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This paper describes the development and characteristics of a new aluminum solid electrolytic capacitor in which organic semiconductors are substituted for manganese dioxide. The highly conductive ion-radical salts based on 7, 7, 8, 8-tetracyanoquinodimethan were chosen because of their prominent effect on capacitor self-healing. The solid electrolyte layer of a thin uniform coating was deposited from a solution of the semiconductor and polymers. A basic approach to obtaining a uniform and adherent film suitable for an etched aluminum foil is given, along with limitations on the use of the organic semiconductor. Emphasis is placed on the effect of the polymers on the growth and adsorption of the organic-semiconductor crystals during electro formation. Much improvement was realized in capacitor performance, viz. the Iow leakage current, the extended ratio of breakdown-to-formation voltage, and stable frequency characteristics. It may be concluded from the laboratory experiments that production of high-performance organic semiconductor solid capacitors will probably be feasible in the near future

In these days, one of our troubles in spring production is that spring leaves whose sizes are 13×100×250-1250mm are not hardened enough to the center of the section in usual oil quenching because of low hardenability characteristics of plain carbon spring steels (JIS SUP 3, SUP 4). It is, therefore, desirable to improve hardenability of these steels.For this purpose, authors firstly consider to increase Mn content, and then have experimented and calculated the effect of C and Mn content upon the hardenability of these steels.From these results, authors have determined the minimun limit of Mn content needed for the desired hardenability, and also observed the eftect of C content at constant Mn content.The results obtained are as follows:(1) Hardenability of SUP 3 and SUP 4 is too low to get the desired hardening effect.(2) To obtain the desired hardenability, it is necessary that the ideal critical size D1 practically determined by Jominy End-Quench Test is 2 inches or over. From our experiments, it is found that the ratio of practically determined D1 to calculated D1 from chemical analysis and grain size is in the range from 0.75 to 1.0 and mean value is about 0.9.(3) It is necessary that needed minimum content of Mn for JIS SUP 3 and SUP 4 is at least 0.9-1.0%.(4) Improvement of hardenability is expected by increasing C in 1% Mn series, but not in 0.4% Mn.

In this paper a mathematical model of the retina was proposed to clarify the spatio-temporal information processing mechanism in the retina of vertebrates. In order to explain spatio-temporal characteristics of an on-center receptive field of a ganglion cell, excitatory and inhibitory cell layers were introduced of which time lags increased with the lateral distance from a point of stimulation. The characteristics of this model were found to agree well with the physiological data: e.g., this model shows on-response to the input stimulus given on the center, off-response to the input on the surround, and on-off response to the input on the border between on- and off-response regions of the on-center field.

The intranuclear inclusion formation was observed in the Leydig cells of aging human testes in which virus or virus-like particles were never found. In such nuclei the inner layer of the nuclear envelope was characterized by a dense appearance, and its nuclear pores were very few and revealed to be devoid of ATPase activity. The inclusion seems to have been derived from the chromatin material, and at least one of the causes leading to its formation is considered to be due to deficiency of ATPase activity within or adjacent to the nuclear pores.

The hydrolysis of (CH3)2SnCl2 has been studied in a medium 0.1 M in (Na+)Cl− by a potentiometric titration technique. The complexes formed by the hydrolysis reactions together with their formation constants have been determined by analysis of the 394 data sets using a high speed digital computer. The data can be fitted equally well over the range pH 1.5 to 9 by the four formation constants for (CH3)2SnOH+ (log *β11 = −3.245 ± 0.004), [(CH3)2SnOH]2+2 (log *β22 = −5.00 ± 0.02), (CH3)2Sn(OH)2 (log *β21 = −8.516 ± 0.004), and [(CH3)2Sn]4(OH)6+2 (log *β64 = −16.85 ± 0.02) or by the five constants for (CH3)2SnOH+ (log *β11 = −3.251 ± 0.004), [(CH3)2SnOH]2+2 (log *β22 = −5.05 ± 0.02), (CH3)2Sn(OH)2 (log *β21 = −8.535 ± 0.005), ((CH3)2Sn)2(OH)3+ (log *β32 = −9.81 ± 0.01), and ((CH3)2Sn)3(OH)4+2 (log *β43 = −11.52 ± 0.03). Thus there is little question about the existence in the solutions of the simple monohydroxo complex and its dimer or of the neutral dihydroxide. Only very low concentrations of species containing more than four tin atoms can exist in aqueous solution. In addition, the data determined previously for the hydrolysis of (CH3)2Sn(ClO4)2 in a medium 3.0 M in (Na+)ClO4− have been refined by the least squares procedure. These 762 data sets can also be fitted equally well by the set of constants log *β11 = −3.55 ± 0.01, log *β22 = −4.52 ± 0.01, log *β21 = −9.00 ± 0.01, and log *β64 = −16.14 ± 0.03 or log *β11 = −3.54 ± 0.01, log *β22 = −4.60 ± 0.02, log *β21 = −8.98 ± 0.01, log *β32 = −9.76 ± 0.06, and log *β43 = −10.40 ± 0.05. The tendency of dimethyltin dichloride to form polycondensed species in aqueous solution is slight, and there is no evidence for the formation of large rings or chains. The solid stannoxane which precipitates from chloride solution was studied by infrared and X-ray powder photography and is essentially the same as the compound obtained by reaction of (CH3)2SnO and (CH3)2SnCl2 in a 1:1 mole ratio in 95% ethanol. This corresponds to a slightly different product than that obtained by a 1:1 reaction of these compounds in benzene which gives ((CH3)2SnCl)2O. This is in accord with the observation that precipitation occurs only at a pH higher than that at which ((CH3)2SnOH)2+2 has attained the maximum concentration, and hence precipitation is occasioned by the formation of larger polycondensed species. A comparison of the perchlorate and chloride data also indicates that the tendency to form polycondensed species is reduced by the presence bf chloride ion. This is partially an ionic strength effect and partially a result of chloride complexing of the simple aquodimethyltin (IV) ion, and the first chloro-complexing constant was Estimated to be 28 1. mole−1.