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The author gives a view of the present methods for evaluation of cutting fluids and emphasizes that reliable selection can be made by means of cutting processes, exclusively. Regarding their time-consuming and rather expensive nature the necessity arises to develop short-run tests. He describes two short-run tests introduced in Hungary and proves their efficiency on the basis of experiments. One of these tests is used in the low-speed range and leads to the cutting force reducing the effect of the fluid; the other is applied in the speed range v > 20 m/min reflecting the complex friction reducing effect. The latter test call be expressed in the Taylor equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments are described in which hollow cylinders of mild steel were subjected to static compression, both where the operation was stopped frequently to effect re-lubrication, and where the operation was continuous. Previous observations relating to the rolling of material from the walls of the specimen onto the compression platens are illustrated and discussed. The effects of specimen/platen friction on the interpretation of the "dead metal zones" or "pressure cones" and the resultant effects upon force-displacement characteristics and axially inhomogeneous deformation of the specimen are demonstrated. Further tests carried out dynamically at both room and elevated temperature are described. The mechanism whereby a sharp "tongue" of material is caused to project from the inner wall at high fractional reductions --also observed in the use of Plasticene? specimens is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes research performed to determine the effect of cutting fluid on first cut surface finish in single point turning. A measure of cutting fluid lubricity was used as an independent variable as well as cutting speed, tool feed, depth of cut and replications. The dependent variable was surface roughness. Though cutting medium was not a significant main factor, it was highly significant in several interactions with the other variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that, above some critical value of Sommerfeld number, a condition of hydrodynamic lubrication may exist. An elementary theory is developed which is consistent with experimental results, the viscosity of typical lubricants and the pressure dependence of viscosity of the lubricant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on various publications containing information regarding some recently developed chemicals and laboratory equipments that are used in the textile industry. Laurel Products Corp. has published a product information sheet on its Yarn Lubricant 267. Rohm and Haas Co. has published a revised technical bulletin on its line of Tamol dispersing agents. A new product catalog describing laboratory and field equipment and supplies for scientific and industrial laboratories is available from Science Essentials Co.

The article evaluates several products related to the textile industry including a new biodegradable dyebath lubricant called Persoftal FN from Verona, a new Bentley-Pegg jet dyer from Bentley Machinery and a line of flame retardants called Cav-Gard from Cavedon Chemical Co.

Examines the use of mean deviation in the analysis of interlaboratory tests. Estimation of the standard deviation for precision; Proposal of procedures for the analysis of variance and student's t-test; Procedures for data analysis; Degrees of freedom of Satterthwaite's approximation; Data and calculations on stability of grease.

Cleaning of greasy wool by adsorption of melted grease on a reusable plastic adsorbent is described. Bench testing indicates wool can be dry cleaned to a grease residual of 0.5% and a suint residual of about 4.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to transform the new high modulus, high strength graphite yarns into efficient woven structures for composite lay ups has posed numerous problems. A two-fold protection against abrasion damage was required; namely (1) an Inter-fiber lubricant, and (2) a yarn-to-yarn and/or yarn-to-processing equipment lubricant. Since the lubricant must have two modes of lubricity, a bicomponent system appeared most logical. In addition, no appropriate method of evaluating the proposed finishes was available. A two-step program involving development of an adequate test method to evaluate the lubricity of finishes on graphite yarns and the development of a two-component chemical finish to permit efficient weaving of these stiff yarns was undertaken. An elastomer combined with a waxy material was found to be most effective in providing the two completely different forms of lubricity. The combination, when applied from highly volatile solvent systems, did not affect the mechanical properties of the yarn. Plain and satin weave fabrics have been woven from Thornel 25, 40 and 50, as well as from VYB carbon yarns. After weaving, the finish was removed with the same solvent system with no change in mechanical properties of the fibers removed from the fabric. The mechanical properties of the composites made from these fabrics indicated the best overall composite properties were obtained with an 8-harness satin weave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coefficient of friction has been determined for skin and various materials. It has been established that the behaviour of skin is not portrayed by the simple laws of friction, but by a more complex relationship of the type F = μWn. This is probably because skin is subject to viscoelastic rather than purely plastic deformation. Friction may be altered by the type of material in contact with skin and is further influenced by surface lubrication. Dry talcum powder reduces friction slightly for certain materials against skin, but increases friction when it becomes wetted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the film Cutting Oils and Fluids. A technical film for BP intended primarily for management, production engineers and students on the importance of the role played by cutting fluids in the machine shop, this is a film which will attract a much wider audience and seems certain to pick up some festival awards in its career. The film examines the composition and qualifies of various types of water-based fluids and neat cutting oils. With immaculate photography it vividly demonstrates how some metals may be drilled without lubrication because the free carbon in the metal acts as a lubricant and air provides the cooling. The film then describes these different fluids. Water is the simplest and is demonstrated with a dramatic shot of a tooth being drilled by a dentist. In industry water is also used with the addition of sodium nitrite to prevent metal corrosion. But water has its limitations, high surface tension and poor wetting qualities. So a wetting agent must be incorporated for some jobs along with corrosion inhibitors and other additives.

The section of "Laundering and Dry-Cleaning" focuses on the process of dry-cleaning. The author observes that dry-cleaning is based on the fact that most soiling matter is bound to textiles by grease or a film of oil. It is believed that dissolving the oil in a solvent releases the dirt and the ideal solvent should possess a range of desirable properties. The straight solvent may be used alone and will give reasonably good cleaning. The best results of cleaning are obtained by filtering the solvent constantly during cleaning so as to remove the released particles of soiling matter and prevent redeposition.

All investigation is reported of factors (i.e., frictional behaviour and tensile properties) relating to the breakage of nylon 6.6 tow, consisting of many thousands of fine monofilaments, during a commercial process in which low is drawn by passing it over a series of rotating steel rolls. In a simulated-test experiment, the frictional behaviour was determined of a stationary length of the fine-filament tow lapping a rotating steel roll with different surface finishes. The friction depended on the roll speed, the effective load, the viscosity of the aqueous ‘finishing’ solution, and the roll-surface finish. Filaments began to break when the effective coefficient of friction reached 0.40–0.45. Friction (and filament breakage) were least with dry tow and were largely independent of roll-surface finish and relative sliding speed (above about 2 ft/min). The addition of the aqueous ‘finishing’ solution used commercially reduced both the yield and the ultimate tensile strength of the nylon (water being the effective weakening agent) and increased the friction of the tow against the roll surface. Friction increased with increase in solution viscosity and this, together with a marked speed effect, indicated hydrodynamic-type lubrication. This was promoted, with a higher relative sliding speed being attained before filament breakage, by the use of a medium-to-rough roll-surface finish. Friction due to viscous sheaf can be reduced by decreasing the product of the relative sliding speed and the fluid viscosity. The factors that may be applied to the commercial process to reduce filament breakage in the drawing of fine-filament tow are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When information is required about the forces acting on the needles in different cam systems, it is clearly more desirable to measure these forces directly than to measure the over-all machine torque. This paper describes a method for measuring the needle forces directly, and an examination is made of some of the information obtained from the force-measuring device used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is made of the consistency of six woolbuyers' estimations of type, yield, and valuation of greasy wool. Parameters for consistency and accuracy are estimated and intra-class correlation coefficients used to rank the buyers within the firm. The results indicate that changes in greasy-price limits are influenced more by changes in type appraisal than by changes in yield estimation. The method is discussed as a means of regularly checking the standard and improvement of buyers in a firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In gilling and combing, there is an optimum level of residual grease, which gives a top with the lowest percentage noil and the highest mean fibre length. It is shown that, if the residual grease of the scoured wool could be held at approximately 0.8%, there would be little to be gained by the addition of a combing oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several lubricants were used in an investigation of combing performance. Frictional forces, noil production, number of neps, fibre breakage, and general combing performance were investigated for different amounts of lubricants present. About 2% fatty matter for vegetable and mineral oils and 1% for water-soluble compounds resulted in optimum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the evaluation of lubricants used on dental handpieces and contra-angles. A study was conducted evaluating 4 areas for lubricating fluids including viscosity, stability under heat, practical evaluation in the straight handpiece, and practical evaluation in the contra-angle. The lubricating fluids evaluated include mineral oils, greaselike lubricants, and synthetic lubricants. It was found that highly refined oils are adequate lubrication for handpieces.

This article reports that the problem of developing latent fingerprints on an oily surface was encountered when a bottle was recently brought to the Bureau of Identification. It contained mineral oil, some of which had been spilled on the outside, and had apparently been handled by a burglar. Attempts to develop the prints by standard methods failed. These prints were faintly visible when viewed with oblique light, hut it was not possible to obtain clear photographs of them. Iodine fuming and treatment with 5% silver nitrate were attempted with no success. Finally, a method of using photographic paper, which had been fixed in hypo was tried with no real success. After a discussion of this method between the writers the following satisfactory technique was devised for lifting prints in experimental problems. Though it may be used on any print on a fairly smooth surface like glass, wood, or metal, the results have been found very gratifying when used for lifting prints on an oily surface. The fingertips were wiped with cloth saturated in motor oil, and the bulb was then firmly grasped leaving these oily prints. This was left till the following day when it was photographed, and then the prints developed by the new method to give comparative results. In both instances results obtained were superior to those obtained by photography.

The article evaluates several products for dyeing textile fabrics, including the Pegg Jet dyeing machine from Bentley Machinery Inc., the Rapid Reverse dyeing system from Gaston County Dyeing Machine Co., and the Esterlube S softner and lubricant from Scholler Brothers Inc.