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This paper discusses affective strategies for teaching reading at the elementary school level. The contents include: "Use of Newspaper," which presents a chart of reading skills to be used by the teacher and provides such suggestions for developing interest in the newspaper as having a newspaper editor visit the classroom, role playing as advertising salespeople, and writing a class newspaper; "Listening Stations Enjoyable," which discusses how to use listening stations to develop oral vocabulary, to provide students with practice in visualization, and to involve students in poetry study; "Applying Word Attack," which discusses a strategy of word identification using a formula; "Television Programs Used," which looks at educational television programs and how they can be used to develop imagination, to teach reading, and to provide situations for dramatization; and "Conclusion." (WR)

Julio Mesquita joined the staff of "O Estado de Sao Paulo" in 1885 and became a director in 1891, when he also began his first term as a deputy of the Sao Paulo state assembly. Until his death in 1927, Mesquita guided the newspaper's growth in all respects--editorial, political, technological, and economic. Julio de Mesquita Filho assumed leadership of the paper after his father's death. In 1930 "O Estado" backed Getulio Vargas for president, only to turn against him when Vargas' dictorial intent became apparent. In 1940 Vargas took over the paper and in 1945 the government returned the paper to the Mesquitas and "O Estado" immediately resumed its anti-Vargas stance, only to see Vargas' hand-picked successor elected to office. "O Estado" was a leader in modern production techniques in the post-World War II period and also set high standards in employee benefits and working conditions. In the early 1960s, "O Estado" opposed the left-leaning government in power and supported the military takeover of 1964. Four years later the political climate, including institutionalized press censorship, was such that Mesquita Filho ceased writing editorials. At his death in 1969, "O Estado" was a prime target of government repression. (Author/RB)

The focus of this paper is on three questions: Who are the professional women on newspaper staffs? How do they feel about their jobs? What are their job expectations? Questionnaires were sent to each of Wisconsin's 35 daily newspaper editors (all men), a brief form for the editor and a longer form for each woman on his news-editorial staff. Tabulation of the results indicates that a typical newspaperwoman is a full-time reporter, a college graduate with a major in journalism, 28 years old, and about as likely to be single as married. She has five years experience in newspaper work, is making $180 a week, and plans to have or has had a long career in journalism. These women perceive their jobs as no different in performance than those of men, and most of their editors agree. Most women are satisfied with their jobs but have felt discrimination and expect opposition from their male co-workers. They feel their jobs provide poor opportunities to advance and only fair to poor use of their abilities. Their occupational expectations are not high; few seek to be managing editors, publishers, or editors-in-chief. And they feel their chances of getting into management positions are less compared to their male co-workers. Several ways for gaining equality in the newsroom are suggested. (TO)

Individuals engage in media behavior several times daily. If a medium is actually used, that decision is one of a series of points which constitute a media behavior unit. The media behavior unit is used in several ways. First, by looking at particular attributes, researchers can determine whether an individual is consistent in medium behavior--whether John Doe usually reads the newspaper in the same sequence. If the attribute in question is not medium-bound, then researchers can determine how consistent an individual is across media behaviors--whether John Doe is more consistent in his affective evaluation of content consumed during newspaper reading than of that consumed during television viewing. Secondly, the analytic unit described allows researchers to focus on relationships in the actual media situation. For example, when people are lonely are they more likely to turn on the radio for company or do they seek a particular content? This example illustrates two concepts introduced in this paper, media-seeking and content-seeking. Content-seeking is viewed as the process in which individuals desire that a function pertaining to content be fulfilled and then engage in media behavior. In media-seeking the function the individual wants fulfilled is not tied to content. (Author/RB)

The reason for creating the Task for Reporting, Interviewing, and Observing (TRIO) was to make selective perception and metaphoric transformation come alive for students. This paper includes the experiences in designing, implementing, and trying out the exercise, a description of the exercise, a summary of the participants' play, and suggestions and recommendations on how the exercise can be used in similar and other kinds of settings. TRIO allows students to play various roles in reporting, being reported on, and news report evaluating. The exercise includes nursing students as specialists who present the pros and cons of abortion to another group of nurses. The presentation is covered by journalism students who write up news reports of the event for a lay audience. Groups of reporters cover the event under differing conditions, including second-hand and third-hand reporting. Afterward the lay audience, the reporters, and the specialists evaluate the coverage and prizes are awarded for the best stories. A give-and-take discussion is held a week after the event for all the participants. (Also included are selected bibliographies on gaming and simulations.) (Author/RB)

Findings from a 1971-72 North Carolina statewide survey focusing on the newspaper nonreader were compared with results from a similar statewide survey taken in 1961-62 in Wisconsin. Although there were limits to how precisely the two sets of data could be compared, the findings demonstrated that the type of person who chose not to read a newspaper then is the same today. The comparison also provides reasonable evidence that the number of certain kinds of people who choose not to read newspapers is growing. The study suggests that newspapers can react to this development by a more indepth approach to topics of interest to those who find newspapers most useful, generally readers who are urban, well-educated, and of middle age. (TO)

The purposes of this study were to identify the directors of the Associated Press (AP) since 1892, to examine geographic and journalistic representation of the board since then, and to assemble a composite profile of directors' backgrounds and civic involvement, utilizing "Who's Who" sketches and computer analysis of biographical data The study found that AP has had 136 directors (all of them newspaper editors and publishers) since 1892, ranging from 53 years to one-half year in board service. Representation on the board has been disproportionately great for metropolitan areas, for states with metropolitan areas, for areas with relatively few newspapers, and for the morning field of publication. Directors' profiles reveal that less than 50 percent had professional journalism experience and that there were low levels of membership in national, regional, or state journalistic organizations but high levels of involvement in government and non-media corporate affairs. Republicans outnumber democrats two to one, and the board is overwhelmingly Protestant for that half of the directors indicating party and religious affiliation. (Author/RB)

Photographs appearing in October 1-5, 1973, final editions of 16 major daily newspapers published in Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C. were analyzed for total number of pictures published, content category (breaking news, feature, or sports), placement (front page or inside), source (staff, Associated Press, United Press International), "people" or "non-people," sex of primary subject or subjects, and the race of the primary subject or subjects in each picture. Findings include an analysis of overall picture usage as well as city-by-city data. Overall picture usage is broken down by city, newspaper, and day for overall and for front-page-only pictures with detailed cross-tabulations according to content category. This methodology is employed in describing picture sources, "people v. non-people" pictures, and sex and race for "people" pictures only. Overall picture usage findings are then grouped by city to reveal similarities and differences among the six cities studied. Conclusions are drawn concerning the populations actually being served by the 16 major daily newspapers as reflected in their coverage assignments to staff photographers and their picture play. (Author/RB)

An effort was made in this study to determine whether the absence or presence of news film in a television news segment influences a believability or preference judgment made by a respondent when comparing a television report directly with a newspaper report of the same event. One hundred eight students at Temple University viewed one of two videotapes contained eight news reports--four included film and four did not for each tape--and read one newspaper account of each of the eight events. Results showed that television reports with film were consistently more preferred than newspaper reports, but newspaper reports were not consistently more preferred than television reports without film. Results concerning media credibility showed that television reports with film were generally more believed than newspaper reports, and that newspaper reports were generally more believed than television reports without film. Results tended to show that the effect of the use of news film--particularly for believability--depends to some extent on story content. The finding is consistent with results obtained in prior studies of media believability. (Author/RB)

Courses By Newspaper is a national program that offers college-level instruction through the newspapers. The courses have as a target audience the adult learner who has never attended college, the college graduate, and the college dropout. The newspaper lessons are distributed to participating newspapers by the Copley News Service. The newspapers carry the course without charge. The original course is organized and developed by an authority in the field. At this point, 264 newspapers carry the courses, with the number of credit students for the first course numbering 5,000. What makes national newspaper courses so unique is that they offer every citizen the chance to study with the nation's best scholars. (Author/PG)

Advocates of the "new politics" have argued that the use of television for political campaigning can be effectively utilized to encourage and enhance the probability of split ticket voting. Derivation and analysis of seven perceived dimensions of political campaign communication among registered voters finds television unrelated to voting behavior. The print media dimension and media believability discriminate among voter groups. (Author)

With the increasing competition from television in recent years, the newspaper industry has finally realized that it doesn't have the news field as its sole domain. The competition, especially from colored television, and the fast pace of contemporary society have influenced the layout and printing format of the national newspapers in several ways: nonessential print is being removed from the masthead; stress is placed on readable type that lessens eye strain; more white space is left around pictures, making them stand out; emphasis is placed on a horizontal progression in contrast to the vertical columns that characterized the layout of earlier newspapers; and greater attention is given to research concerning the tastes and habits of readers. (The original presentation of this paper included a slide show visually demonstrating examples of layout and format changes in newspapers.) (RB)

This document contains a biographical sketch of Ernie Pyle, the Pulitzer Prizewinning journalist from Indiana who gained fame during World War II as a nationally syndicated correspondent for the Associated Press. The story of Pyle's life is traced from his birth in Dana, Indiana, through his college years and his early years as a roving reporter for the "Washington Daily News," and concludes with his experiences as a war correspondent and his death while covering an invasion in the Pacific. (The original presentation of this sketch included a slide show compiled from pictures taken by the author and from a collection of pictures at Indiana University.) (RB)

This study examined the extent to which media ownership has been concentrated in the top 100 markets over the past half centry, specifically examining trends in broadcasting and cross media (newspaper and broadcasting) ownership within each of these markets. The sample was based on use of the years 1922 and each decennial census year since, allowing a comparison of media growth, ownership status, and population data. The findings of the study were that the number of media outlets in the top markets increased by 270 percent while the number of voices increased by 185 percent over the 1922-70 period; since 1950 there has not been an increase in overall media ownership concentration; several trends suggest that concentration of ownership may increase by the time the 1980 data is examined; the proportion of independent or single station ownership remained constant in the last decade; newspaper control of broadcasting outlets and voices has declined to record low levels; and both media outlets and voices have increased in proportion faster than the population. The study concludes that various trends in the data suggest action may be called for in the future if the policy of diversified media control is to be maintained. (Author/RB)

This paper examines the Arab press under Israeli occupation and presents two hypotheses: freedom of the press under occupation serves both Israeli interests and the Arab population, and freedom of the Arab press under occupation is "relative" and "controlled." By allowing freedom of expression, the Israelis achieve several aims: a free press will prevent the establishment of an underground press and will serve as an outlet for mass tension; a free press assures that the conflict over the future of the occupied areas will be kept in the forefront of Arab public opinion; extremist Arab writings are encouraged by Israeli authorities to justify their stronghold over the occupied areas and to convince the Israeli people that military suppression is the only way to keep normality; and the Arab press is manipulated as a channel of propaganda for Israeli achievements in the occupied areas. Although Arab editors see these facts as negative, they feel that there are positive aspects which can be exploited. They believe that the major role of the press under occupation is to keep the conquered Arabs well informed and enlightened with their morale high. (Author/RB)

The focal points of this study are the role perceptions and the environments of women's page editors from daily and weekly newspapers across the United States. In the role perception areas, equal rights, discrimination, and the role of women in journalism are examined. Salaries, education, college major and minor, and years in the profession are some of the demographic categories studied. Findings reveal that of the 335 women's page editors studied, 305 are women and 30, men. The women's salaries are significantly less than the men's. Sixty-five percent of the women earn $9,000 or less per year, while only 19 women, or 6 percent earn more than $15,000 each year. Eight-two percent of all respondents had some college or graduate school education. Forty-four percent of those editors who had attended college or graduate school took a journalism major or minor. More than 50 percent of the respondents had 10 years or less journalism experience, but the overall mean was 12.5 years. The women's page editors agree strongly that qualifications for a job should be the only considerations in employment. They feel that the prejudice against women on newspapers can be erased with some effort on the part of women's page editors. (Author/SW)

Undertaken to isolate employee characteristics and to determine how they relate to several aspects of employee attitudes toward the corporate newspaper, this study measured the characteristics of employee tenure, job rank, and perceived "self-newspaper" agreement on the manner in which topics were handled within corporate publications. The random sample survey was conducted among the employees of a large West Coast manufacturing firm which specializes in the planning and construction of industrial gas turbine engines and metal alloy research. Main variable effects existed for several dependent attitudinal variables, and several interaction effects occurred for "tenure" and "agreement on the handling of news stories" groupings. It was concluded that the employee's job type and his feelings about the corporate newspaper covering corporate news will have an effect on several attitudinal variables. Several suggestions are made concerning the best method of improving relations with those employees with the least favorable attitude toward the corporate newspaper. (Author/RB)

There are many parallels between the Richard M. Nixon administration and Warren G. Harding's term: both Republicans, both touched by scandal, and both having a unique relationship with the press. But in Harding's case the relationship was a positive one. One of Harding's first official acts as president was to restore the regular White House news conferences which had been dropped by Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Harding made himself available to the members of the press corps; he knew about their job, and he went out of his way to make their work easier. There were times of difficulty--during the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921 when Harding made a diplomatic slip of the tongue and in the summer of 1922 when a million men were idled in two bitter strikes. But for the most part, the president worked with correspondents on the basis of complete frankness and respect which was reciprocated. The friendship and goodwill between Harding and the press advanced the status of White House correspondents to the point where they could not be ignored by future presidents. (Author/RB)

Kenya's dozen or more newspapers and 50 news sheets edited and published by Africans in the turbulent 1945-52 preindependence period were condemned as irresponsible, inflammatory, antiwhite, and seditious by the Kenya colonial government, and this characterization has been accepted by many scholars and journalists, including Africans. There is substantial evidence to show that the newspapers and even the mimeographed news sheets continued to argue for redress of specific African grievances as well as for changes in social, economic, and political policies with responsible arguments and in moderate language up until the Emergency Declaration proscribed the African publications in October of 1952. This reassessment of Kenya's African press is based in part on examination of government records and interviews with some African journalists of the period under study. The primary sources are clippings and tear sheets from the African press collected by Kenya's Criminal Investigation Division. The material, along with comments by colonial officials at the time, shows that the African press of Kenya was by any reasonable standard responsible and moderate much of the time. (Author/RB)

Philadelphia poet and journalist Horace L. Traubel's work as biographer of Walt Whitman has overshadowed his role as crusading editor. Traubel (1858-1919) devoted 30 years to publishing the "Conservator," a monthly newspaper that reflected its editor's idiosyncratic philosophy and crusaded persistently for libertarian principles. He made the "Conservator" a champion of academic and artistic freedom and attacked those who sought to constrain liberties. Although the "Conservator" had a limited circulation, its readers--and Traubel's followers--included a number of noteworthy individuals. Among them were Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs, soap magnate and reformer Joseph Fels, iconoclastic lecturer Robert G. Ingersoll, and William E. Walling, the reformer who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Traubel and the "Conservator" deserve recognition for their contributions to the tradition of dissent in America. (Author/RB)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of the mediational process of the press to discover how much and in what ways press reports of Agnew's speeches differed from his original speeches. Comparisons were made between the coverage produced by the press reports and manuscripts of Agnew's speeches in order to discover how much of the original speech remained in the press reports, what thematic content remained, and what stylistic content remained. In addition, democratic and republican newspapers were compared on these same three dimensions. Conclusions were that the newspaper reports of Agnew's speeches accurately reflected the themes, the style, and the emphasis of his original speeches; the opposition (democratic) newspapers generally contained longer, more thoroughly detailed reports with more direct quotations, more paraphrases, more prominent placements, and more often provided complete texts of Agnew's speeches than partisan (republican) newspapers; and Agnew's repeated charges that the liberal (democratic) press contained unfair, inaccurate, and distorted reports of his speeches were not supported. (Author/RB)

Guidelines for organizations to follow when submitting news releases to a newspaper are provided. These include the following: (1) when submitting a news release, put name, address, and telephone number on it; (2) don't submit lengthy, overly detailed news releases; (3) don't submit news releases that are incomplete; and (4) be accurate. (DB)

At a Newspaper Division meeting of the Special Libraries Association four newspaper librarians presented the pros and cons of closed clipping files. The major point in favor of closed files was that they are not as subject to loss and misfiling as are openfiles. However, with closed files close communication is needed between librarian and reporter in order to provide reporters and feature writers with the most relevant information. It was noted that at some newspaper libraries the lack of staff dictates open files, which makes eliciting the cooperation of reporters in signing out and returning files very important. Other libraries try to provide a research service as well as information retrieval functions. The discussion following the formal presentation covered problems of overdue materials, circulation methods, copying policies, photo files, and microforms. (LS)

Four speeches are presented, each of which deals with the use of conputers to organize and retrieve news stories. The first speech relates in detail the step-by-step process devised by the "Free Press" in Detroit to analyze, categorize, code, film, process, and retrieve news stories through the use of the electronic film retrieval system, Miracode, designed by Eastman Kodak. The second speech discusses the idea of a regional newspaper library which would employ the paper tape used to produce a newspaper to index by computer that day's news stories and to provide a computer-produced microfilm for mounting in member papers' retrieval devices. The third speech discusses the Automated News Clipping, Indexing and Retrieval System (ANCIRS) which uses a minicomputer to control a very high speed microfiche retrieval terminal so that any piece of morgue copy is available to the viewer in approximately four seconds on the Image Systems terminal. The fourth speech concerns the development of a new, automated computer-assisted system, ACCESS, now in use by the "Chicago Daily News" and "Chicago Sun-Times" Editorial Library. (KKC)

Since an alphabetically arranged newspaper clipping file often separates those items which should be together, a classified system would be more useful in a newspaper library. The system used at the "Dayton (Ohio) Journal Herald" is based on major categories numbered 1-100, with related items in proximity. Subdivisions are provided by adding letters from a to z, with some letters retaining the same value in all categories. For example, "a" stands for a general file and "r" for research. In addition to the subject file, other files can be grouped to include living and dead personalities and foreign countries. Alphabetical and numerical lists of subject categories are provided, along with a miscellaneous subject list and directions for processing newspaper clippings. (LS)

Three newspaper librarians described how they manage the files of newspaper clippings which are a necessary part of their collections. The development of a new subject classification system for the clippings files was outlined. The new subject headings were based on standard subject heading lists and on local need. It was decided to use a computer printout format, since this was relatively inexpensive and allowed for easy updates. The system began with the newspapers of January 1, 1974, the old clipping files being left as they were. The librarian at the Denver (Colorado) "Post" discussed the problems of updating the subject headings of a clippings file--headings which must change frequently to accommodate new names and concepts as they appear in news stories. Under the supervision of an index editor, a standard procedure was outlined for the daily revision of the subject headings in the "Post's" clipping files. Day-to-day file revision and correction procedures from the Milwaukee (Wisconsin) "Journal and Sentinel" were described. The question-and-answer period which followed these three presentations is transcribed. (SL)