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Proton-decoupled, natural-abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (obtained at 15.18 MHz by the Fourier transform method) of aqueous ferrocytochrome c, ferricytochrome c, and mixtures of both species were recorded. The 18 nonprotonated aromatic carbons of amino-acid residues and the 16 nonprotonated aromatic carbons of the heme yielded 22 narrow single-carbon resonances and 6 narrow two-carbon resonances in the spectrum of ferrocytochrome c. Only some of these resonances were detected in the spectrum of ferricytochrome c.Fast electron transfer between ferrocytochrome cand ferricytochrome cproduced chemical exchange effects in spectra of mixtures of the two species: 16 nonprotonated aromatic carbons yielded narrow exchange-averaged resonances as a consequence of their small natural linewidths in both redox states and the small changes in their chemical shifts (relative to the reciprocal of the lifetime between electron exchange) when going from the reduced to the oxidized species. These peaks were assigned to carbons situated far from the iron atom. Their fast exchange behavior was used to establish a one-to-one correspondence between resonances in spectra of the two redox states. The other 18 nonprotonated aromatic carbons yielded exchange-broadened resonances as a consequence of large chemical-shift differences between the diamagnetic and paramagnetic species, and/or large paramagnetic broadening of the resonances of ferricytochrome c. We assigned these resonances (only one of which was identified in the spectrum of ferricytochrome calone) to carbons that are near the iron atom: Cζof Tyr 67, Cγof His 18, and the 16 nonprotonated carbons of the porphyrin ring. Tentative specific assignments for Cζof Tyr 67 (in the spectra of both redox forms) and for Cζof His 18 (in the spectrum of ferrocytochrome c) are also presented.

The electron microscopic appearance of platelets incubated at 37 C. and stored at 4 C. are described, and the relationship of these changes to normal platelet structure are discussed together with the hypothesis that the observation may be due to lysosome activity of some of the platelet granules. The platelet’s ATP level during incubation and storage was also followed and it was concluded that this relates more to the platelet’s ability to sustain clot retraction than to its viability.

A comparative study has been made of the use of three procedures for plate-response calibration and general evaluation of low-alloy steel spectrograms-(a) based on the direct relation of densitometer readings to log-relative intensity, (b) using the Kaiser-Seidel-transformation (P-value) technique for straightening the plate-response curve, (c) by means of the —f(τ) transmittance table of J.W. Anderson.

In the 16 weeks prior to lambing, ewes were maintained on either 0.01 or 0.40 ppm selenium alfalfa forage of similar lipid composition supplemented with ground oats. Lambs were necropsied (53 tissue samples) at 6 weeks of age for evidence of WMD, a selenium responsive myopathy. Heart and semitendinosus muscle from affected animals had an elevated level of endogenous fatty acids and a decrease in ω6 and ω3 classes. There were no significant changes within the endogenous class of fatty acids. In the ω6 class the relative percentage of 18:2 fatty acid was increased in heart tissue with WMD. Values in the ω6 and ω3 class of the semitendinosus muscle showed no trend with WMD. In the ω3 class, the heart fatty acid distribution suggests that selenium may be involved in the synthesis of the higher molecular weight members of the class. Liver and kidney fatty acids were not indicative of WMD.

Active spermatogenesis was observed in some of the seminiferous tubules of seleniumdeficient rats born to females on a selenium-deficient diet, and only a very few spermatozoa could be recovered from the cauda epididymis of these animals. The motility of spermatozoa from these males was invariably very poor and the majority of the sperm cells showed breakage near the middle piece or principal piece of the tail. Vitamin E supplementation, even at highly elevated levels (d-α-tocopherol acetate, 1000 ppm) did not alleviate these selenium-deficiency symptoms. Rats receiving selenium-deficient diets with antioxidant supplementation also produced semen, which contained, in most cases, nonmotile spermatozoa. The role of selendium on spermatogenesis in rats is apparently specific and cannot be substituted either by vitamin E or by the antioxidants tested in this study.

The results from this experiment indicate that 6-wk.-old suckling lambs of ewes being fed alfalfa hay deficient in selenium have a significantly lower concentration of this element in their kidneys, hearts, livers, and skeletal muscles, than do lambs fed relatively “high” selenium alfalfa hay. There was no significant difference in selenium concentration in the tissues and organs of lambs showing WMD as compared with the lesionless “low” selenium-fed lambs. The cobalt concentration of these tissues appears unaffected by selenium intake, unless signs of WMD are observed when the cobalt concentration of the kidney is significantly lowered. A metabolic interrelationship between cobalt and selenium in the kidney as characaterized by incidence of WMD appears to exist in lambs.

A series of organotin esters of 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylic acid has been prepared. The esters decarboxylated on heating to give the corresponding organotin olefins. The thermal stability, fungicidal activity, and structure of these esters have been investigated.

A trial involving 16 growing pigs fed rations containing 0, 2.75, 5.5 and 8.25% California sardine oil, has been completed.At 0, 2.75 and 5.5% levels of oil addition growth performance and feed efficiency were satisfactory and essentially equivalent.At the 8.25% level of oil addition, the animals failed to eat and to gain satisfactorily after 4 weeks on test. When switched to a non-fish oil containing ration after 9 weeks on test, their recovery to normal feed intake and weight gains was slow.Although total quantitative fat deposition was not markedly different, the quality of depot fat in terms of color, odor and hardness was lowered when sardine oil was fed. Such lowering of quality was most marked at the 5.5 and 8.25% oil levels. These fat characteristics made the meat cuts from pigs thus fed unpalatable and unacceptable from a market standpoint.Feeding of a non-fish oil containing ration for as long as 13 weeks subsequent to the feeding of the highest level of fish oil was ineffective in overcoming objections to the odor and flavor, although it increased the hardness of the fat.

Crude menhaden oil, and similar oils modified by alkali washing and bleaching and by polymerization ("kettle bodied") were fed at a 5% level to groups of 4 each, growing Berkshire pigs. Four additional pigs were fed a similar basal ration without fish oil.Superior growth performances, as compared with the control animals was obtained in the groups fed crude and alkali washed menhaden oils. Inferior growth performance was obtained in the group fed polymerized menhaden oil.No differences were apparent in the thickness of back fat, or in the fat contents of livers and kidneys among pigs fed the four rations. Fat hardness, as measured by Iodine number, was superior in the groups fed the polymerized oil ration and the basal ration.Quality of the meat, as measured by cooking tests, was superior in the groups fed the polymerized oil ration and the basal ration. A fishy odor and taste was noticeable in the meat of animals fed the crude and alkali washed menhaden oils.Larger kidneys were observed in the group fed the polymerized oil. The significance of this finding is not apparent.Polymerized menhaden oil appears to offer possibilities in swine rationing as far as carcass quality of the animals is concerned. Such possibilities would be enhanced if polymerization could be effected in such a way as to improve the nutritional qualities of the oil.

Domestic rabbits were used to determine effects of alfalfa hay produced on soil with (1) low available phosphorus and (2) high available phosphorus on (a) efficiency of reproduction, (b) growth rate, (c) inorganic phosphorus content of blood serum, (d) breaking strength and calcification of skeletons, and (e) calcium, phosphorus, fat, and total ash of bones. Alfalfa hays containing 0.12% and 0.26% phosphorus were used as 86% of the rations. Differences observed as the result of feeding low phosphorus hay included significantly retarded growth, lower mature body weights, impaired breeding efficiency, significantly higher levels of calcium, phosphorus, fat, and ash in the skeletons of 10-week-old animals and significantly lower levels of ash in skeletons of mature animals, extremely low breaking strength of the humerus, approaching 100% difference in the third and fourth generations, and abnormal bone structure and ossification as revealed by X-ray photographs. There was no change in inorganic phosphorus in the serum. It is concluded that where the phosphorus content of alfalfa hay produced on a soil of low available phosphorus is of the order of 0.12%, it is not adequate for normal rabbit nutrition. Increased skeletal strength, improved breeding efficiency and increased rate of growth can be effected by proper phosphate fertilization of the soil. Results of this study establish that there is a positive soil-plant-animal relationship among (a) the soil on which alfalfa hay was produced for this work, (b) the forage crop produced thereon, and (c) the animal organism.

This experiment, following Rartlett's Picture-writing, was designed to show : how much agreement there would be in the choice of a sign as the most fitting in connection with a word; whether the reasons given for a choice of sign mould vary greatly, and would be rationalizations rather than a primary ground for so choosing; and whether the chosen signs were more easily recalled than the not-chosen.Six cards were shown to the subject, 011 each of which was one word aiid two signs. The signs were not intended to represent any object, although none was arbitrary. The subject had to choose the more appropriate sign and give the reason for his choice. Afterwards he had to reproduce all the signs.Agrcement in choosing one of the signs of each pair was surprisingly high, although the reasons varied considerably. The chosen signs were reproduced more accurately and frequently, the reproductions showing the conventionalizing effect of the reasons given.Choice of a sign as most fitting seemed to depend upon certain formal structural qualities of a general character. The most fitting sign for a verbal setting seemed to combine a conventional structure with simplicity and regularity of design. Linking these results with those of an experiment of Harrower's, it is considered possible that a method may here be available for exploring forms of mental organization not so far tapped by standard intelligence tests.

An account is given of a method for the nearly continuous recording of sensory thresholds and other psycho-physical variables. Its application to the difference-threshold for sound-intensity is described. It is found that this threshold, so recorded, shows irregular fluctuations in time, excursions of up to 100 per cent, being commonly present. There is no prima facie indication of any regular periodicity in the fluctuations. No evidence was found of any general trend in amount of fluctuation throughout a half-hour period of observation. Nor, except in one subject, was there any tendency for the amount of fluctuation to increase or decrease over a series of six half-hour periods of observation. There are marked, and fairly consistent, differences between individual subjects as regards the amount and pattern of fluctuation. The possible locus and causes of these effects are briefly considered.