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The United States Training and Employment Service General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), first published in 1947, has been included in a continuing program of research to validate the tests against success in many different occupations. The GATB consists of 12 tests which measure nine aptitudes: General Learning Ability; Verbal Aptitude; Numerical Aptitude; Spatial Aptitude; Form Perception; Clerical Perception; Motor Coordination; Finger Dexterity; and Manual Dexterity. The aptitude scores are standard scores with 100 as the average for the general working population, and a standard deviation of 20. Occupational norms are established in terms of minimum qualifying scores for each of the significant aptitude measures which, when combined, predict job performance. Cutting scores are set only for those aptitudes which aid in predicting the performance of the job duties of the experimental sample. The GATB norms described are appropriate only for jobs with content similar to that shown in the job description presented in this report. A description of the validation sample is included. (AG)

Nine industrial-location research studies of the Appalachian region are presented in this document. These studies relate to the casting, plastic, metal, and food industries. Each study devotes sections to (1) a profile of the industry, (2) the industry's prospects for growth, (3) technology and trends, (4) primary factors influencing selection of locations, and (5) selecting public-investment policies and activities which will enhance the competitive position of Appalachia. It is noted that, although some industry relies heavily on in-plant training through the apprenticeship programs, the area of vocational training is felt to be one of the most effective public investments for industry. Suggested course offerings for vocational education are given for some of the industries. Each study is appended with pertinent information. (Related documents are RC 004 206 and RC 004 211.) (AN)

The United States Training and Employment Service General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), first published in 1947, has been included in a continuing program of research to validate the tests against success in many different occupations. The GATB consists of 12 tests which measure nine aptitudes: General Learning Ability; Verbal Aptitude; Numerical Aptitude; Spatial Aptitude; Form Perception; Clerical Perception; Motor Coordination; Finger Dexterity; and Manual Dexterity. The aptitude scores are standard scores with 100 as the average for the general working population, and a standard deviation of 20. Occupational norms are established in terms of minimum qualifying scores for each of the significant aptitude measures which, when combined, predict job performance. Cutting scores are set only for those aptitudes which aid in predicting the performance of the job duties of the experimental sample. The GATB norms described are appropriate only for jobs with content similar to that shown in the job description presented in this report. A description of the validation sample and a personnel evaluation form are also included. (AG)

The 74th Illinois General Assembly created the Illinois Commission on Automation and Technological Progress to study and analyze the economic and social effects of automation and other technological changes on industry, commerce, agriculture, education, manpower, and society in Illinois. Commission members visited industrial plants and business and government offices having automated and computerized systems. One-day hearings were held on the meat packing, banking, and insurance industries, and a 2-day hearing was held on the vocational education and manpower training programs. The Commission's investigations revealed that (1) Technological change has brought about such events as obsolescence of meatpacking plants, a decline in railroad jobs, and a reduction in coal mining operations, (2) The Manpower Development and Training Act is failing to meet the needs of changing industries, (3) The vocational education system is not keeping up with current needs, (4) Industry is not contributing enough to retraining workers displaced by automation, (5) Government agencies are not doing enough to conduct research into new occupational fields, and (6) The financing of job programs must be changed so that local authorities can be brought into closer contact with the programs. Based on its findings, the Commission formulated 22 recommendations in the nature of proposals and suggested changes in public policy and programs. (HC)

TWENTY AUTOMATION MANPOWER SERVICES DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS WERE STARTED TO PROVIDE EXPERIENCE WITH JOB MARKET PROBLEMS CAUSED BY CHANGING TECHNOLOGY AND MASS LAYOFFS. THE FIRST OF THE SERIES, ESTABLISHED IN LOCAL PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICE OFFICES, THIS PROJECT DEALT WITH THE LAYOFF OF 675 WORKERS, PROBLEMS OF READJUSTMENT IN THE PLANT, THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE, AND COMMUNITY AGENCIES IN SOLVING PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE LAYOFF, AND THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF THE PROJECT. THE EFFORTS OF THE PROJECT WERE PRIMARILY DIRECTED TO THE REEMPLOYMENT OF THE WORKERS. IT CONTACTED EMPLOYEES WELL AHEAD OF THE LAYOFF AND ADMINISTERED GROUP TESTS ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS. IT MADE JOB SURVEYS, ACTED AS A CLEARINGHOUSE FOR ALL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE WORKERS' STATUS, NEEDS, QUALIFICATIONS, AND JOB POSSIBILITIES, COUNSELED, AND MADE 1,160 REFERRALS RESULTING IN 317 PLACEMENTS. THE UNCERTAIN STATUS OF THE LAID-OFF WORKERS WAS THE MAIN DETERRENT TO THEIR REEMPLOYMENT. ANOTHER ADVERSE FACTOR WAS THE DIFFERENCE IN WAGE RATES THE WORKERS WERE ACCUSTOMED TO AND THOSE OF JOBS AVAILABLE TO THEM AFTER THE LAYOFF. EMPLOYERS WERE RELUCTANT TO HIRE LAID-OFF WORKERS LEST THEY QUIT AND RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL JOBS WHEN RECALLED. BESIDES DISPLACED WORKERS' UNWILLINGNESS TO FACE REALITY, THE MOST IMPORTANT SINGLE FACTOR INFLUENCING REEMPLOYMENT WAS INADEQUATE EDUCATION. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING PROJECT OPERATIONS WERE TO--(1) PROVIDE AN ORIENTATION CONTACT FOR EXPLAINING AND SELLING THE SERVICES OF THE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE AND THE TESTS, IN PARTICULAR, (2) USE A NONVERBAL TEST FOR THE FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE, (3) PROVIDE MORE ACCURATE AND OBJECTIVE STATISTICAL INFORMATION ON APPLICANT QUALIFICATIONS, (4) COORDINATE THE RESEARCH PHASE WITH THE EMPLOYMENT PHASE, (5) CLARIFY THE STATUS OF DISPLACED WORKERS, AND (6) PROVIDE ADEQUATE PROJECT FACILITIES AND PERSONNEL, AND EMPHASIZE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS, ESPECIALLY FOR ADULT EDUCATION OF A GENERAL NATURE. (MM)

The meat industry was one of the first large-scale manufacturing industries to provide jobs for Negroes. Industry growth and change in the last part of the nineteenth century created many unskilled and semiskilled jobs available to Negroes, although job advancement was not obtained until after World War II and then only in skilled manual positions. The document reviews the basic industry background, early labor turbulence, changing racial employment patterns, and the future of the Negro in the meat industry. Industry wages now are good, working conditions are much improved, and most equal employment goals have been met in the manual sector. Credit for the present nondiscriminatory practices in this sector goes to the major labor unions. In the nonmanual sector, however, equal employment goals have not been achieved; few of the industry's white collar workers are represented by a union. It is somewhat ironic that jobs in the meat packing division, which contains the industry's largest firms and has the most advanced minority employment practices, are disappearing as a result of technological changes. The number of jobs in poultry and other small meat establishments in the South will increase but such jobs are less desirable than those which are being lost in the Northern meat packing plants. (MF)

An historical review is presented of the 6 major groups of Indians of the coastal region of British Columbia: the Coast Salish, Nootka, Kwakiutl, Bella Coola, Tsimshian, and Haida. Characteristics of each tribe are contrasted in the following 7 sections of the review: (1) Introduction--the life style, sociocultural factors, and unique characteristics; (2) Explorers and Traders (1774-1849)--the influence of the numerous expeditions of noted explorers and traders from Spain, England, Russia, and the United States; (3) The Colonial Period--colonization of the area due to fur trapping and gold mining; (4) The Missionaries--the Christianization and education of the natives of British Columbia; (5) The Post-confederation Period--Indian lands come under control of British Columbia's government; (6) Education--transfer of responsibility for Indian education from the missionaries to the government; and (7) Economic Development--use by Indians of their nature skills and resources to sustain a livelihood. A brief bibliography and a short description of the Indian population are included. (AL)

The functions of pituitary and sex hormones in the production of muscle in animals are discussed. A mechanism for hormone action is suggested. (LC)

Discusses the production, processing, and related aspects of the catfish industry. (SB)

A new dimension and challenge in Extension activities is emerging as some phases of agriculture evolve from small operations to multimillion dollar agribusiness ventures; the beef cattle commercial feedlot industry in the Southwest is a good example. (EB)

Some of the animal fats that are by-products of the meat packing industry can become a valuable commodity for certain other portions of our nation’s economy. This paper reviews the types of raw materials used, as well as the manufacturing techniques employed to manufacture these by-products into useful animal oils. The industrial uses for these oils include, not only petroleum and metal processing, but also the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. These oils also can be reacted chemically to produce various extreme pressure additives for the petroleum industry. In some areas it is even replacing the oil from the sperm whale whose use has been banned within the U.S.

The factors important to consumer acceptance of meats were determined from 1,469 interviews conducted in Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver. The factors included in the survey were determined by the repertory grid technique in an effort to eliminate researcher bias in factor selection. Only the acceptability of packaging was introduced as a factor of researcher interest. The most important factors related to the consumer acceptance of meats included: nutrition, tenderness, suitability for serving to special guests, fattiness, waste, and packaging. Other factors were of importance for the specific meat types or meat cuts studied. Nutrition evoked concern for healthfulness in terms of fat content and degree of meat processing. Opinions about fat content were based on preconceived ideas, and were not closely associated with wastage. Responses for the tenderness-toughness factor appeared to be influenced by the implication of this factor for the respondent's cooking ability. The factors important to consumer acceptance of all or most of the meats studied included factors related to the evaluative and potency dimensions of attitude. Activity factors were also important for specific meats and meat cuts.

THIS IS a brief for purity, quality and prevention of contamination. It is applicable both to the product being processed as well as the lubricants for the processing machinery. Meat processing is one of the most automated industries. It is virtually fully mechanized and so completely integrated that the production line from the killing pens to the packaged edibles is a fantastic example of cost reduction. Give credit, however

In a 13-month period, June 1966 through June 1967, 45 male workers in a meat-packing plant in Virginia had clinical brucellosis, confirmed by serological evidence or isolation of Brucella organisms. All cases were related to the kill areas of the plant. A serologic survey of personnel revealed 13 persons with titers for brucellosis but with no history of a related illness. Airflow studies using smoke candles demonstrated that the flow of air within the kill areas tended to pool at the location where the largest concentration of cases occurred; however, this area did not have the highest incidence of infection. No evidence of crossconnections or back siphonage in the plant water system was found. Sera from 2, 275 swine (butcher hogs and sows) were tested; 4.6% were positive, with sows showing 6.1%. Six isolates of Brucella svis were made by means of air samplers and settling plates; these isolates suggests the possibility of infection by the aerosol route.

SummaryForty-five samples of unsliced, cooked, ready-to-eat meats on sale in retail premises and supermarkets were examined. Thirty-six (80%) hadEscherichia coliI and 21 (47%) had coagulase positive staphylococci in numbers ranging from 1 to > 1000/100 cm.2. Twenty-one samples containedClostridiumspp. in numbers from 1 to > 100/100cm.2. Of the 45 samples tested, 11 (factory-produced) and 7 (home-produced) were examined after cooking but before being offered for sale. Cooked hams were contaminated after handling in a factory, as were samples of canned corned beef after sale and exposure for 24 hr. Some sources of contamination were: (a) raw beef, (b) factory and shop surfaces and equipment, and (c) workers' hands. Curing brines used in retail shops and supermarkets to produce corned beef were a potent source of contamination. The effect of holding cooked meats at ambient temperature on their spoilage (22° C) and food-poisoning (37° C) microflora was demonstrated.

Extract At the outset, some idea might be given of the size and scope of the industry, the various types of business involved and the roles played by the Meat Producers' Board, the government, and the trade.

My observations are drawn from an economic-feasibility study for additional cattle slaughtering plants in the Republic of Panama, including aspects of technology as well as location and scale, supply and competition, transportation and market outlets. The study was made early in 1972 during a short-term assignment to the U.S. AID mission in Panama. In making the Panama study I was able to avoid many inadequacies I had encountered in similar studies of proposed new cattle slaughter plants for economic development at various locations in the United States and South America. There were contrasts in these situations and a broader challenge in the Panama study.

Studies have been made to determine the feasibility of stabilizing inedible animal fats with antioxidants during rendering. Results show that in many instances a very high stability fat and meat and bone scrap can be obtained from this practice. Factors affecting the variability of results are discussed.

The latter decades of the nineteenth century saw great industrial expansion in America, achieved in no small measure by men of business acumen, men with a vision of the future. If money was being made by two or three or four relatively small businesses competing with one another, how much more could be amassed if these businesses were combined into one, thus eliminating competition! So these years became a period of mergers—mergers of men, money, and materials. Huge industries created huge fortunes, and a few men acquired wealth and power. That the theatre could escape the trend of such mergers was as unlikely as a flood in Death Valley. Oil had its Rockefeller, steel its Carnegie, railroading its Harriman, Vanderbilt, Gould and Hill, finance its Morgan and Cooke, the meat industry its Armour-and the theatre its Klaw and Erlanger.

1. Chemical analyses have been carried out on the muscular and fatty tissues from thirty-one beef animals and twenty-nine lambs, and also on the psoas muscle from twenty-nine pigs. The animals were selected to represent a very wide cross-section of our meat industry.2. The water content of muscular tissue (psoas muscle), calculated on a fat-free basis, was found to be the same for cattle, lambs, and pigs (immediately after death), the average being about 78%.3. Similarly, the original water-content of the fatty tissue (perinephric), calculated on a fat-free basis, was found to be the same for cattle and lambs, being on the average about 81–82%.4. The average water-content of boneless meat (i.e. the combined muscular and fatty tissues from a whole side or carcass) was the same for cattle and lambs, being about 79% (on a fat-free basis), shortly after death.5. In all these cases there was no significant difference between the different species.

UPTON BEALL SINCLAIR has enjoyed a prolific literary career that has arched its way across the twentieth century. In its course it has encompassed a galaxy of topics. The Jungle, his most famous work, is best remembered as a shattering expose of meat packing practices in Chicago that led to the enactment of the Pure Food and Drug laws. Undoubtedly the most sensational of the "Muckrakers," Sinclair's career continued on and developed into a series of continuous crusades which were intended to better the life of the common man. At the beginning of this career, Sinclair sharply criticized the public schools and institutions of higher learning. Many other articles followed directed at various aspects of American education, but his first comments were critical of the teaching of foreign languages. Educated in the public schools of New York City, and later at Columbia University, Sinclair elaborated upon his personal experiences and used them as the themes of several articles.

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THE enactment of the Humane Slaughter Law of 1958 focused attention on procedures used in meat processing plants to dispatch animals. Five methods for slaughter of livestock have been approved as humane by the U.S.D.A. These methods are electrical stunning, carbon dioxide immobilization, mechanical bolt stunning, gunshot, and ritual slaughtering methods. To date the law does not include poultry. Drewniak et al. (1955) observed that a concentration of 73–77% carbon dioxide was best for quick immobilization of turkeys without killing them. Sex and variety had an effect on the time required for immobilization. Rose (1939) observed that 400 milliamperes did not kill poultry; however, 150 milliamperes for 10 seconds were sufficient to produce unconsciousness. Wise (1960) reported chickens receiving nembutal immobilization required a longer period of time to tenderize than did the controls. The purpose of this research was to ascertain any changes in the development of tenderness of…

ON July 1, 1917, there became available, by act of Congress, an appropriation of $250,000 to the Federal Trade Commission and another of $50,000 to the Department of Agriculture to be devoted to a study of the advancing costs of foodstuffs and especially to an inquiry as to whether there was reason to believe that the production, preparation, storage distribution and sale of foodstuffs were subject to control or manipulation. The general subject was subdivided, and wheat, flour and breadstuffs, meat, canned fish, canned vegetables and other kinds of food were treated separately and the department and the commission arranged a division of the tasks. As to meat, the Department of Agriculture undertook the study of the cost of production of meat animals, their transportation and sale, feeding in stockyards and certain economic questions. The Federal Trade Commission undertook to follow the animals from the stockyards through the processes of slaughter to the preparation of the various products; and the Department of Agriculture undertook the study of the disposition or marketing of the products and by-products. The Federal Trade Commission went back about thirty years and began its inquiry as of a time when the meat-packing industry was just beginning to evolve its present form. The commission found and reported its belief that beginning with the "dressed-meat" or "Allerton" pool in 1885, there has existed, through one device or another, up to the present time, combination and agreements between the principal packing concerns of the country, and that at present this agreeing group consists of Swift & Company, Armour & Company, Morris & Company, Wilson & Co. (Inc.) and The Cudahy Packing Co. The commission reported that the control of markets and market conditions now rests largely upon an agreed division of purchases of live stock in definite and fixed percentages. The five packers deny this and assert that, in fact, they are in real competi170

This paper is predicated on the fact that people are of paramount importance in managing and controlling a sanitation program. The preliminary requirement regarding control of people originates with selection of top management people in the organization to implement the program. This selection of people graduates down through the chain of command to include people in line supervision under which the work force operates. The final group of people to educate and control is the production group. Their habits and work procedures must be maintained and controlled to create sanitary conditions and a clean, wholesome product. People create the unsanitary problems by their very nature. Educated and informed people must correct these problems. Managing and educating people in sanitary work habits, conditions, and procedures will control the sanitation program.

MEAT-AND-BONE meals, because of their nature as a by-product of the meat packing and rendering industries, vary greatly in their feeding quality (Kratzer and Davis, 1959). This variability is caused primarily by the quality of the starting material or by the amount of heat-processing the meal receives. Growth trials using meat-and-bone meals as the sole dietary protein source give a reliable evaluation of the feeding quality of the meal. This type of evaluation is slow, however, and inadequate when a large number of samples must be assessed, or when decisions concerning the feeding quality of a meal must be made in a short period of time. The present study was undertaken to find a rapid chemical or physical method, or series of methods, to determine the feeding quality of meat-and-bone meals. Meat-and-bone meals contain large amounts of skin, cartilage, and connective tissue, and therefore have a high gelatin content (Almquist…

In 1992 the South African meat industry was deregulated and this led to the formation of the new Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, Act no. 47 of 1996. The Act made provisions for producers to sell animals to customers of their own choice at mutually agreed prices. Thus, producers in the informal sector took advantage of the free marketing system. The result was a substantial increase in the number of animals slaughtered in the informal sector. Unfortunately the requirements for animal identification are not always observed in this sector. Challenges faced by communal farmers which include the multipurpose roles of livestock, lack of slaughter facilities within reasonable distance and lack of access to market information make them less willing to sell their animals through the formal market. The formal market is characterised by meat inspection and carcass classification which scare away the communal farmers for fear of income loss through animal condemnation. The informal sector might not recognise the importance of formal carcass classification. There is need to direct research and development efforts to address marketing constraints faced by communal farmers, and to promote formal marketing of livestock for meat quality assurance and a fair return to the farmers. This review seeks to assess the relevance of formal classification of red meat carcasses to the informal sector, make recommendations on ways to ameliorate the undesirable effect of the classification system on the informal sector, and identify possible areas which need further research to develop the classification system in South Africa.Keywords: Communal farmers, marketing system, meat industry

The anaerobic film pouch technique was used to quantitate and isolate clostridial spores in 2,358 samples of raw meat (1,078 of chicken, 624 of beef, 656 of pork). Of 19,727 putrefactive anaerobic (PA) sporeformers isolated, 1 was confirmed by mouse protection testing to be Clostridium botulinum type C. This isolate was obtained from a Western Canada chicken sample which contained 5.33 clostridia per gram. These data indicate a very low incidence of botulinal contamination in raw meats at the packing-plant level (0.042% of 2,358 samples) and an almost 20,000:1 ratio of nonbotulinal PA sporeformers to mesophilic C. botulinum spores. The mean level of PA contamination was 2.8 PA sporeformers per gram of meat; 77% of the samples contained three or less PA sporeformers per gram. Small but statistically significant differences in the incidence of clostridial spores were noted for season, geographical region, and type of meat.

IN DESCRIBING the structure of their agricultural economy, Brazilian writers customarily distinguish four major types of crop and livestock establishments. First, there is the plantation which is the large estate devoted to the production of a single crop, a large part of which finds its way to foreign markets. In many cases, considerable amounts of capital are invested in processing equipment and to some extent in agricultural machinery, and, here, wage-earning agricultural labor is widely employed. Good examples of plantation agriculture are the large sugar cane, coffee, cacao, and rice fazendas. Second, there is the cattle ranch producing beef cattle for sale to meat packing and meat drying plants. Small numbers of workers are employed, the principal investment being in land and livestock. In this class, we would also find the sheep ranches. Third, there is the Minas-type ranch-farm, where cattle are not only raised for beef but the cows are milked to produce cheese and creamthe whey and skim milk being used for feeding hogs. Corn is produced for hog feed, along with rice and beans as subsistence crops. Fourth, there is the small operator who may be an owner or a renter who produces food crops and often a cash crop, using the labor of himself, his family, and sometimes laborers. The family-type farms of the German, Italian, Polish, Ukranian, and Japanese immigrants belong to this type, but it can be found in other parts of Brazil as well. The type of land use varies from modern farming methods, found to some extent in the south, to the most primitive fire agriculture which exists in all parts of the country. Although not meriting the title of establishment, there is also a fifth type of operation, namely, that of the individual who lives on and cultivates small patches of land on the property of others under a bewildering array of tenure regulations. He is the small subsistence producer, rogeiro, who cultivates such primary food crops as corn, rice, beans, and manioc, and raises a few hogs and chickens, and sometimes owns a riding mule or horse. He is the shifting slash-and-burn cultivator, the historic prototype of the Brazilian food producer. Originally he was the agregado, or retainer or near-serf. Today, he can be a squatter, a sharecropper, or an agricultural laborer, depending upon the wishes of the owner. Thus, strictly speaking, he is not a renter, sharecropper, or permanent agricultural laborer, although he might exercise these functions on, occasion. It it this fifth type which I would like to call the marginal peasant; although he is nothing like the peasant of Europe or Asia. If you took away his hogs and chickens he would be like the wild Indian; for he practices the most primitive kind of agriculture in the world. But his livestock and his dependence upon the market, although limited, bring him into the outer

MUCH has been written and still more said about the wonders of by-product utilization in the meat-packing industiy. Analysis of the data reveals that all these developments are inevitable; they take place automatically. This statement at first rings of heresy, yet it is substantiated by a number of facts. The meat-packing industry has been responsible to a certain extent for the utilization of its by-products, yet man3r other industries have contributed substantially to this development. The meatpacking industry was not the first to manufacture lard, soap, glycerol, glue, and gelatin, although it has contributed many improvements and innovations to many, if not all, of these related industries. Other industrial firms not infrequently conduct experimental studies with by-products of the meat-packing industry and in many cases develop new uses for these materials. Such research may be done independently or in cooperation with the laboratories of the meat-packing companies. Cases in point are the development...

Professor Arnould analyzes the reasons for concentration in the American meat packing industry from 1880 through 1920, then describes and evaluates the varied forces which have led to declining concentration since the end of World War I.

Both the meat procurement methods used by retail food stores and the associated pricing arrangements have undergone fundamental changes in recent years. These changes mark significant adjustments in market conduct in the wholesale meat trade. Although much of the change that is occurring is in response to structural and technological changes in the industry, the rate of change seems accelerated by the growth of meat programs. Programs represent a primitive but rapidly evolving systems-approach to meat procurement, distribution, and merchandising. Detailed product specifications, increased purchase by description direct from meat packers, formula pricing, and central warehousing figure prominently among the changes accompanying program development. The pressures which result from these changes impinge upon conventional attitudes and procedures in meat packing and in livestock production and marketing.