDS ,ISOTOPES ,ZINC ,PARTICULATE matter ,ISOTOPIC fractionation ,METAL industry ,RIVER pollution ,RAINWATER - Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element widely present in rivers and plays a crucial role in ecosystems. Human activities have led to the extensive migration and dissemination of Zn in the environment. When the accumulation of Zn in rivers reaches excessive levels, it transforms into a potentially harmful contaminant. Consequently, tracing Zn's origin by its isotope ratios (δ
66 Zn) from natural and anthropogenic sources is essential for the management of and safeguarding against river pollution and comprehending Zn behavior in rivers as well. This review presents the advancements in Zn isotope research in river environments, including a summary of Zn isotope measurement, the distribution and controlling factors (mineral adsorption, precipitation, and biological effects) of Zn isotopes, and the applications of Zn isotopes in rivers. The median δ66 Zn values for uncontaminated river water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were 0.37‰ and 0.22‰, respectively, close to the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) value of 0.28 ± 0.05‰. With respect to the contaminated river, δ66 Zn falls within −0.73‰ to 1.77‰, with it being heavily influenced by anthropogenic sources, such as the electroplating and metal processing industries. Apart from contamination identification, this review summarizes the river material exchange process and the δ66 Zn values of rainwater (−0.2‰~0.38‰), groundwater (−0.13‰~1.4‰), lake water (−0.66‰~0.21‰), and seawater (−1.1‰~0.9‰), which facilitates a holistic understanding of the Zn cycle and isotope fractionation in the river system. In conclusion, Zn isotopes are an effective tool for tracing pollution sources and Zn migration processes, with enormous unexplored potential. Therefore, this review finally summarizes some challenges and future directions in current research on Zn isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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39. Stepwise Discovery of Insulin Effects on Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism.
- Author
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Tessari, Paolo
- Abstract
A clear effect of insulin deficiency and replacement on body/muscle mass was a landmark observation at the start of the insulin age. Since then, an enormous body of investigations has been produced on the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus from a hormonal/metabolic point of view. Among them, the study of the effects of insulin on body growth and protein accretion occupies a central place and shows a stepwise, continuous, logical, and creative development. Using a metaphor, insulin may be viewed as a director orchestrating the music (i.e., the metabolic effects) played by the amino acids and proteins. As a hormone, insulin obviously does not provide either energy or substrates by itself. Rather, it tells cells how to produce and utilize them. Although the amino acids can be released and taken up by cells independently of insulin, the latter can powerfully modulate these movements. Insulin regulates (inhibits) protein degradation and, in some instances, stimulates protein synthesis. This review aims to provide a synthetic and historical view of the key steps taken from the discovery of insulin as an "anabolic hormone", to the in-depth analysis of its effects on amino acid metabolism and protein accretions, as well as of its interaction with nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
40. Elemental Composition and Isotope Ratio in Pine Needles: The Impact of Arginine Phosphate-Containing Fertilizer Application in Pine-Planting Sites †.
- Author
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Bertins, Maris, Svinska, Jana, Zigure, Sindija, Busa, Lauma, Zusevica, Austra, Dumins, Karlis, Vendina, Viktorija, Stals, Toms Arturs, Ansone-Bertina, Linda, Lazdina, Dagnija, Klavins, Maris, and Viksna, Arturs
- Subjects
- *
PINE needles , *FERTILIZER application , *ARGININE , *INDUCTIVELY coupled plasma mass spectrometry , *ISOTOPES - Abstract
This article explores the impact of an arginine phosphate-containing fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, carbon content, and elemental concentrations in pine needles in different forest types in Latvia. The study used isotope ratio mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to analyze pine needle samples. The findings reveal diverse patterns in nitrogen uptake and isotope ratio changes among the forest types, indicating the importance of considering forest type and environmental conditions when assessing fertilizer efficacy. This research contributes to our understanding of nutrient dynamics in forest ecosystems and guides sustainable forest management practices. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
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41. Variation of Carbon- and Nitrogen-Stable Isotope Ratios in Conventionally and Organically Fertilized Cereals at Different Growth Stages †.
- Author
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Busa, Lauma, Celma, Gunita, Legzdina, Linda, Viksna, Arturs, and Locmele, Indra
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- *
SUSTAINABLE agriculture , *ISOTOPES , *ORGANIC farming , *AGRICULTURAL resources , *AGRICULTURAL economics , *CULTIVARS , *TRITICALE - Abstract
This article discusses the variation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in conventionally and organically fertilized cereals at different growth stages. The demand for healthier and more sustainable food options has led to significant growth in the production of organically grown cereals. The research on stable isotope ratios in barley and triticale provides insights into metabolic processes and nutrient uptake patterns, contributing to the improvement of sustainable agricultural practices. The study found that there were changes in nitrogen content and isotope ratios during different growth stages, suggesting that factors beyond fertilizer type may influence these crops. The authors express gratitude to those who supported the research. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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