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The article addresses the changing role of marketing research during crises, such as World War II or the depression. The war in Europe could increase the demand for raw materials in the U.S. and limit the exports from countries directly involved in the conflict. Consumer demand would theoretically remain stable, however total demand and consumption would increase due to the additional of war industries to the routine domestic production. Most forms of advertising research, sales analysis and product testing would remain the same in a semi-emergency; however, a true emergency would likely discontinue market research and advertising while prices may become unstable.

The article discusses about the essential requirements crucial in making an effective plan for survival in the event of nuclear war. In this report, the author emphasizes the importance of understanding the conditions under which survival is possible and feasible. Furthermore, the author suggested to declassify the assumptions and basic data underlying hazard probability studies to the greatest extent compatible with national security, so that the public may better understand the nature of the threat and consequences of nuclear attack.

The article focuses on the viewpoints of the Federation of American Scientists on the fallout shelter programs offered by the U.S. government as a security measure that would protect the individual citizen in times of war. The group views such program as unusually difficult since it involves measures and estimates that are without precedent which makes predictions highly uncertain. It has been noted that shelter planning involves many technical considerations not easily conveyed to the public. Furthermore, the organization had considered a list of resolutions that would provide a review on the advantages and disadvantages of the fallout shelter programs.

The article reports that U.S. President John F. Kennedy has moved to get civil defense out of the doldrums after years of indecision and inaction under the Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower administrations. One final element in the consideration of civil defense and stable deterrence is whether or not the Soviet Union has undertaken the civil defense program. The deterrent effect flows from the fact that shelter and evacuation arrangements would markedly modify a key variable in the strategic calculation of Soviet Union.

The article discusses the impact of nuclear mass fires on humanity and the environment. Recently, mass fires are considered as the major effects of nuclear detonations because they can contribute extensive damage for greater distances and with a high number of casualties. The overall fire effects following nuclear attack will depend on some factors such as the number and distribution of ignitions produces, the weather and topographic features which influence the fire spread, and the fire control action taken before and after the attack. The author suggests that an appropriate fire control action should be employed to reduce the fire effects.

The article offers a look on the public hearings relative to civil defense in the U.S. conducted by House subcommittee, headed by Representative Chet Holifield. The author stresses that the immediate purpose of the hearings was to poll opinion on two resolutions which had been referred to the Subcommittee and which addressed with a new organizational structure for civil defense. She believes that the real intent of the inquiry was much more comprehensive and far-reaching. For her, it was an attempt to discover what was being done about civil defense by the federal government.

The article discusses the effects of thermonuclear weapon and the technical information needed for civil defense planning in the U.S. According to the author, the type and extent of damage to persons and property are the major requirements of an effective civil defense plan. He suggests to consider the bomb size and the effects of different levels of blast and radiated thermal energy. Moreover, the author cites some preparations which could provide the greatest chance for saving lives and property including warning system, evacuation centers, and first aid training and equipment.

The article presents a discussion on the dynamics of fire-fighting with emphasis on fire effects of atomic bombs. The author makes a distinction between a conflagration and a fire storm whose difference he cites as the basis for fire-fighting requirements, utilities, and city planning in general in preparation of a nuclear attack. Likewise, civil defense measures should be based on the effects of such attacks. Defense measures should be made in consideration of atomic bomb effects which includes blast effect, radiated heat, and secondary fires.

The article offers information on the provisions of the Federal Civil Defense Act in the United States. It provides the policies of the administrative law and the procedures of the civil defense act. The provisions relate to the administrative authority in terms of providing plans for the protection of life and property in the United States. Sections of the provisions are included focusing on the detailed functions and duties of the administration and the emergency authority of the government for civil defense purposes.

The article focuses on the decision of the members of the Milwaukee Civil Disaster Relief Committee to change the organization's name. The move was considered after the members have reached a conclusion that sudden atomic warfare is possible. They have reflected on the types of disaster that will strike in the city to form a pattern of operation and examined their needs from the point of view of self-help. The principles of the organization to address civil defense and disaster relief are offered.

The author reflects on various plans for civil defense as indicated in the "Civil Defense for National Security" by the Office of Civil Defense Planning of the U.S. Department of Defense. He claims that the said report failed to emphasize the role of the Armed Forces in the civil defense endeavor. He also presents his own definition of a civil defense.

The article discusses the British view regarding safety issues in nuclear power plants, based from the paper presented to the Norwegian Atomic Energy Society. According to the author, all activities involve some risk of harm to people either through direct participation or indirectly. However, it is hoped that the risks will be minimized and more than compensated for by attendant advantages. Thus, minimum performance requirements for a large range of plant used may be able to reduce accident frequencies to levels below a pre-set target. Moreover, the British Atomic Energy Authority is sponsoring and developing techniques for the better understanding of reactor accidents and their consequences.

The article presents the author's comments on the question of evacuation versus shelter which is one fraught with importance for the tens of millions of our population living in target areas of nuclear tests in the U.S. The author holds that the to leave the problem unresolved will inevitably result in national confusion, dissipation of resources, and apathy. Thus, he concludes that the country is faced with the necessity of somehow resolving the issue, in the interest of national survival, or of abandoning all civil defense effort on the gamble that attack will never come.

A note by RAO ["Counterexamples for the Location of Emergency Service Facilities," Opns. Res. 22, 1259-1261 (1974)] comments on a paper by TOREGAS, SWAIN, REVELLE, AND BERGMAN [Opns. Res. 19, 1363-1373 (1971)]. This note extends the discussion by suggesting how the difficulties identified by Rao can be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the crisis intervention program conducted after the June 1972 flood disaster in Pennsylvania. The precedent recovery program for the disaster, caused by Hurricane Agnes, involved mental health authorities through the aid of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant. The project was designed on a crisis intervention model using 63 trained human counselors from the neighborhood. In the first eight months of the project, 1500 cases were opened which included the problems in consumer and contractor complaints, alcohol abuse, and emotional disturbance. Moreover, the project reflects an example of a relief program emphasizing psychological and psychosocial aftereffects of tragedy.

Discusses guidelines for securing industrial facilities. Emergency planning; Preparing against the possibility of civil disorder; Fire-fighting plans; Reduction of arson damage; Course of action in case of riots.

The article presents a discussion on the economic actions immediately following a limited disaster, that is, a catastrophe affecting only a small region. Most supply and demand problems being faced by an area hit by a natural disaster are generally short-run in nature because of the aid forthcoming from outside regions. Even when the threat of shortages does exist, the concern of residents in the community for the plight of others helps to minimize serious problems during the emergency period. Also, from the economic point of view it is important to note that post-disaster behavior by individuals helps to eliminate a source of demand for some commodities, thereby tending to keep prices lower than they would be if the same conditions of scarcity arose in a more normal impersonal market situation.

The article presents a utility analysis of post-disaster co-operation among the affected community. Social scientists have argued that, immediately following a disaster, co-operation increases within the community affected. They suggest that economic theory, if correctly interpreted, already implies an increase in post-disaster charity. For example, the utility maximization hypothesis implies that, after a disaster, at least some forms of charity will increase. So, structural changes in individual utility functions are not a necessary condition for explaining the behavior observed.

The purpose of this study was to examine English-Canadian and French-Canadian children's attitudes toward the October Crisis in Quebec. Three questions were examined. In the first place, the data indicated that all children were well aware of the kidnapping of Cross and the murder of Laporte. But many young children tended to assign the responsibility for these events on the basis of cultural rather than political memberships Second, the data indicated that French-Canadian children were frequently critical of the Canadian government's application of emergency measures. Finally, the findings revealed that while most children were critical of the actions of the Front du Liberation du Quebec, some backlash of sympathy for the terrorists occurred among French-Canadians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred sixty high-school students took part in an opinion-change experiment using the Hovland civil-defense communications. When complementary order effects were hypothesized and when rewarded immediately followed presentation of the communication to Ss, opinion was significantly changed in the direction of the communication last heard (recency). The Opposite or primary effect was obtained when reward preceded communication for a group highly familiar with the issues. Nonsignificant order effects were obtained for treatment group when competitive order effects were hypothesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze some of the sociological factors involved in the mass movement of population during the January 1937 floods of Louisville, Kentucky. There are certain elements which are found in all crises. In the first place, a crisis comes suddenly, without much if any advance warning, and hence little or no preparations are made beforehand to meet it. Partly because of this fact, a crisis usually results in a breakdown of the general organization of the community. New problems are faced, new needs arise, and the every-day system of organization fails to meet the new situation. There is need for the rapid creation of a new organization under emergency conditions, and hence a great deal of confusion is likely to exist for a time. Louisville was experiencing its most disastrous flood and within less than two weeks more than two hundred thousand people were moved from their flood-endangered homes by boat, truck, automobile, railroad, and on foot, and scattered over a half a dozen states.

This article presents the author's views on the issue of dependency mores in the primary group under federal relief agencies in the U.S. The importance of establishment of an outside agency in a primary group frequently has important implications to the local community, especially when the established agency has to do with the dispensing of funds, as has been the case with the Federal Emergency Relief and the Civil Works Administrations. The implications are even greater when the administration of this outside agency is placed in the hands of local residents. Perhaps never before have institutions of such dimensions been created in primary group communities. With their establishment there have come modifications not only in the local outlook but in the fundamental life philosophies of the people of the communities. The old idea of depending on one's self has given way, at least in part, to the new idea of depending on ones government. The development of the new mores may be traced briefly.

This article presents the author's views on the potential for rural research under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), U.S. The scope for rural research set-up of the FERA provides for cooperation with the State Emergency Relief Administrations and Colleges of Agriculture and Experiment Stations. Its objective is to make possible the prosecution of special inquiries on rural relief and rehabilitation problems on a nation-wide survey; to provide advice and assistance to the Administration and the Rural Rehabilitation Officers of the State Emergency Relief Administrations with regard to any rural research work they may wish to undertake, and to assist them in the conduct of rural surveys; and to enable cooperating agricultural colleges to obtain data of unusual value and timeliness as a part of their program of research in rural social organization. While recognizing that the need for research in the fundamentals of social organization has not abated, but has rather greatly increased, those who are responsible for this plan have seen that a great deal of fundamental research can be planned and carried on so that single parts or phases of it may be completed in short order and the results used to check or guide administrative policy.

This article presents the author's views on Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) research programs in the U.S. FERA was created in May, 1933. It was given a large grant of federal funds, a general public blessing and a free hand and instructed to deal as best it could with one of the most insistent and formidable problems inflicting the society. Despite numerous makeshift attempts to cope with the "temporary emergency" that had been steadily growing through four depression years, practically nothing was known of the problems to be faced by the new organization. Everyone realized that distress and destitution were widespread and the quick action and large expenditures were essential, but no one knew exactly how many persons were in need of relief, where they were concentrated, what types of persons they were, what had caused their distress, what their needs were, in what ways and through what organizations their needs could best be met, or what could be done toward restoring them to economic independence.

The article focuses on the effect of natural disasters like earthquake, fire and cyclone. Certain newspaper reports have led people to believe that in every instance the debris is quickly swept aside and within a brief time cities or towns are rebuilt bigger and better. The Red Cross has rendered aid for the victims of 938 separate disasters since 1881 and the disaster workers have seen some truly remarkable recoveries. The recovery of Tokyo, Japan, following the earthquake of 1913 was truly remarkable. The almost total destruction of all property in northeast France resulting from the fighting there during the World War was mostly repaired within five years. The suggestion has often been made that disaster-stricken communities might be pauperized as one result of the aid given by a generous and sympathetic country. However, there seems to be little or no evidence to support such a belief. It is probable that the stimulation which comes from the shock and sense of loss is sufficient to overcome any demoralizing effects which might otherwise follow from the distribution of a large relief fund. The use of modem case work methods in disaster relief work is also an important factor.

The article discusses the need to integrate civil defense educative processes in U.S. schools. Orientation in the fundamentals of civil defense may be implemented by teachers, administrators, pupils and interested members of the community. However, its implementation can be restrained by the following factors: the need to establish that the civil defense orientation is not a disruption of the established curriculum; negative attitudes of educators toward the program; and difficulty in arousing enthusiasm or interest in the pupils. These program should prepare the parents and other taxpayers for the request for materials such as extra first-aid kits, Geiger or scintillation counters, dosimeters, portable radios, and brochures prepared by the Federal Civil Defense Administration.

This article presents directions and rules that are intended to reduce hazards in science teaching. In their own interests, all supervisors, teachers and laboratory assistants in science education need to acquaint themselves with the rules and precautions to safeguard pupils and teachers alike. The guidelines include: directions to science chairmen; general directions for science teachers and laboratory assistants; safety suggestions for teachers and pupils of chemistry and general science; and safety regulations for teachers of physics, physics, biology and general science.

The article presents information about various reports and documents related to public administration. "Public Employment Program," Annual Report to Congress, U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration, is a report relates to the enactment of the Emergency Act of July 12, 1971 and the subsequent action taken by the administration to comply with the Act. There is a description of the program that was developed, the ensuing course of action and an evaluation of its effectiveness. Another report "New Dimensions of Civil Emergency Preparedness, 1969-1973, George A. Lincoln," is vast, ranging from administrative structure to specific national emergencies. Included in the list of problems discussed are the energy crisis, the wage-price freeze, industrial preparedness and the government's capabilities to meet emergency situations. "Farm Commodity Programs: An Opportunity for Change," is a report that discusses cotton, wheat and feed grain programs, the author compares the costs and benefits of present programs in light of existing types of farming operations. There are suggestions of methods that would be an improvement over ones currently utilized.

Focuses on a successful emergency management of a case of a woman with malfunctioning valves. Information on the patient's rheumatic heart disease and child deliveries; Effect of the formation of thrombus on prosthetic valve; Technical improvements in controlling serious complications of malfunctioning valves.

In this article, the author isolates three psychological factors which seem to produce positive attitudes toward civilian defense. They are motivation, information and evaluation. These determinants of attitudes toward participation in civil defense have been analyzed according to a conceptual scheme which was suggested by sociologist Talcott Parson's "general theory of action." This approach has proved fruitful in isolating three psychological factors motivation, information and evaluation which are postulated as producing positive attitudes. The empirical relations obtained from the present data attest to the usefulness of the conceptual model. They also suggest certain interrelations among the theoretical variables which may have general application to other problems. Some implications of the empirical results for civil defense recruiting campaigns have been suggested.

In response to a massive flood which struck the metropolitan area of Denver, Colorado, June 16, 1965, approximately 3,700 families were evacuated from their homes. Interviews with a random sample of 278 of these families indicated that the initial response to warnings was marked disbelief regardless of warning source. Families evacuated as units, and data indicated a strong tendency for them to take refuge in homes of relatives rather than in official centers. This tendency was significantly affected by social class. Data further suggested that interaction between relatives during the warning period increased the likelihood that relative homes would be selected as evacuation points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inverse square-root function is developed for the relation between average response distance and the number of locations at which response units are stationed in a region. Analysis of theoretical models, simulation data, and empirical measurements are used to confirm the square-root model. The square-root response distance model is combined with response distance-response time relations to resolve decision problems important to the management of urban fire departments. The results can be used to find optimal resource allocations given resource constraints and response time standards, or to describe the response time consequences of proposed allocation plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An urban emergency service system provides mobile units (vehicles) to respond to requests for service which can occur at any time and any place throughout a city. This paper describes the common characteristics and operational problems of these systems and surveys the various methods, both traditional and recently developed, which may be used for allocating their units. Aspects of allocation policy discussed include (1) determining the number of units to have on duty, (2) locating the units, (3) designing their response areas or patrol areas, (4) relocating units, and (5) planning preventive-patrol patterns for police cars. Typical policy changes which may be suggested by the use of quantitative allocation models include selective queuing of low priority calls, varying the number of units on duty (and their locations) by time of day, dispatching units other than the closest ones to certain incidents, relocating units as unavailabilities begin to develop, and assigning police cars to overlapping patrol sectors. As a result of making such changes, it is often possible to reduce queuing and travel time delays, improve the balance of workload among units, and enhance the amount of preventive patrol where needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a medico-legal investigation involving a woman who was charged causing the death of a cyclist, by dangerous driving. An overview about the gathered information was given, along with the keywords about the possible causes of the accident. She also had secondary charges that were identified as failing to report an accident within 24 hours and failing to stop after an accident. It has been mentioned that medical evidence was called by counsel for the defense. With this, counsel was able to show the court that the defendant suffered from reactive hypoglycemia and that at the time of the accident she was probably hypoglycaemic to the extent that her state of consciousness was altered.

Focuses on the role of military organizations in natural disaster management in the United States. Description of the established norms for military involvement in natural disaster; Discussion on emergent normative expectations in military organizations.