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What are the dimensions and implications of the energy problem in the United States? This article analyzes the short- and long-run energy supply problems, examines how to reduce demand as a way to relieve the energy "crunch," and emphasizes the tradeoffs between increased energy consumption and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the involvement of the public in environmental policy development in the U.S. Federal legislation has required the public to get involved in the development of policy about programs affecting the environment. The National Environmental Policy Act of the Congress has directed federal agencies to develop procedures to insure public information and understanding. A publication by the Environmental Protection Agency states that participation is most effective when concerned individuals share their efforts in environmental actions.

The article offers information on the all-out war on pollution in Illinois. This state declared war on pollution in 1970, and three agencies were created to clean up the water and air. As the state moves toward completion of compliance guidelines, a backlash has occurred against the innovative program. This was caused by stiff penalties and radical decisions given by the environment agencies against industries, farmers, municipalities and private citizens. In the summer of 1973, various bills were introduced to reduce the powers of the environment agencies. This backlash was felt in the Illinois General Assembly which approved the Environmental Protection Act in 1970.

The article offers information on the relativity of arms control and the protection of the environment. Warfare is identified to be detrimental to the environment. In the preparation for war, nonrenewable resources are consumed. Various pollutants are created during manufacture and testing of war materials. These materials offer adverse effect to the environment and other natural resources. The United States for example has continually made use of technologically sophisticated and expensive weaponry. It is proposed that the simplest way to prevent ecological damage through military exercises is to prevent war itself.

The article presents an examination of transportation energy use and conservation. The reasons considered for examining transportation energy consumption are presented, which include the fact that transportation of people and good consumes one-fourth of the total U.S. energy budget. Other reasons are the facts that world oil reserves are limited, U.S. transportation is dependent on oil as a fuel, use of petroleum present environmental problems, and that transportation contributes to urban congestion, inefficient land use and noise.

The article highlights a study of the administration of air quality legislation in two western New York counties. The field-phase of the study was carried out over a nine-month period and consisted of three stages. The study was supported by a grant from the Council on Law-Related Studies in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some important lessons for effective air quality management were arrived. There are dramatic differences in the circumstances surrounding enforcement of the air quality laws and speeding laws. Two sets of circumstances, the nature of the problem to be regulated and the allocation of technical resources for regulation, proved significant.

A supranational government of the deep oceans is an urgent need of our times--exploitation of its resources, commercial pollution, and use for military ends must be controlled. This article describes proposals for such a governing body (particularly the Borgese Model and variations of it) and their legislative, executive and judicial aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion of the confrontation between air quality standards and the internal combustion engine in Los Angeles, California. The confrontation has become an issue when the Clean Air Act of 1970 came out. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has implemented regulations on car manufacturers to reduce automobile emissions. It is requiring the states to meet the federally-set air quality standards by 1975. The greatest benefit of the Act has been its foresight in encouraging land use and transit controls.

The article presents a speech by Robert S. McNamara, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, delivered at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 5-16, 1972. He examines the relationship of economic development with preservation of environment.

The article presents a speech by Shrimati Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, delivered at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 5-16, 1972. She stresses that pollution is not a technical problem but it is due to science and technology. She discusses the industrial development that is happening in her country.

The article focuses on the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 5-16, 1972. An estimated 500 Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) were accredited as observers in the conference. Among the NGOs are the Sierra Club and Congress of African People. The concern of the conference was the physical future of the earth.

The article focuses on the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 5-16, 1972. The Secretary-General of the Conference was Maurice F. Strong, a dynamic Canadian. The recurring idea in the conference was the reconciliation of environmental quality with economic development. The conference proposed the creation of an international apparatus for global pollution control and environmental conservation.

The article focuses on the man's history of land and water use which has been seen as glorious and dismal. The rise of earliest civilizations has brought by water management which is simultaneously seen in various dry regions of the world. However, man has always been exploited the use of land and water and never been a conservationist. Through this exploitation, the result was landscape degradation, resources deterioration and nations declination. Man must look and reflect to these results to learn the lessons he encountered. Moreover, man must do countermeasures with the basic problems of water supply and water management to preserve the natural resources given by the creator.

The article discusses the restriction of opportunities for citizen intervention in the licensing of new nuclear power stations brought by the legislative bills addressed by the Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Thus, citizens of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin have forced electric utilities to go far beyond the safety and environmental protection requirements. Moreover, the new legislation proposed by the Atomic Energy Commission, citizen intervention would be unrestricted only at the preliminary, site selection phase of a revised licensing procedure, with industry support. Thus, critics of the bills argue that the proposed legislation would reduce the effectiveness of intervention as a means of public participation in the licensing of atomic power plants.

The article examines the energy conservation policy in the U.S. An overview of energy management regulations in dealing with lesser energy sources is offered, including public policy rate design as one of the alleviating tools for minimizing environmental concerns. The author emphasizes the growing evidence on the importance of energy conservation as people sought alternative energy sources and system that pollute less and last longer. This scheme includes the recycling of metals to conserve energy resources and offering of incentives for energy conservation to lessen environmental waste and degradation

The article focuses on the adverse effects of nuclear power technology to the environmental situation in the U.S. Nuclear power technology is advanced that gives assurance of economic growth and upgrading the quality of life for people in the nation. But John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California, suggests that the government cannot be counted on, to correct the adverse side effects of nuclear technology. He proposes a method of controlling ecologically unsound or dangerous technical innovations through a sustaining body of techno scientific criticism.

The article discusses the environmental hazards brought about by the electricity generating plants that give-off sulfur oxide pollutants in the U.S. The author enumerates the effects on the environment of sulfur oxide pollutants and gives proposals for its prevention. He agrees with the conservationists that the increase in electric power consumption should be curtailed, but as an engineer, he hopes for the development of more efficient uses of electricity. When planning for power generating plants, management must look for areas presently served by electric utilities and adopt planning concepts that will help meet the electric power requirements and minimize adverse effects on the environment.

The article discusses the positive effects that nuclear energy can contribute for the economic growth in the U.S. The demand for nuclear energy will be enormous because we are in a social revolution that aims to raise the standards of living for the world. Glenn T. Seaborg, retiring chair of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), disapproves the belief of conservationists and environmentalists that all power pollutes and reducing energy production is to reduce pollution. This energy intensive industries hold key to save and not to destroy the environment when they upgrade to meet human demands. AEC strives to understand and work cooperatively with the peaceful atom having the potential of a great force for global good.

The article focuses on the ill effects of nuclear energy pollution to the environment and the health hazards it brings to the people in the U.S. Nuclear energy has advantages useful for the growth of the economy but the destruction it has caused on the environment must be considered. In this article the authors, Patricia Lindop, professor of Radiation Biology and Joseph Rotblat, professor of Physics, both from the University of London, have established in their study that radiation pollution destroys ecology not only in the national level but includes the international level. Both have challenged the government to create a study combining all experts globally, urging them to establish relevant data on the health hazards brought about by nuclear pollution.

The article focuses on the alternative air pollution control based on well-defined emission rights for each parcel of land in a region. The move is due to the vague and unevenly applied control strategy under a general smoke ordinance. An alternative approach to the development of air pollution control plans for stationary sources of sulfur dioxide and particulates is based on the integration of air resource management with urban and regional planning. It insures that the desired long-range regional air quality goals are attained by control plans which have an inherent economic optimal which are not sensitive to detailed inputs required in a cost-effectiveness analysis.

The article discusses on issues concerning the growing environmental crisis in the U.S. In this report, the author examines the complexity of the problem, particularly on the science and the quality of the environment. According to the author, this environmental crisis has provoked opinions from alarmists who assert that mankind may not survive another decade such problem will be taken for granted. However, the author believes that there is hope for adequate response with scientists working to develop a constructive action.

The article discusses the relationship of man to his environment in the context of science and technology. Soil, air, water, and freedom are full of emotional content because of their association with biological and mental needs of man. However, scientific knowledge on environmental management has less contribution to health and happiness if it does not take into account the human values. Man can invent devices and techniques to minimize the effects of environmental pollutants but he cannot protect himself against everything. He is capable of adapting that he learns to tolerate many shortages and environmental insults, but medical and social experience shows that these tolerances are paid in the form of low quality of life.

The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy for civilian and military purposes. In civilian purposes, nuclear energy is a good power source alternative with benefits ranging from cheaper costs and larger electrical generating capacity, however, the downside is high capital investment and environmental issues. In military cases, nuclear energy is an important tool for war protection, however, the abuse of using such element is so destructive. These characteristics of nuclear energy are of much concern because even though it can be beneficial, it can also be of great danger to the human race.

The article presents an analysis regarding the fundamental concepts which consider many factors on the damages caused by air pollution. There are several categories in which the air pollution can cause damages such as the agriculture, livestock, land values, social affects, property and material such as bridges, towers and fences which will become rusted because of the pollution. However, the most undoubtedly important of the several categories is the human health which involves different kinds of illnesses. An observation was conducted regarding the regulations against air pollution, and it is stated that the regulations could also lead to economic losses. The estimation on the damages caused by the air pollution is concluded to be far higher in monetary terms and of health.

The article focuses on the methods of pest controls in California and whether the process would protect the crops without side effect of pollution. Pesticides are commonly known toxic chemicals used to kill or control pest including insects in agricultural and urban areas. Integrated control involves the concept of using combinations of various measures such as selective chemical poisons, special farming practices and encouragement of natural enemies of pests. Without adequate safeguards, pesticides create human poisoning and health risk, environmental hazards and wildlife deaths.

This article focuses on the environmental effect of nuclear weapons, thermal, and mass fire. The larger yield weapons raise the possibility of high altitude detonations that would maximize fire effects. It is becoming increasingly clear that a major concern of any effective civil defense program must be to find means of minimizing thermal radiation and fire effects. Among the best known examples of large scale fires are London in 1666, Moscow in 1812, Chicago in 1871, and San Francisco in 1906. It is noted that even before the introduction of atomic weapons at the end of World War II, total devastation had been inflicted a number of times by conventional fire attacks on cities in Germany and Japan.

The article focuses on the rational policy of air conservation which is urgently needed to apportion the limited air supply to the various users and to develop administrative machinery to apply such policies. The possibility of more widespread use of radioactive processes as a prime energy source raises a serious problem of air conservation, since in order to use nuclear power plants economically and safely. Air conditioning reflects man's ability to determine what a good air supply may be and to provide it in bounded volumes such as buildings. It is possible to think, plan, measure and act upon the existence of air sheds in somewhat the same way as learning to consider entire river basins as units in the planning and conservation of water resources.

The article discusses the relationship between humanity and the earth, concerning the contamination of land, water , and air in the U.S. The contamination of food, water and air suggests close connection with the soil. The usage of dirty hands serves as a reminder that the thin surface layer of the soil is the wastebasket of the earth, the collector for the disposal of all matter that has once lived and moved. The microbial wastes welling upward from the depths of the earth must be considered contamination by man of his own environment and of the environments of all populations that support him.

The article focuses on the Sixth Semiannual Report of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The report is devoted to a detailed and readable description of the research in biology and medicine which is supported by AEC. It is inferred that the commission is charged by law with exclusive control of materials, equipment and processes which are unique and not yet understood. The commission has every reason to assume extensive responsibilities for further development and study of atomic energy. The Medical Board of Review, composed of scientists and educators, recommended that the commission should expand research on the biological effects of radiation, take primary responsibility for protecting health against atomic energy hazards and encourage circulation of scientific information.

The article reports the two-year's progress of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in the field on natural sciences. An overview of UNESCO's mission, location, different divisions and members are presented. Among the UNESCO's activities focuses on services and conferences, research laboratories and observatories, scientific abstracting, congress sponsorship, scientific reconstruction, fellowship programs, nature protection and popularization of science. Collaboration between UNESCO and the World Health Organization is also discussed.