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Discusses the Negotiable Instruments Law and its invulnerability. Confirmation of the code’s absence of flaws; Number of sub-sections taken from the English Bills of Exchange Act, the German code and the New York statute; Barr of criticism against the sub-sections taken from the English Bills by the natural statute of limitations and the universal approval of the commercial world; Confirmation of the absence of doctrine contrary to the law of the eleven sub-sections.

Discusses the efforts of legal sponsors to organize and streamline legal reports. Aim of the exercise to eliminate multiplicity of data, purge contradicting decisions and remove matters unwarranted by the state of the law or applicable to societal conditions; Impact of limiting reprinting considerations to economics on legal scholarship; Concern over the republication of reports based on judicious selection; Possibility of adding to the accuracy of value or early reports by referencing contemporary materials.

The article presents information on the registration of title to real estate. The subject of this article is the advisability of substituting for the registration of conveyances the system of registering title known as Torrens's, especially in the case of an old commercial and manufacturing country, where dealings with real estate are complicated and tides often defective. The acquisition of a title by long possession seems inconsistent with any system of holding title by documentary evidence; but the necessity just referred to of ascertaining that the title is consistent with the possession shows that it cannot be dispensed with, except when some means for insuring that the registered title shall be consistent with the possession have been adopted- as in the statutes just referred to.

Examines certain simple and typical cases which present the separation of two parties. Illustration of certain forms of joint action of which many have been gathered under separate titles in the law; Limitations on the power of common law courts; Description of some cases of trilateral relations, in which the obligor has assumed to one of the parties an obligation of which the essence is that he should be under an obligation to the other.

Discusses want of contract arising where there has been a material unauthorized alteration of the negotiable instrument to which the defendant gave his or her signature. General rule that to alter the terms of a negotiable note, bill or check after the defendant's signature was written to it, is to destroy its validity against the one who signed, even in the hands of a bona fide holder for value; Cases in which the alteration changes, or appears to change, the legal effect of the instrument.

The article looks at the policies and procedures adopted by voluntary agencies in emigration or immigration processing. It is possible to fit the large majority of all migrants into two large groups: the migrants who are assured of full support in the receiving country such as wives and children going to heads of family; workers, whose future in the immigration country is based on their own ability to earn a living. Dossier work may be started in an immigration country based on a job offer which later is matched to an applicant in Europe but it can hardly be considered the normal procedure. To secure a proper start of an emigration case, it is of great importance that an agency case worker has the possibility to meet the prospective migrant in person and not merely be satisfied with an exchange of correspondence and the filling-out of certain forms. It is a very difficult problem to find the person who is qualified to interview the prospective emigrant. A great deal of thought should be given to the form of the migrant's dossier which is so important an instrument to make the resettlement a success. When dealing with uneconomic units such as dependants, old or sick people, etc. consideration must be given to the fact that many European countries have a higher standard of social legislation than a number of overseas countries.

The article presents an evaluation by the author regarding common law in the United States. The author explains that one of the striking phenomena of the development of the common law, since it was transplanted to these shores, is the ever accelerated speed with which its boundaries have been extended, and its content multiplied and refined. The author also notes that the distinguishing characteristics of common law are its development of law, by a system of judicial precedent, its use of the jury to decide issues of fact, and its all-pervading doctrine of the supremacy of law.

Discusses bills and notes as negotiation instruments in the U.S. Annotation of the statute; Adoption of the English Bills of Exchange Act with changes in formal matters; Existence of the common law everywhere.

Discusses the role of the delivery of a life-insurance policy in the consummation of the legal transaction. Embodiment of a legal transaction in a written instrument; Manifestation of the final utterance of the deliveror; Induction of an individual to apply to the company for a policy.

Discusses the problem of the genuineness of written evidence in court trials. Question of whether the document discloses any alteration, in any material part, not authorized by the parties; Importance of permitting genuine handwriting to be introduced for the purpose of comparison by expert or court or jury; Doctrine on immaterial alteration or material alteration by a stranger in England; Case involving a court of equity and other cases.

The article focuses on the examination of suspected erasures of pencil writing to detect fraud in working records and informal documents. From time to time working records and informal documents are changed or altered, some in the course of preparation, some to commit fraud. If the papers form the basis of some phase of litigation or claims against another individual or corporation, the changes must be disclosed and evaluated. It is the document examiner's task to reveal these facts. In order to detect a pencil erasure, one must examine the document carefully and critically. Several techniques are available. The first step is visual examination under good lighting conditions. Diffused daylight is an ideal light, especially when its direction can be controlled. Erasures often can be detected more readily on a dull day. Bright sunlight or high intensity lighting may interfere with the detection of erasures rather than assist. While only crude erasures wear holes in the paper, other erasures tend to create thin spots. Consequently, every document suspected of having been erased should be examined with transmitted light. In almost every case, the document examiner is ultimately asked to determine what has been erased. Pencil writing cannot be restored in the sense that by some type of treatment the original writing can be brought back again on the surface of the paper.

This article focuses on the formation of opinions by document examiners on the sequence of writings. An opinion regarding order of writing to be sound must be based on definite, demonstrable evidence and not the failure to observe evidence. The utility of the steroscopic microscope may be extended by abandoning the vertical viewpoint customarily used in favor of observing the crossing at an angle. Observation of surface texture and irregularities may be improved by use of low-angle, grazing illumination. Document examiners should be aware of the misleading optical illusion that the darker of two crossing lines appears to be uppermost whether it is or not. It should stand as a warning, cautioning against reliance on superficial appearance or impressions in commenting on sequence of writings. Four broad classes of conditions in writing sequence may be encountered, as follows: disturbances in the paper of the writing background; modification of first writing material brought about by the second writing or subsequent operations; inherent qualities of the subsequent writing; and modifications of the subsequent writing because of the prior presence of the first writing. In the list of specific clues to sequence to follow, many writing materials have been considered.

This article focuses on problems involving the decipherment of charred documents, with describing a method developed for the decipherment of a great quantity of documents charred in a closed container. While illustrating the cases of an office, two previously submitted inquiries, both involving numerous documents, are discussed here. In the first case, a box was submitted about three times the size of an ordinary men's shoe box, filled with the charred but well-preserved remains of what were once the contents of a bank safe-deposit box in the Philippine Islands. The client desired to know what securities were among the charred remains, which consisted of all sorts of papers including insurance policies, deeds, leases, receipts, letters, a will, and many other documents. The second ease involved detailed examination of the entire contents of a stockbroker's safe-deposit box from the same bank. The condition of the charred documents in both cases was one of complete blackening, though not to an ash. After considerable experimentation it was found that the following solution served this purpose quite well: 20 parts water, 3 parts glycerin, 5 parts alcohol 70%. In using this solution, the charred fragment is immersed, and readings of the fragment are made during each stage in the treatment. It wan found that the method was protective on different types of reading matter including printing, since it was physical rather than chemical in nature.

This article examines the difficulties confronting life insurers engaged in estate planning. Is starting an estate plan, insurers need to obtain legal documents and exact data from the attorney or accountant of a client. This requires reasonable time and agreement in order to start the planning process at its urgent point. Insurers must consider that it is inevitable for a client does not know or understand the legal or tax status of his assets. The client may have doubts about what assets are owned jointly, or what provision are stated in his will or business agreement. There is almost unanimous agreement that the life insurer is the one who can most readily initiate the estate planning interview. However, common sense should caution the insurer against starting such conversation without first having adequate mastery of the subject. In order to conduct a well-rounded estate planning interview with a client, the insurer must have basic knowledge in the fields of law, accountancy and banking.

The article presents information on the agrarian and agricultural changes that took place in England during the early sixteenth century, as quoted under various laws and literature of that period. Land transfers included documentation of final concords by the agreed parties in the Court of Commons Pleas. Written agreement that contained description of the alienated property was given to each party following the lawsuit and their chirographs which was known as feet of fines was kept in the royal treasury. Feet of fines distinguished, pasture, meadow, arable and waste land and was an important source in the agrarian history.

Discusses the Checks Act of 1957 in the U.S. which significantly modifies a number of provisions of British law relating to the endorsement, collection and payment of checks and similar instruments. Principal objective of the statute; Effect of the new statute; Burden of liability between banks and customers brought by the new act.

The profession of questioned document examination has gradually assumed great importance in the administration of justice. The problems which arise concerning the authenticity of a document are generally the same everywhere. The laboratory equipment needed to solve these problems and demonstrate reasons for conclusions reached are likewise similar, but the manner of presenting document evidence in court varies. Document examiners generally desire to keep abreast of improvements in techniques and equipment, but at the present time they have no established means of exchanging information and ideas. There is need for a suitable training program that will enable document examiners to become more highly qualified. Likewise there is need for the establishment of and adherence to high ethical standards. A university course of training for document examiners is proposed. It is further urged that associations be formed by document examiners in various areas, and that a system of interchange of information and ideas can be established, not only between the individuals in the respective associations but also between these associations throughout the free world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]