Search

This article reviews "Work in America: Report of a Special Task Force to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" (1973). A primary recommendation of the report is that job enlargement efforts may aid employee alienation concerns. The article focuses on the scientific position of the job-design piece of the report, including issues of self-esteem, identity, and sense of order. A discussion of job enrichment as a solution to self-esteem problems is presented in terms of science and then politics. The author suggests that the writer of the report wants to solve problems of individuality and powerlessness through social action. more...

It was once said that there is nothing so useful as a theory that works. Understanding the role of risk in consumer behavior may provide the basis for combining consumer behavior theory with marketing management action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article clarifies the importance and nature of self-attitude and how to evaluate it and proposes a possible connection between some physical education programs and self-attitude improvement. It is stated that an individual's self-esteem furnish more to his mental health. In measuring self-attitude change, it is stated that the instrument must be created to gauge the self-attitude rather than self-constructs, and only the pre-post test experimental design can separate the effects of a particular program. And in addition to numerous stimuli to which the individual is faced, calculating self-attitude is a limitation to eventual program implementation. more...

The article focuses on methods of retaining professional employees. It states that the importance and number of professional employees will grow by 40 per cent between 1960 and 1970 due to the increasing size and complexity of business organizations, technological innovations in the workplace, and research and development's rapid expansion. It mentions that the U.S. Department of Commerce defines professional employees to include accountants, engineers, statisticians, chemists, and physicists. It comments on the higher level of education of professional employees compared to other types of workers. more...

This paper examines the empirical evidence for Adams' theory of inequity. Studies testing propositions concerning the effects of inequity on performance and on allocation of rewards, and concerning the determinants and the psychological state of inequity are analyzed. There seems to be initial support for the theory. Some methodological and theoretical issues relevant for further validating the theory are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The solution to many marketing problems lies in the application of pertinent knowledge from the social and behavioral sciences. In this study, self-other orientation, a social-psychological concept referring to an individual's perception of himself in relation to significant other persons and groups, was used to examine behavior of salesmen. This instrument for the measurement of personality traits provided a basis for the study of interpersonal interaction. Selling usually involves interaction [1, 6]; hence, the salesman cannot be meaningfully studied in isolation or through an identification of a few characteristics. Each individual has a distinctive, habitual pattern of interaction. Various methods of interaction analysis have been employed to identify the significant attitudes and behaviors critical to success in selling [3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 16]. However, the complexity of the individual and the difficulties in analyzing his total cognitive structure have caused the salesman's behavior to remain something of an enigma. Exploratory research has shown a relationship between perceived performance-satisfaction of industrial salesmen and certain components of self-other orientation [10, 11] and a difference between salesmen and nonsalesmen on one of these components [22]. In this study, an attempt was made to learn more about the salesman's behavior through an analysis of his self-other relations measured by a standardized instrument [17]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This article presents a response to a critique by Schuchman and Perry of a study on the relationship of persuasibility and self-confidence from the May 1969 issue of "Journal of Marketing Research." The authors argued in the original paper that people with lower self-confidence were easier to persuade. The original authors, in an experiment with nylon hosiery, believed that the results showed that women with low specific self-confidence were more likely to change their perception after seeing a tape with an alleged sales person. This information appeared to be curvilinear, not linear as previously thought. Schuchman and Perry believe that this particular experiment was a fluke, but one of the original authors believes the data from the original experiment is strong enough to be published. more...

The article examines the relationship between deprivation and negative self-images. Self-esteem and powerlessness are generally conceded to be central characteristics of an individual's overall self-concept and serve as the primary focus of the article. Self-esteem refers to the intrinsic value or worth an individual attaches to himself as a person. The sense of powerlessness denotes perceptions about the ability to master and control the external social and political environment. Low self-esteem and a strong sense of powerlessness indicate a generally "negative" self-image while high self-esteem and little sense of powerlessness indicate a "positive" self-image. Observed differences in the self-perceptions of young blacks and whites provide particularly convincing evidence of the link between deprivation and negative self-evaluations; black children and adolescents generally display less positive self-perceptions than their white counter-parts. The growing influence of the black liberation movement during the latter half of the 1960's; the movement's emphasis on black power and black pride may have overcome to some degree the negative effects of deprivation on black sell-images, particularly among those blacks who were adolescents or young adults during the period. more...

The article discusses self-esteem, locus of control and approval motivation in married couples. While there has been a substantial amount of research on self-esteem, locus of control, and approval motivation, there have been no reports of the relationships among these variables on married couples. Such a study can be enlightening in several ways. There is probably no personality trait more significant in the context of total psychological functioning than self-esteem, a characteristic that has been related, either empirically or theoretically, to such vital phenomena as depression, satisfactory levels of functioning in interpersonal relations and maternal acceptance of children. more...

SUMMARY It was predicted from the theories of Bardwick that 1) male self-esteem would be greater than female self-esteem only among the older children of the preadolescent sample, 2) reading achievement would correlate with self-esteem for boys in all age groups but only for the younger girls, and 3) individual self-esteem items that showed sex differences would be sex-role related. Data on self-esteem and reading score were collected on 307 urban children in second through sixth grades. Analysis of results confirmed predictions 1 and 3, but not prediction 2. Reading score did not show a significant correlation with self-esteem for girls at any age level tested. Results were discussed in terms of differing sources of male and female self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

SUMMARY The hypothesis that physical attractiveness is positively correlated with happiness, psychological health, and self-esteem was tested with 211 men and women undergraduates. Physical attractiveness was measured by judges' ratings, while happiness, psychological health (neuroticism), and self-esteem were measured by self-report inventories. Physical attractiveness was found to correlate positively with happiness (r = .37), negatively with neuroticism (r = -.22), and positively with self-esteem (r = .24) for women but not for men (corresponding rs = .09, .03, and -.04, respectively). These results were accounted for by the suggestion that physical attractiveness "buys" more for women than for men, and the most prominent outcomes obtained by physical attractiveness friends and dates--are of greater value to women undergraduates than men. The superior outcomes obtained by the attractive women made them happy, psychologically healthy, and proud of themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Level of self-esteem was hypothesized to be related to aspects of participation in a classroom group. Three measures of self-esteem were used to test the hypotheses that college students with low self-esteem would (1) say less in class (2) contribute a smaller proportion of their thoughts to class discussion and (3) sit farther back in the classroom than Ss with high self-esteem. These hypotheses were not confirmed for the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (2) or for the Ziller Social Self-Esteem Scale (14) , but all were confirmed for the subscale of the Coopersmith inventory specifically related to school self-esteem (t= 2. 06, 3. 35, 3.86, p >.05, .01, .01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This article focuses on the future of post-industrial administration. The first element of post-industrial administration is service administration. This element is post-industrial in that it is not directed to processes of producing things or regulating the production of things, but to the service of one human being by another. Several aspects of knowledge society are important in public administration. The first is the gradual shift from the ideology of growth and the politics of distribution to an ideology of quality and the politics of self-esteem. A second important aspect of knowledge society is the rise of public social inquiry systems and corresponding analytical bureaucracies for the design, development and modification of service systems. A third aspect is the puzzling disjunction between industrial economics and the political economy of a service-technology economy. A fourth aspect is the increasing importance of the politics, law, and administration of knowledge and technology. As a result of the shift of the locus of much analysis and choice into administrative and technical operations, a politics-administration choice dichotomy is evolving out of the politics-administration dichotomy of the past. more...

The article examines the relationship between self-esteem and sexual permissiveness in students from conservative, moderate, and liberal colleges. The authors claim that the cultural and social atmospheres on campuses are related to the degree of sexual permisiveness among students as well. The study conducted by the authors found that subjects with high self-esteem on a liberal campus had more sexual partners, whereas an earlier study on a conservative campus found the opposite. more...

natural social disruption produced by the attempted assassination of George Wallace provided an opportunity to conduct a field study concerned with the mediating effects of self-esteem, birth-order, sex, and social situation on the relationship between anxiety and interpersonal communication among a sample of high school students. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, the significant relationship between anxiety and affiliation, while affected by social situation, was not generally influenced or mediated by the other variables. Possible explanations for these findings are explored, and an overall causal model is suggested to account for the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article presents the views of the author on the concepts of teaching. Teaching has three essential ingredients, helping another to develop and learn, respecting and loving oneself and others and a blending of the abstract and the practical. A teacher is defined as a person who or a situation which, helps another person learn something more quickly and easily than he could by himself. The article also presents simple, self-explanatory guidelines that can make a person, a teacher to be capable of respecting and loving oneself and others. more...

A review of material on peer teaching at the elementary, secondary, and college level shows that the effects of peer teaching may result in an improvement in test grades for both tutors and tutees, though the evidence would favor an improvement for the tutor. In addition, peer teaching leads to an improvement in self-image, and a positive attitude toward school and/or a particular class on the part of both tutors and tutees. It is suggested, then, that the use of undergraduates as teachers can improve attitudes toward a class, as well as result in improved grades for tutors and tutees as a result of increased interaction. A peer teaching program used at the University of Minnesota and Arizona State University is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Self-esteem and parole adjustment is examined in this study. Earlier studies reported on the development of an instrument to measure self-esteem in a reliable manner. Changes in self-esteem as a result of incarceration and other experiences have been examined. However, no studies of the relationship between the self-esteem of prison inmates and their post-institutional adjustment have been reported. The findings of this study, based on measured self-esteem of 142 inmates just prior to release, suggest a small but statistically significant positive correlation (R = .25) between pre-release self-esteem and parole adjustment. Further areas of study are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Studies the importance of the concept of self-esteem and its relation to personal effectiveness. Amount of respecting, accepting and concerned treatment that an individual receives from the significant others in his life; Attributes of a constructive communicative relationship; Effect of the degree to which a young adult perceives his parents' communication as constructive on his level of self-esteem; Correlation between a son's level of self-esteem and his perception of his mother's congruence. more...

Discusses research on sex differences in persuasibility in the United States. Young American females are more susceptible to social influence than young American males; Self-esteem and self-confidence; Personality variables; Conflicting evidence; Listening comprehension; Sex-role identification; Female membership in a social group. more...

The article presents a study which investigates the self perceptions of men and women and a partner of the opposite sex in dyadic communication. The study randomly selected students from public speaking classes at the University of Illinois and were asked to read the paragraph describing the problem of theft. Content analysis of the responses showed that the women held negative values of their worth while men have greater interest in competing for achievement and success. more...

This article presents a study that examined the effects of scholastic achievement, clerical skill, and self-esteem on job success in a sample of hard-core unemployed (HCU) clerical workers who underwent a training program at a medium-sized insurance company. Scholastic achievement, defined as the ability to perform fundamental verbal and arithmetic tasks, has been suggested as having a relationship with HCU job success. HCU self-esteem has been reported as influencing HCU job behavior and found self-esteem to be enhanced through successful task accomplishment. In addition, it was found that the perception of HCU of the supportiveness of their co-workers was related to supervisory ratings of HCU job performance. Scholastic achievement, the level of ability required to perform fundamental verbal and arithmetic tasks, was measured by the Stanford Achievement Test. The authors suggested that validity of the test be demonstrated for each administration by matching items in the battery with the goals or objectives of a particular education program. Clerical skill for entry level clerical jobs was measured by the Minnesota Clerical Test. The instrument used to measure HCU self-esteem was the Rosenbaum and DeCharm's Self-Esteem Scale. It was learned that this scale purports to measure behaviors indicate of feelings of social adequacy or inadequacy in social situations. more...

The article presents information on self-esteem and romantic love. Previous studies have generally considered the influence of self-esteem on less intense forms of interpersonal attraction than romantic love. Several correlational studies report finding positive relationships. The present study investigated whether personality variations in stable self-esteem correlate with facets of romantic attraction. Standard, self-report techniques for identifying individual differences in sell-esteem, however, usually introduce serious confounding with social desirability response sets. Indeed, verbal self-report measures of self-esteem typically correlate as strongly with social desirability as they do with each other. Self-actualization theorists have frequently emphasized the need to consider an individual's level of defensiveness in addition to self-esteem in order to predict one's capacity for interpersonal involvement. It therefore seemed important to assess both these variables as potential correlates of romantic love. more...

The article focuses on the fear of success in Australian and American student groups. In an important contribution to the literature on achievement motivation, researcher M.S. Horner has argued that women suffer from a fear of success in competitive achievement situations. Whereas for most men success in competitive achievement activity is consistent with masculinity and self-esteem, women often pay a price when they succeed, especially in pursuits that are commonly held to be the province of the male and where some degree of ruthlessness and aggression may be the prerequisites for success. For women competitiveness often has overtones of aggression and masculinity. Success by women in competition with others may be taken as evidence of a lack of femininity, and it may lead to social rejection and disapproval, an unfortunate outcome since much of the evidence suggests that women depend a lot upon the approval and esteem of significant others and are very concerned with interpersonal relationships. In her analysis Homer assumed that fear of success may be a relatively stable personality disposition in women, that it is aroused in competitive achievement situations especially where important men are present. more...

Four theories of the origins of God concepts (Freudian, Adlerian, Social Learning, and Self-Esteem) were compared utilizing partial correlation techniques. The Ss were 198 Catholic youth from 3 parochial schools. Slightly more support was gained for the Adlerian and Self-Esteem positions than for the Freudian and Social Learning frameworks. Both methodogolical and theoretical questions are raised challenging such exclusively individualistic explanations; and sociocultural possibilities are introduced. Serious measurement difficulties merit research consideration before this longstanding problem in the psychology of religion can be successfully resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The study appraised the effects of four independent variables--nationality, age of verbal model, sex of verbal model, and age of subject--on changes in level of self-esteem. Two hundred and forty institutionalized adolescents, 120 Thai and 120 American, served as Ss. Treatment implementation involved exposing the Ss to positive self-descriptive paragraphs and a positively scored Self-Esteem Scale purportedly completed by an imaginary pen pal. Ss then wrote a self-descriptive paragraph for the pen pal. Pretest-posttest change scores were analyzed in a 2 X 3 X 2 X 2 ANOVA. Thai Ss gained significantly more than American Ss, and significant interactions for nationality by age of model, and sex of verbal model by age of S were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Social and familial correlates of self-esteem (SE), in relation to tribal acculturation, were Investigated in 72 American Indian reservation children who had shown highly significant negative SE relative to Anglo norms. Ss were 34 Miccosukee and 38 Seminole children and their mothers (N = 32), all of the same ethnolinguistic group. Results indicated that although the tribes did not differ in socialization practices, both mothers and children in the less acculturated, more socially intact tribe (Miccosukee) had significantly higher SE than more acculturated (Seminole) counter-parts. Across tribes, (a) girls were significantly higher in SE and perceived parental love than boys, and (b) daughters' SE was positively correlated with maternal SE, and sons' SE with perceived love. Findings were discussed in terms of the interaction of familial and sociocultural variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The vitality of religion's frustration reduction function is examined in terms of death fear and self-esteem, and the utility of religion in promoting norm adherence is assessed through analysis of the effects of religion on orientations toward the social responsibility norm. Religion is dimensionalized into public and private ritual activity (church attendance and devotionalism), religious experience and religious ortkodoxy. Results from a statewide probability sample of males indicate that high levels of frustration are no more prevalent among the non religious than among those high in religiosity, but that devotionalism promotes norm adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...