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The article reports on the assumption that consumer behavior is influenced by social class. The author focuses on market research that suggests that income level affects patronage behavior and decision making. The study, which focuses on the behaviors of consumers that are willing to travel an average of 26 miles to shop at three different shopping malls located north of Birmingham, Alabama. The assembled data indicates that rural shoppers are often willing to travel longer distances to visit retailers. Additional socioeconomic factors are examined in relation to store patronage.

The article reports that the management must be sensitive to the problems connected with the use of internal consultants. Organizations must carefully consider the key elements, which affect the end result of their use, namely, the sponsor, the terms of reference, the way of working of the internal-consultant group, the methods of analysis and of reporting and the appraisal of results. In order to exist every project needs a sponsor. The more ill-defined or remote the sponsor, the less likely the management is to achieve a successful end result. The sponsor's methods of working and ability to use resources outside his direct control all have a fundamental bearing on the management of improvement. To overcome the problems associated with using an internal consultant the solutions should be evolved with members of the organization in such a way that the recommendations simply summarize and confirm the proposals already agreed to. Project progress reports can be verbally given to a steering committee appointed by the sponsor, and this committee should meet regularly to review progress and to agree to changes in plan, time scale or objectives.

In the university of `Kamakura' in a developing country, the university teachers officially hold the main power. Nevertheless students successfully exert many informal pressures on them, These pressures (and the compromises in which they result) are of two main kinds. First, there are those by groups (a lecture class, a seminar group, or a group of examinees). Second there are pressures and compromises which involve individual students and staff These sometimes result in a long-term relationship between individual staff and students similar to a patron-client relationship. The main spheres in which these individual student pressures operate are consultation about the student's academic work and future career, financial and administrative problems, and formal appointments of students as personal research assistants. Both sides benefit from the relationship, but the math gains and the main pressures are on the side of the student. This analysis parallels work on other types of complex organization elsewhere and has implications for research on British universities where it is possible that similar patterns may be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the councils of patronage. For many years the Italian government had been studying the needs for penal reform. The preliminary projects of the several commissions finally assumed definite form and on July 1, 1931, the new penal law and code of criminal procedure took effect. Many interesting changes are contained in these laws which have been worked out by the Fascist government. Of outstanding importance is the introduction of the dual system of treating offenders. Certain criminals are punished because of their guilt while others are placed under measures of public safety because of their social dangerousness. Most countries have recognized in theory the need for and many have established in practice some kind of organization to supervise the activities of the released or discharged prisoner. The American Parole Boards, the German Entlassenen Füsorger associations and the English Visitor System and Prison Aid Societies are examples of the various efforts made to reduce recidivism by aiding the prisoner who is about to be discharged or who has been released.

Political clientelism in Southern Italy has shown great persistence and capacity for conditioning the entire Italian political development. Accounting for these characteristics, clientelism is better understood as the product of the incomplete capitalistic rationalization of the Southern economy. Throughout the 19th century in Sicily, the feudo remained the basis of the economic and social structure, while in the continental South the feudal system disintegrated more quickly and widely. The resulting different models of social relationships within the Mezzogiorno, make it meaningful for our purposes to distinguish between two types of clientele, which may be termed clientela mafiosa and Neopolitan clientele. The second part of the article is concerned with the dynamics of the clientelistic system in post-1945 Southern Italy and more generally with the relationship between clientelism and political development. The transition from the clientelism of the notables to political party-directed patronage is studied both at the local level and in the context of the whole South. It is then argued that clientelism is a very poor tool for political development since it has two effects on the social structure and the political process: these effects will be called disorganic integration and exclusivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on defining the concept of goodwill. Initially goodwill was defined as nothing more than the probability of old customers returning to the old place. In one instance, goodwill has been defined as an intangible property which, in the nature of things, can have no existence apart from a business of some sort that has been established and carried on at a particular place. Goodwill is the favor which the management of a business wins from the public and the probability that all customers will continue their patronage. It is the general public patronage and encouragement which a business receives from its customers on account of its local position; that is the subject of value and price and of bargain and sale, though intangible. In this definition, the patronage concept is dominant, although its dependence upon location is still mentioned. In general, it may be stated that the emphasis upon the local aspect of goodwill has declined gradually, although there has been considerable overlapping of views in point of time.

An essay is presented on the British judiciary during legal reform efforts in the 20th century. The article states that British judicial appointments were made at the behest of the British Lord Chancellor. The article examines whether British judges were biased as a result of political patronage, the conservatism of British judges following World War II, and the judicial career of Sir Christopher Lewpole. The author argues for reform of the British judicial appointment process.

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The article discusses the paper presented by Pahl zu regarding rural-urban continuum. Pahl has performed a long-overdue service for European rural sociologists in ailing attention to some of the basic underlying problems of the rural-urban continuum. Most of his cogent criticisms, with reference to the methodological problems entailed in transforming a potential into an actual continuum, are well taken. He has also provided a lucid and fruitful analysis of the metropolitan village by showing the existence of marked discontinuities. Throughout the paper Pahl argues persistently against the concept of the rural-urban continuum as a valid analytical tool for explaining the key patterns of rural and urban life. In fact, it appears that he considers the construct absolutely useless in almost every respect. The analytical concepts which Paid has proposed instead- role, social network, patron-client relationship, and, especially, local and national systems- deserve to be taken seriously in their own right.

The article reflects on the bids for patronage following the request by the Superintendent of Schools. According to the author, they have provided sample bids for patronage and gave some of the original addresses that may be had for the one dollar per thousand words. The author stresses that this list must be kept at hand to check the men who deliver the addresses for which they have paid.

The article argues that aristocracy is irreconcilable with democracy. While aristocracy can improve conditions by the patronage of the financially and socially elect, it can never promote democracy. Democracy is possible only through public respect for the common people and the self-respect of the common people. Initiative by the people rather than the patronization of a few makes democracy possible.

The article offers information regarding the cause of the strife of the patricians and the plebeians. The cause of the strife is one of the questions in the Yale University examination papers published in the "Journal." An account concerning the issue as narrated in Latin abridgement of Roman history is presented. After translating the narration, it is suggested to William Shakespeare's play entitled "Coriolanus."