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The selection of aromatic hydrocarbons as laser dyes can be facilitated by having all spectroscopic data available for the dye under consideration. From polarization studies of transient absorptions the direction of the transition moments may be obtained, which gives an indication which substituent has to be used to shift certain absorption or emission bands. The use of all available data is demonstrated for anthracene being the “parent” dye.

PHYSIOLOGIcAL homeostasis is maintained with energy that a bird must extract from its environment. Effective investment of the bird's time in exchange for the necessary energy must be the objective of maintenance strategy. If the rate of intake is less than the metabolic rate over a period of time, homeostasis is impossible. The temporal aspects involved in attainment of energy balance by a diurnal bird include duration of adequate light for effective foraging, cyclic availability of food, flight time to a food source or successful prey capture, duration of the nocturnal fast, and the daily environmental temperature cycle that will influence the overall energy cost. In summer the length of daylight for foraging increases with latitude, and the duration of the nocturnal fast decreases. In winter, the ratio of feeding time to fasting time is reduced with increasing latitude. The endurance of fasting would be directly proportional to the amount of energy in reserve and inversely related to the rate of degradation of the reserves

1N A PERCEPTIVE RECENT STUDY, H. M. Daleski summarizes Charles Dickens's technical development as "an attempt to understand and probe more deeply the analogies between private and public conduct, to use analogy, as Steven Marcus suggests, to link together the individual and social spheres-a technique which he perfects in Bleak House [1852-53], Little Dorrit [1855-57], and Our Mutual Friend [1864-65]."' While the importance of Dickens's "art of analogy" is incontestable, the implication that Bleak House is the first successful embodiment of the technique must be disputed. His capsule summary of the novelist's career is weakened by a distressingly common oversight. Studies of Dickens's craftsmanship have consistently ignored the impressive experiments made in Barnaby Rudge (1841), although the structural innovations of this work closely resemble the justly admired fictional techniques of the later masterpieces. In Barnaby, a decade before Bleak House, Dickens fully correlates "the individual and social spheres" of his novel through analogy. Further, his figurative as well as structural use of time and his creation of a cohesive narrative point of view make Barnaby Rudge a significant departure from the episodic early books, a clear anticipation of the organically unified late novels.

Commercial strain cross (Leghorn type) pullets were fed diets containing 1820, 2040 or 2200 P.E. kcal. /kg. from eight to 19 or 20 weeks of age. One-fourth of the birds were maintained on the middle energy diet with natural light while the others were restricted to six hours of light per day from 13 weeks of age to 19 or 20 weeks of age. During the growing phase the light and feed restriction (LR) program did not increase mortality above the non-restricted (NR) control birds, but the LR treatment did produce birds of lighter body weight (1272 g.) on less feed as compared to the NR (1412 g.). As the energy level of the LR birds increased the feed consumption and g. feed per g. of gain decreased. During the egg production phase it was found that LR program delayed sexual maturity by 11 days, but egg weight, shell rigidity, body weight at 68 weeks and feed consumption were not affected. Proper use of time clocks will permit a combination of light and feed restriction in commercial units.

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing multiple dipole cardiac generators with time dependent dipole moments to obtain physiologically feasible inverse electrocardiographic solutions.

We review recent advances in instrumentation and methodology in phosphorimetry that should facilitate the use of phosphorimetry for clinical analyses and recent phosphorescence studies of interest to the clinical chemist. We indicate recent advances, particularly improvements in instrumentation, novel methodologies, and new chemical processes that result in either an increase in sensitivity or selectivity (or both) of measurement of compounds of clinical importance. The greatest use of phosphorimetry in the clinical laboratory will not be for the analysis of very large numbers of samples for one species via automatic instrumentation, but rather will be for the analysis of those molecular species difficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods (colorimetry, fluorometry, etc.). Although various instrumental and methodological advances are discussed separately here, the most important use of these advances in clinical chemistry will undoubtedly be when two or more of them are combined, for example, in the use of time- or frequency-resolved phosphorimetry for the selective measurement of the phosphorescence resulting with inorganic probes and the appropriate choice of solvent and pH (of course, the instrument could contain an image vidicon detector for rapid determination of the spectrum, the decay curve, or both).

Use of programming in the schools eventually may eliminate a current dichotomy between “regular” and “special” education. By instituting a defined set of goals and standards, the teaching can proceed by a subtle gradient to proficiency. Goals are stated clearly before the program is begun, and likewise progress can be evaluated. Teaching, while it is directed toward a common end, becomes individualized and, at the same time, contributes a much needed increase in the efficient use of time and personnel.

Patent and technical literature contain a wide variety of references to sulfation and sulfonation. Many of these relate to methods specific for individual compounds or substituted functional groups, or to involved methods undesirable for commercial plant operation. Other references relate to gross methods wherein simplicity of operation is unrestricted by close product quality specifications. Sulfation and sulfonation for detergent manufacture fall in between these examples, being relatively straight-forward operations but subject to the strict requirements of good color and low residual oil content in the finished detergent. From the process standpoint, good color and low oil content tend to be opposing requirements. To achieve both requires careful selection and control of the process variables. There still remains much room for improvement in the techniques of detergent manufacture directed toward the economical use of time, equipment, and materials. Since this industry is relatively new and highly competitive, such developments may be expected.

The paper describes modulating control for low-pressure hot-water systems. Compensators and mixing valves are described, and their advantages and disadvantages discussed. The use of time switches is described and typical programmes given. Frost-protection devices for overriding time switches are reviewed, and a strong plea is made for greater simplicity. Difficulties which can arise from faulty positioning of thermostats are discussed. Thermostats detecting lower temperatures than they are intended to can cause safety devices to shut the plant down unnecessarily, and examples are given of such occurrences. Heat retained in the boiler refractories can cause the water temperature to go on rising after the burner has shut off. A heat balance is drawn up and suggestions made for preventing this phenomenon from operating high-temperature safety devices. The difficulties of sequence control of two or more boilers in parallel are discussed. It is difficult to find a method of detecting part load which does not make the boilers hunt; this problem is discussed and a solution for one particular case is offered.

In the hope that some of the pitfalls may in future be avoided, the paper discusses problems associated with the various methods of stress corrosion testing, without providing a catalogue of test methods. Thus, the use of time to failure as a parameter that measures susceptibility may lead to erroneous conclusions, whilst designers may be misled if they are not aware that KISCC values, as sometimes determined from pre-cracked specimen tests, are not as reproducible as those design parameters, such as yield stress or ultimate tensile stress, with which they are more familiar. The effects of specimen surface area, and its relation to solution volume, as well as surface finish, are among other quantities that may cause discrepancies between results from different laboratories. Similarly, in relation to environmental aspects of testing, the dangers in the use of ‘standard’ solutions are indicated and the necessity, in simulating service failures, of precisely reproducing the composition of the enviro...

This paper reports several research applications of time shared computers. It has often been claimed that time shared computers cannot be used effectively in research. It is found that, for a large range of experiments in physics, the time shared computer is ideal. Use of a time shared system is less expensive, more interactive, more versatile, and much faster than on‐line computer systems. Use of time shared systems is more interactive than batch processing computer facilities. Experimental results are described from a wide range of experiments. The experiments concern plasma waves in solids, color centers in the ultraviolet, and electron tunneling measurements of ir impurity bands in insulators. The results reported demonstrate the wide versatility of the computer experiment system in such areas as data reduction, data smoothing, graphing, and plotting.

Society, consisting of all people and all social agencies, has educational needs which merit careful and intelligent examination. It is aptly noted that learning is always an individual matter. Yet, an individual does not learn in a social vacuum. Mostly, he learns as a result of what society provides in the way of stimulus, facility, and the example of older people. Former Governor Sam Houston Jones has referred to the example of a little one-room school at Sugartown Community, Beauregard Parish of Louisiana. It was established nearly a century ago. Though called "academy" it was almost entirely without those physical appurtenances now regarded as essential for the promotion of learning. Nevertheless, there came from that school a number of "graduates" who served society with distinction. The reasons are not hard to find. In that community there were social attitudes and conditions which caused the school to be established. Teacher and pupils were motivated by those interests and those values upon which society then and there placed a premium. The few students who enrolled at Sugartown were just a small fraction of those of school age in that place. They were a highly selected group, factors of selection being economic, intellectual quality, and motivation. Going to school, and striving for worthy achievement in school entailed the use of time, energy, and money that could easily have been devoted to other things. They went to school and applied themselves with diligence because, where they lived, there were people who believed that a good education was worth great effort, even sacrifice.

An investigation of an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens foodborne illness indicated that turkey or dressing prepared in a school kitchen was responsible. When turkey was again prepared in the kitchen, a bacteriological survey and a time-temperature evaluation were made of the thawing, cooking, chilling, and reheating to which the turkey, stock, or dressing were subjected. During thawing of 22-lb. turkeys in plastic wrappers and in paper bags at room temperature for 18 hr, neither internal nor surface temperatures reached a level at which C. perfringens could grow. Cooking the turkeys in a steamer or in a pot of boiling water raised internal temperatures to a level lethal to vegetative cells. The stock (in gallon jars and a large rectangular pan) and deboned meat (in similar pan) were stored overnight in a reach-in refrigerator. During storage the temperature of both were within a range so that C. perfringens spores could germinate and its vegetative cells multiply for 7–9 hr. The stock was later used in dressing, which when baked, reached internal temperatures known to destroy vegetative cells of C. perfringens. Meat and gravy, when reheated, did not reach such levels. Clostridium perfringens, Staphylocoocus aureus, and Salmonella were isolated from raw turkey; C. perfringens was isolated from cooked meat, stock, and kitchen equipment. Nine recommendations for heat destruction of vegetative cells, inhibition of bacterial growth during storage, and cleaning and sanitizing equipment are made. These recommendations will help prevent foodborne illness whenever turkey and dressing are prepared.

PERSONAL typewriting became a regular part of the curriculum of the University High School of the University of Chicago in 1939, after a year of experimentation and research sponsored jointly by the School of Business and the Department of Education. Strictly nonvocational, the course has as its chief aims: (i) useful skill in transcribing from typewritten, longhand, or printed copy; (2) ability to compose directly at the typewriter; (3) ability to use typewriting as a study tool; (4) fluency and accuracy in written language; (5) habits of self-criticism through editing and revising; (6) wider range of interests; (7) proficiency in letter-writing; (8) responsibility to one's self and to the group for effective use of time and care of equipment; (9) improvement in concentration, self-control, sustained attention, and pride in workmanship; and (io) application of skill to communication, record-keeping, and other written language needs in school and home situations. This course is offered as an elective in Grades VII-X, inclusive. The class meets three periods a week for one year. There are from sixteen to twenty boys and girls in a class. Seventhand eighthgrade pupils are usually assigned to one class, and ninthand tenthgrade pupils to another. As in the other courses which require no preparation outside class, this course carries one credit for each class hour, or three credits. Typewriters equipped with the Dvorak simplified keyboard are used because the scientific keyboard reduces materially the time necessary to acquire useful skill and therefore allows the earlier application of that skill. This keyboard, scientifically developed after 284

Benjamin Franklin said that " to love life is to love time, since time is the stuff that life is made of." The enormous scope of activity that is open to us today makes it doubtful that most people can accomplish all that they would like within their life span. No one is more concerned with the efficient use of time than the executive. Take, for example, George Baker III, who is president of U.S.A., Inc., forty-seven, and a college graduate. On a typical workday he drives an hour and a quarter to and from his office, where he spends a conventional eight hours. Although he works an average of five hours per week at home, he also squeezes more than four hours of leisure activity, plus one and a half hours of educational development, into most days. His life is well-balanced in terms of work, play, and sleep. His working time does not appear to be so well organized. Since he has never "logged" his time, George is not able to say exactly where his day goes. He does know, however, that there never seems to be enough time for some important activities, such as planning. Although he is most productive when left alone, he cannot manage to get enough uninterrupted work time during the week. The telephone constantly intrudes on his concentration, and his secretary cannot seem to prevent this. As his people leave for the day, George (not a believer in electronic dictation equipment) can often be found dictating correspondence to his stenographer, and trying to figure out why he got so little done during the last eight hours.

Here is a sequel to Professor Joseph M. Trickett9s article A More Effective Use of Time which appeared in the summer issue of CMR. In it, members of the UCLA Executive Training Program present their composite ideas.

(1967). The use of time‐limited relationship therapy with borderline patients. Smith College Studies in Social Work: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 127-141.

A sociologist examines the pressures and assumptions that make ubiquitous the use of time as the unit of academic credit in American higher education.

WHAT DOES the average college student do dur ing the summer? Does he go to summer school; travel; work; or simply take a vacation? If he works, how much does he save toward educational expenses? If he goes to summer school, what is the scope of the program he pursues? In short, what in fact are the present characteristics of the basic clientele available to a university as it seeks to offer opti mum educational services throughout the year? What possible time and finances do students, en rolled during the regular year, have for summer attendance? Such questions are fundamental to any discussion of academic calendar review; yet, surprisingly enough, they have not generally been asked in any systematic way. Educators sometimes have operat ed on hunches based upon partial data. Many hunch es turn out to be incorrect when exposed to the light of actual statistics. This is a report of what one university, The Uni versity of Wisconsin, Madison campus, discovered when it sought information on summer use of time on the part of its students in order to evaluate more effectively institutional policies and plans. * Every student registering on the Madison campus of The University of Wisconsin in the fall of 1961 was asked to complete a short punched card questionnaire. Some 94 percent of the students completed the cards. From the 18, 847 usable cards, a variety of perti nent tables was constructed. At the outset, let it be said these tables reaffirm a fact well known to education researchers; there is no such thing as a "typical stuJ^nt. " Distinc tions must be drawn on the basis of u^rtain charac teristics. Summer Activities

Here is first aid for that paramount problem of the average executive, how to manage time so that he is no longer clobbered by too-imminent deadlines, senseless interruptions, and homework. It presents a way to analyze job activities, delegate secondary tasks, and get first things done first so that there can actually be time left over in which to think and plan. Included also are hints on how to lock the door against the biggest business time thieves of all, an overactive telephone and that unscheduled caller who drops in just to “renew contacts.”

though these activities are widely enjoyed as pastime, many individuals support the idea that time might be utilized more culturally. Worthwhile activities, leading to lasting sources of pleasure, are certainly an objective of these people. Attending a variety of musical performances on a regular basis is one means of productive utilization of nonworking hours. This use of time can lead to refined

Each time a new topic is introduced in elementary school mathematics, the teacher is faced with a number of questions concerning the approach, sequence, and materials that should be used. Suggestions from resea rch are often available for aid in answering these specific questions. Also a number of qu estions concerning use of time, organization, and approach are pertinent to improving the teaching of the majority of topics in elementary school mathematics. The material th at follows poses several questions concerned with use of teaching time for elementary school mathematics instruction and gives uggestions from research for each question.

(1974). The Use of Time: Daily Activities of Urban and Suburban Populations in Twelve Countries. Edited by Alexander Szalai in collaboration with Philip E. Converse, Pierre Feldheim, Erwin K. Scheuch and Philip J. Stone. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 84-86.

Some sort of reportorial process is necessary for evaluation of undergraduate laboratory work. A variety of methods currently employed are not entirely satisfactory. Ideally, such a process should accomplish its purpose with a minimum expenditure of time and effort and, wherever possible, enhance the educational efficiency of the laboratory. Under certain conditions, verbal communication may be employed to these ends. In addition to more efficient use of time, other results include: more accurate evaluation, increased effectiveness of laboratory problems as teaching devices, and useful training in the use of verbal communication. In other terms, the communication channel between instructor and student may be given greater capacity, less noise, and changed more nearly into a closed loop.

The differences between patients and staff in the use of time and space on the ward were much greater than between different patient groups and different staff groups. Patients spent considerably more time involved in isolated behaviours, active and passive, and in mixed active behaviours, while staff spent more time in social activities and looking after ward routine. Also, patients spent a large percentage of their time in the bedrooms and very little in staff offices, while the staff spent a large percentage of time in the offices and very little in the bedrooms. However, differences between patient groups do exist — chronic patients were more likely to be involved in isolated passive behaviours and spend a larger percentage of time in the bedrooms. Female active patients were more likely to be involved in isolated passive behaviours than male active patients, and were also more likely to be found in their bedrooms. Finally, male patients were liable to be involved in mixed activities, especially industrial therapy. Differences between the staff of different wards in the use of time and space were small — the staff of the female wards spent more time in the dining rooms while those of the chronic ward were usually involved in isolated passive behaviours. Differences between male and female staff were similar to differences between male and female patients. Female staff spent more time in their own ‘territory’ (the staff offices) and they were more often observed in isolated passive behaviour. Male staff were more likely to be involved in mixed activities with patients, especially industrial therapy. The activity patterns of the various locations were very similar across the wards although marked differences existed between staff and patients. Patients used bedrooms for isolated passive behaviours and staff used bedrooms for talking and routine. Staff were much more likely to use sitting rooms for social behaviour than were patients. Washrooms were used by both staff and patients for isolated active behaviours, such as reading.